Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PII: S0959-6526(17)32339-9
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.047
Please cite this article as: Vivek Kumar Verma, Bibhas Chandra, An Application of Theory of
Planned Behavior to Predict Young Indian Consumers' Green Hotel Visit Intention, Journal of
Cleaner Production (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.047
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to
our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo
copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form.
Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the
content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Highlights
This study utilized Theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict young consumers green
Moral reflectiveness strongly predicts young consumers green hotel visit intention than
conscientiousness.
The findings extended the applicability and robustness of the TPB model in predicting
Abstract
The study, being explorative, attempts to extend the social-psychological behavioral model i.e.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by including two additional constructs viz. moral reflectiveness
1
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
and conscientiousness to predict young Indian consumers' intention to visit green hotels. A self-
administered questionnaire was employed to gather data from 295 consumers purposively and
subsequently analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM). The attitude
ranks high in merit for predicting the consumer's green hotel visit intention. Further, the relative
predicting green hotel visit intention, however, vice versa is true while constituting attitude of
consumers specific to green hotel choice intention. The findings also provide an extended support
to the applicability and robustness of the TPB model in predicting young consumers' green hotel
visit intention in the Indian context, as it has enhanced the predictive ability of the proposed
conceptual model (from 37.5% to 42.1%). This study contributes to the existing theory and practice
by providing useful insights about the attribution of conscientiousness and moral reflectiveness on
1. Introduction
Due to continuously growing concern about environmental problems like pollution, non-renewable
resource depletion, global warming worldwide (Han & Yoon, 2015; Norazah & Norbayah, 2015;
Lee et al., 2010), consumers are displaying their concern for the environment and changing their
purchasing habits to achieve green consumerism (Nimse et al., 2007). Green consumerism refers to
the production, preferential consumption and promotion of products and services based on their
pro-environment claims (Akenji, 2014). This change has forced various business sectors to alter
focused decision making (D'Souza and Taghian, 2005) and hospitality industry is not an exception
2
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
to this. The hospitality industry highly resources intensive in nature, consumes a significant amount
of non-renewable resources (as energy, water) and other nondurable products during its operational
activities (Chan et al., 2014). As a result, hotels are becoming more concerned towards maintaining
the balance between environmental issues, resource consumption issues, ethical and societal
concern, and profitability (Chan, 2013; Hsieh, 2012). Consumers display their environmental
concern by choosing a variety of behaviors and one of them could be selecting green hotels for a
stay while traveling (Gordon-Wilson and Modi, 2015; Lee et al., 2010, Robinot and Giannelloni,
2010). The green consumerism movement has evolved remarkably in the developed countries, but
with the advancement of consumers' knowledge about environmental protection, it is also spreading
in emerging economies like India (Yadav & Pathak, 2016; Raghavan and Vahanvati, 2009). In the
recent past, Ecotel certified hotels, LEED certified hotels, Green globe certified hotels are emerging
in a big way across various locations worldwide, and also in India. Right from the construction of
hotels following LEED standards to other worldwide accepted measures such as the use of local
products, wind energy devices, installation of green roofs, solar heaters, compact fluorescent lamps
to reuse of linens, the trend has caught on big time in the country. Recently, the U.S. Green Building
Council (USGBC) released a list in which India ranked No. 3 in the top ten countries outside the
United States for LEED certified properties having 11.64 million GSM of LEED-certified space,
and in total, it has 1,657 LEED certified properties (Kriss, 2014). Additionally, In India, the ITC
Gardenia, a Bangalore based luxury hotel, was the first hotel to be awarded the LEED platinum
rating for green buildings. Understanding the green advantage, ITC now has a platinum rating for
all its luxury hotels. Recently, another milestone in the Indian hospitality industry, Movenpick
Hotel & Spa Bangalore in India recognized as a first five-star hotel in the country to be Green Globe
certified. Apart from the formation of a green team to monitor the progress of green measures to
3
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
achieve hotels environmental goals, the hotel uses wind power for electricity, separate garbage
bins for wet and dry waste and suppliers follow the environmentally friendly practices
(Greenglobe.com). Similarly, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces have implemented the Environmental
Awareness and Renewal at Taj Hotels (EARTH) program, a project which initiated as a mindful
effort to commit to energy conversation and other sustainability strategies. Another eco-friendly
hotel, The Fern Hotels & Resorts, which has the special eco features such as ayurvedic toiletries,
eco-friendly baskets, water-friendly tap and flushes, cloth bags instead of plastic shopping bags,
etc. (Verma, 2012). Besides, these developments in the Indian hospitality industry, still a limited
number of studies have been found to explore the greening of hospitality business in India which
demanded to conduct this study. A green hotel can be labeled as green certified and eco-friendly
lodging properties that follow environmental practices such as energy efficient practices in their
operations, linen reuse programs in rooms, conserving energy and water, recycling waste and water
in order to minimize its environmental impact (Han, Hsu, & Sheu, 2010; Verma & Chandra, 2016;
GHA, 2008).
This study has incorporated the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a standard framework
with an integration of two additional constructs (i.e. Moral Reflectiveness & Conscientiousness) as
antecedents of green hotel visit intention. Morality (Feinberg & Willer, 2013; Kim et al., 2014) and
Conscientiousness (Kvasova, 2015; Fraj & Martinez, 2006; Milfont & Sibley, 2012) are considered
as one of the origins that contributes to the formation of green/eco-friendly behavior. Moral
reflectiveness referred as the degree to which a person reflects the moral values in his/her everyday
behavior (Reynolds, 2008). Moral reflectiveness may change within a person over time (Walker,
2002). On the other hand, Conscientiousness, a personality trait in which individuals have a
tendency to be systematic, self-disciplined, responsible, and they tend to follow the specified
4
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
procedure and norms of the society (McCrae & Costa, 1985). While few studies show the
inconsistent or contradictory aspect of the relationship (e.g. Markowitz et al., 2012; Hirsh &
correlated with their environmental actions (e.g. Fraj & Martinez, 2006; Milfont & Sibley, 2012).
Thus, the dichotomy owing to inconsistent findings sets plausibility and calls for further
investigation. This study has been conducted on young Indian consumers because from the very
beginning of environmental movement, the opinion and attitude of youth have been largely ignored
(Wray-Lake et al., 2010; Yadav and Pathak, 2016), however, they are the prospective consumers'
and representatives of the society (Kanchanapibul et al., 2014). Further, in 2014, it was estimated
by Indian Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports that approximately 27.5 % individuals in India are
in the age group of 15-29 and considered to be 'the driving power' behind the increased attention to
green products (Heaney, 2006). According to Make My Trip India Travel Report 2016, young
travelers between the age group of 18-35 years accounted for about 66 percent of the total trips
(Dhawan, 2016). Additionally, the report also shows that about 63 percent young Indians have
traveled more than four times in first six months of 2016 as compared to 54 percent in the first half
of 2015. However, the investigation on ecological conservation and green hotel consumer behavior
are at the embryonic phase in India in contrast to the developed nations. Still, a limited number of
studies (Khare, 2015; Verma & Chandra, 2016; Manaktola and Jauhari, 2007; Verma & Chandra,
2017) have focused on measuring the green/eco-friendly hotel consumer behavior in India.
With quicker access to distant locations, larger disposable income and rising lifestyle aspirations,
the number of international tourists alone have grown by about 33% in the past five years in India
(World Bank, 2016). Given the huge economic potential, there have been instances of exploitation
5
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
tourism in India is an emerging state as compared to developed nations. It is critical to ensure that
there is a common outlook on eco-tourism and the same should encompass sustainability and
understand the eco-friendly tourists behaviour to ensure that every individual must participate to
undo the damage created by tourism activities to the environment. Additionally, hospitality and
which will empower hoteliers with the information needed to develop an appropriate strategy for
Findings from previous literature suggests that morality and conscientiousness play a
significant role in the formation of consumers ecological intention and behavior (Markowitz et al.,
2012; Fraj and Martinez, 2006; Hirsh, 2010; Milfont & Sibley, 2012; Chen and Tung, 2009; Tonglet
et al., 2004). Accordingly, the current study extends the TPB model by considering the effect of
these important constructs on the formation of consumers green hotel visit intention. Hence, the
paper attempts to validate the suitability of the proposed model incorporating moral reflectiveness
and conscientiousness in the TPB model which comprises of attitude, subjective norm and
perceived behavioral control with respect to young Indian consumers green hotel visit intention.
The findings from this study will contribute to the managerial insights about the newly explored
dimensions and premises of green hotel visit intention which, in turn, will help to fetch the potential
target market to a considerable extent. If the implications are incorporated into the environment-
friendly strategies of hotels, then this study will indirectly offer significant contribution to the wider,
multidisciplinary and multilateral efforts of developing a sustainable environment for the society.
6
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
The green hotel is an environment-friendly lodging property which implements various strategies
and practices intended to reduce the harmful impact on the environment (GHA, 2008). A growing
number of hotel chains have reportedly incorporated sustainability into their corporate strategies,
ensuring the organic growth of the business. Sustainable practices are now being widely applauded
and supported by many hospitality and tourism organizations globally. The most common form of
green hotel practices includes waste management systems, recycling practices, energy management
systems along with green certifications such as LEED' which stands for "Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design", Green Leaf, Green Globe certification, Ecotel etc. (Lee et al., 2010;
Manaktola & Jauhari, 2007; Han et al., 2011). The InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) has been
implementing "IHG Green Engage System" worldwide, which is an online sustainability program
that allows their hotels to trail, measure, and report on carbon footprint issues and resource
consumption such as energy, waste, and water (Hsieh, 2012, IHG, 2016). Similarly, the United
Nations Environment Program has also included Green Leader hotel certifications to encourage
friendly practices (UNEP, 2013). In addition, a sizable chunk of geographical regions viz. Asia,
Europe, USA, Middle East, the Caribbean has initiated common sustainability practices with zeal
and aplomb to save the endangered planet. Worldwide, some specific sustainability practices
include low flush composting toilets, spring actions faucet and cascades, rain water harvesting
plants throughout the hotel, key cards for hotel room lighting control, low energy refrigeration
equipment, use of conventional energy sources such as solar, geothermal, biomass, renewable local
material to build new hotels, recycle bins in the guest rooms, refillable shampoo dispenser, clean
education etc. (Ernst & Young, 2008, Verma & Chandra, 2016; Lee et al, 2010; Han et al, 2011;
7
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Manaktola & Jauhari, 2007; GHA, 2008). In India, The Orchid Hotel, Mumbai, the first Ecotel
certified hotel used eco-friendly building material and has rooftop located swimming pool (acting
as an insulator for the heat generated) along with drip irrigated greenery to reduce water
consumption, making it a leader in its category. Also, "United Nations framework convention on
climate change" has recognized the energy development practices of Indian hotel like ITC Sonar, a
clean development project of ITC (Fukey & Isaac 2014). Based upon a meta-analysis, Dolnicar &
Otter (2003) ranked hotel selection attributes in order of preferences which include cleanliness,
hotel location, convenience for parking, and public transportation. Further, Lockyer (2005) found
that the price was the most dominant attribute in the customers hotel selection. Travelers appear to
be more concerned with room tariffs and value in their hotel selection. Ananth et al. (1992) indicated
that leisure travelers were concerned about hotel's reputation and name familiarity. Additionally,
quality attributes were found to be more important. Caso, Iglesias, and Balina (2015) investigated
the quality certification as hotel selection criteria. Findings from the analysis of 385 Spanish leisure
guest responses reveals that the quality certification was the most important criteria for hotel
selection followed by travel involvement and pre-trip planning. Caber & Albayrak (2014) studied
the importance of hotel attributes for pre-senior and senior tourists for hotel selection and found
that value for money and availability of entertainment related services was an important factor in
hotel selection. For customers satisfaction, politeness and friendliness of the staff were also found
as an important attribute. Another recent study by Esparon, Gyuris, & Stoeckl (2014) found that
nature as an aesthetic experience was most important factor for visitors in hotel selection.
In the present scenario, the growing environmental concern has led consumers to change
their purchasing preferences (Kim and Chung, 2011) and they have started considering not only the
product attributes but also their environmental impact (Caruana, 2007). As a result, sustainable
8
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
practices are now observed as one of the essential factors in customers hotel selection decisions.
Consumers adoration and disposition towards sustainable hotels evoking hoteliers to eliminate
unsustainable choices from their operations (Kopnina, 2015). In previous studies, factors such as
natural environment, hotels environmental image, various in-room sustainability practices such as
recycle bins in the guest rooms, energy saving appliances, occupancy sensors, green certifications
amongst others, were found to be influencing the customers hotel choice decisions (Bohdanowicz,
2005; Chen & Tung, 2014; Lee et al., 2010; Han et al., 2011; Millar & Baloglu, 2011; Verma &
Chandra, 2016). However, a fair amount of dissonance between customers desire and actual
behavior has been observed by researchers in various studies. For example, Jung & Chun (2014)
who found that tourists preferred luxury rooms along with the provision of personal toiletries but
at the same time were willing to accept the reduced service quality. Further, Kasim (2004) found
that customers were knowledgeable and concerned about the environment but they did not consider
environmental attributes in their hotel selection. More Recently, Verma and Chandra (2017) found
that hotel customers choose sustainability marginally over location, price and other factors
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) which is a derivative of the theory of reasoned action (TRA)
was developed by Ajzen (1985). In this framework, the individual performance of a particular
behavior is predicted by three variables; an individuals' attitude toward the behavior, subjective
norms (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Collectively, all three leads to the formation
of the intention towards behavior which finally affects the behavior (Ajzen, 2002). The TPB
Figure. 1. Framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior [TPB] (adopted from Ajzen, 1991)
9
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Attitude toward a behavior has been explained as the degree to which individuals have a favorable
or negative assessment when he/she performs a particular behavior (Ajzen, 1991; Tonglet et al.,
2004; Han et al., 2009). The higher the degree of a positive attitude towards an individual's
behavior, larger is the probability of performing the particular behavior in question. Manaktola and
Jauhari (2007) also opined that tourists attitude towards the environment is affected by green hotel
practices implemented by hotels. It is noted from previous studies that hotel customers' eco-friendly
attitude favorably influences their intention to visit and even pay a premium for green hotels that
have implemented green practices (Chen and Peng, 2012; Han and Kim, 2010). Another element
of behavioral intention in the TPB model is the subjective norm which is defined as the viewpoints
of other people who are important to an individual and have the ability to influence his/her decision-
making (e.g., family and relatives, colleagues, associates, or business partners, friends). Previous
studies suggest that subjective norms were significantly found affecting an individual's attitude
towards a green hotel and behavioral intention (Han et al., 2010; Teng et al., 2013; Yadav and
Pathak, 2016; Han and Kim, 2010). The final element of an individual's behavioral intention is
perceived behavioral control (PBC: also, labeled as a non-volitional factor) which is defined as
the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior'' (Ajzen, 1991). Precisely, perceived
behavioral control evaluates an individual's perception that how efficiently he/she can control
10
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
factors that may enable or bound the actions required to deal with a specific situation. It is assumed
requirements of the resources and opportunities to perform a particular behavior that too on a
priority basis (Chang, 1998). Some studies have confirmed that an individual's behavioral intention
is significantly and positively influenced by perceived behavioral control to act in a particular way
(Baker et al., 2007; Cheng et al., 2006). Beliefs reflect the information people have in relation to
the performance of a given behavior, but this information is often inaccurate and incomplete; it may
rest on faulty or irrational premises, be biased by self-serving motives, by fear, anger and other
emotions, or otherwise fail to reflect reality (Geraerts et al., 2008). However, no matter how people
arrive at their behavior, normative and control beliefs, their attitudes towards the behavior, their
subjective norms and their perceptions of behavioral control follow automatically and consistently
from their beliefs. It is only in this sense that behavior is said to be reasoned or planned. Along in
line, attitude is said to be the function of an individuals behavioral belief, whereas other
determinants of the behavioral intentions, i.e. subjective norm and perceived behavioral control are
also attributed to the function of normative and control beliefs respectively (Han et al., 2010; Ajzen
& Fishbein, 1980). Thus, the model perpetually embeds belief as a potential source of TPB
constructs in extended framework. The attitude towards behavior, subjective norm, and perception
of behavioral control dynamically interact to form behavioral intention which further leads to actual
H1: Attitude significantly and positively influences consumer's green hotel visit intention
H2: Subjective norm significantly and positively influences consumer's green hotel visit
intention
11
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
H3: Perceived behavioral control significantly and positively influences consumer's green hotel
visit intention
TPB has been applauded and leveraged in predicting consumers intention and behavior across a
range of research domain by researchers, for example, mode of travel selection (Heath & Gifford,
2002), energy efficient products (Ha and Janda, 2012), household recycling (Kaiser & Gutscher,
2003), organic products (Kim & Chung, 2011; Zagata, 2012; Yadav & Pathak, 2016), hospitality
consumer behavior (Chen & Tung, 2014; Han et al., 2010), consumers' general pro-environmental
behavior and green products (Yadav & Pathak, 2016; Chan and Lau, 2002). Furthermore, while
discussing the adequacy of the Theory of planned behavior (TPB), Ajzen (1991) documented that
the theory is open to extend by adding some additional variables as long as they have a distinct and
significant contribution. For example, while extending the TPB to predict the intention for green
hotel choice, Han and Kim (2010) found that models predictability has been increased. Similarly,
another extension of TPB model by Kim and Han (2010) also proved to be acceptable in measuring
the "customer's intention to pay conventional hotel prices at a green hotel". Embracing the aforesaid
argument, this study includes moral reflectiveness and conscientiousness as additional variables to
explain the young consumers green hotel visit intention. Most of the critiques on the original TPB
framework rooted in the idea that some behaviors would not only depend on rational choices i.e.
costbenefit evaluation inherent in TPB but also on personal motives of moral values and
personality (Biel and Thogerson, 2007; Markowitz et al., 2006). Moral norms could be defined as
the mindfulness of the moral correctness or incorrectness associated with performing the behavior
behavior (Ajzen 1991). Moral norm is the feeling associated with personal norms, rather than to
12
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
the social pressure which is related to subjective norms, therefore, this additional construct included
number of studies have included moral concerns in the TPB with varied results in different contexts
(Chan and Bishop, 2013; Chen and Tung, 2009; Tonglet et al., 2004; Davis et al., 2006). Another
variable i.e. conscientiousness, included in the extended framework in TPB is said to be an effective
individual predictor of environmental behavior. Some of the earlier studies evidenced the effect of
personality on peoples environmental engagement (Fraj and Martinez, 2006; Hirsh, 2010; Milfont
& Sibley, 2012; Wiseman and Bogner, 2003; Markovitz et al., 2012). According to Milfont and
Sibley (2012), individuals with long term orientation are aware of the future consequences of their
activities and inclined for better future planning, including ecological ones. It is also suggested that
including conscientiousness as a separate factor distinctly contributes to the results while predicting
attitudes and behavior (Lee, Ashton, Ogunfowora, Bourdage, & Shin, 2010; Lee & Ashton, 2005).
It is clear that moral norms and conscientiousness indeed have an impact on green attitudes and
behavior and hence asserts candidature for inclusion in the TPB framework. Against this backdrop,
the present study extends the TPB framework by integrating moral reflectiveness and
since distinct morality is one of the elements that trigger individual concern and commitment to
environmental problems (Feinberg & Willer, 2013). Moral reflectiveness denotes to an individual
difference of morally absorbed reflection of people to engage in their day to day activities
(Reynolds, 2008) and it may vary within an individual over time (Walker, 2002). Morally adjudging
what is correct and incorrect is a most persuasive element in the engagement of moral behavior. An
13
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
individuals moral reflectiveness and its positive relation with moral behavior have been
empirically validated (Reynolds, 2008). An individual's concerns about societal and ecological
issues have been credited to moral motives, which reflect "a fundamental respect for human dignity
and worth" (Aguilera et al., 2007). Pragmatic studies have established that people who considered
morality in their decisions have a tendency to be more concerned for others' welfare (Reynolds,
2008) and tend to engage in more prosocial behavior at work (Aquino & Reed, 2002). Furthermore,
in the norm-activation model, the instigation of a moral norm is based on the relationship of
cognitive, emotional, and social factors. The examples of environmentally friendly behaviors which
are predicted by moral and personal norms are green hotels visit (Han, 2015), energy conservation
(Shultz et al., 2007), recycling (Poskus, 2015; Botetzagias et al., 2015), travel mode choice (Doran
& Larsen, 2016). These studies also reported that the consciousness and knowledge about
environmental issues are perhaps the cognitive drivers for developing moral norms. This cognitive
affair often causes emotional responses or guilty state of mind, which is associated with individuals
social norms and the practicing those standards will eventually lead to the formation of his/her
personal moral norms (Bamberg & Mser, 2007). To summarize, prior research and theory suggest
because it represents an opportunity to fulfill their moral motives for sustaining a desirable
environment and society. From the above discussion, it can be hypothesized that:
H4: Moral Reflectiveness significantly and positively influences consumer's attitude toward
green hotels
H5: Moral Reflectiveness significantly and positively influences consumer's intention to visit
green hotels
2.3.2 Conscientiousness
14
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
systematic, self-disciplined, responsible, and follow the procedures and norms (McCrae & Costa,
1985). This personality trait is found to be linked to environmental conservation and engagement
(Milfont, Wilson, and Diniz, 2012). It is clear that individuals having future orientation are usually
more anxious about the consequences of their activities (Milfont & Sibley, 2012). Besides, being
responsible and conscientious personalities, following societal norms and desire to do the right
thing can be seen in their eco-friendly behavior (Hirsh, 2010). The association of conscientiousness
with the environment is still debatable because of the variations in the findings. While few studies
show the inconsistent or contradictory aspect of the relationship (Hirsh & Dolderman, 2007;
Markowitz et al., 2012), other studies reveal that conscientiousness is significantly correlated with
individuals' environmental actions (Fraj & Martinez, 2006; Milfont & Sibley, 2012). Environmental
psychologists realize that to change behavior and attitudes towards the environment, scientists and
policymakers must understand peoples personalities (Thomas, 2014). Personality provides the
information about peoples values, and attitudes, and researchers have found that personality factors
can influence our likelihood to engage in environmentally sensitive practices (Milfont and Sibley,
2012; Thomas, 2014). Hence, based on above discussion it can be hypothesize that:
H6: Conscientiousness significantly and positively influences consumers' attitude towards green
hotels
H7: Conscientiousness significantly and positively influences consumers' intention to visit green
hotels
15
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
3. Research Methodology
For moral reflectiveness and conscientiousness, all measuring items were taken from the related
literature with little modification in the wordings to make it more understandable in the context of
a green hotel. The standardized measuring items of TPB model constructs were used as per the
suggestions of Ajzen (1985). Every construct was evaluated by respondents on 5 points Likert's
scales varying from 1 being strongly disagree' to 5 being strongly agree'. Table 1 summarizes the
16
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Conscientiousness
CON1 I get chores are done right away Donnellan
CON2 I often disremember to put things back in their proper place et al., 2006
CON3 I like order
CON4 I make a mess of things
Subjective Norm
SN1 Most people who are important to me think I should stay at a green hotel Han et al.,
when traveling 2010; Chen
SN2 Most people who are important to me would want me to stay at a green hotel & Tung,
when traveling 2014
SN3 People whose opinions I value would prefer that I stay at a green hotel when
traveling
Perceived
Behavioral Control
PBC1 Whether or not I stay at a green hotel when traveling is completely up to me Han et al.,
PBC2 I am confident that if I want, I can stay at a green hotel when traveling 2010; Chen
PBC3 I have resources, time, and opportunities to stay at a green hotel when & Tung,
traveling 2014
Intention to Visit
Green Hotel
VI1 I am willing to stay at a green hotel when traveling Han et al.,
VI2 I plan to stay at a green hotel when traveling 2010; Chen
VI3 I will make an effort to stay at a green hotel when traveling & Tung,
2014
A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect data from the young consumers. Before
the final data collection, a preliminary study was administered by distributing a total of 25
questionnaires to the twenty-five research scholars. Few changes were made based on
recommendations from the pilot study results. Finally, 450 questionnaires were distributed among
young consumers. The purposive sampling technique was employed for data collection. The
majority of them were either in the final year of their graduation in hospitality management course
or first year of masters degree program in business management. The questionnaire was filled by
students of government owned Institute of Hotel Management, Pusa, New Delhi, Indian Institute
of Hotel Management, Kolkata, and Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand,
India. Responses were collected purposively from the students who have visited a hotel at least
once in last one year. The respondents were first intervened conveniently and subsequently screened
17
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
objectively based on the aforesaid criteria. University or college students have been chosen as a
sample because young people play a crucial role in the environmental preservation and often have
more chances to travel (Chen and Tung, 2014; Paco et al., 2014). Moreover, they are well aware
and concerned towards increasing environmental problems (Paco et al., 2014; Backhaus et al.,
sustainability practices in hotels, which might be useful to mitigate the environmental problems.
Although, results obtained from the purposive sampling approach may lack generalizability, yet
considered as reliable in the sample of students and younger population (Cheah and Phau, 2011;
DelVecchio, 2000). The high response rate (65.5%) can be understood as the questionnaire was
distributed in the groups of students and it is evident that group administered surveys permits speedy
data collection with relatively high response rate (Evans and Rooney, 2014). Further, regarding the
sample size, Kline (1998) also recommended that data must be ten times of the parameter/items.
Therefore, a sample size of 295 supports the research as it has 24 items more than the suggested.
Total 295 100 Total 295 100 Total 295 100 Total 295 100
Initially, the gathered data were screened to fulfill the norms of outliers and normality. Using Cook's
18
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
distance, the outliers were identified. Van der Meer et al. (2010) and Stevens (1992) recommended
that responses displaying Cook's distance value greater than one must be eliminated to get a better
fit. Considering this total of four responses were removed. Additionally, for normality of the data,
Skewness and kurtosis index measures were used. All the values of skewness and kurtosis for all
the constructs fell below three and ten respectively. Hence, the distribution of the data according to
The proposed theoretical framework was analyzed using SEM (structure equation modeling) as
suggested by Anderson and Gerbing (1988). Validity and reliability of the construct were assessed
by using measurement model and, later on, hypothesis and model fit were measured by using the
covariance-based structural equation modeling' (CB-SEM) approach by SPSS V.20 & AMOS
V.21 respectively.
4. Results
The measurement model was estimated by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with a maximum
likelihood estimation method with an aim to assess the validity. The outcomes of the model
measurement revealed that the conceptual model indicated a good fit to the data (2 = 288.044,
2/d.f. = 1.485, p < .000, RMSEA = .041, CFI = .969, GFI= .913, IFI = .969, TLI= .963). All items
are loaded above 0.60 on their assigned factors. All the elements were significantly associated with
their specified constructs. The measurement model replicates the quantitative measures of the
constructs reliability and validity. In this study, for measuring the internal consistency Cronbach's
was used which ranges from .756 to .883 in the acceptable limit of .70 and above indicating good
19
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
consistency as recommended by Hair et al. (2010). Further, for construct validity, both convergent
and discriminant validity is tested using three parameters: Composite Reliability (C.R), Factor
Loadings and the Average Variance Extracted (A.V.E). Convergent validity denotes to the
correlation between two or more scores on the investigations which are intended to measure the
same construct. The standardized factor loading of all the items ranges was above the threshold
limit of .6 and above (Chin, Gopal & Salisbury, 1997). There are many studies that reported that
factor loadings should be greater than 0.5 for better results (Hulland, 1999; Chen & Tsai, 2007).
Additionally, while exploring pro-environmental consumer behavior, Ertz, Karakas & Sarigollu
(2016) have considered the factor loadings of 0.4 and above for their Confirmatory factor analysis.
However, it is also suggested by Peterson (1994) that a value of 0.6 is the criterion-in-use. Hence
all the factors were retained in the analysis. Hence, following these recommendations, it is clear
that the standardized factor loading of all the items ranges was above the threshold limit of .6 and
above (Chin, Gopal & Salisbury, 1997). Further, the Average Value Extract score (A.V.E) is
ranging from .51 to .66, which is also above the acceptable limit of .5 (Hair et al., 2010).
Additionally, the square root of the A.V.E was also higher than the correlation between each
construct which shows good adequacy. Moreover, the value of composite reliability which shows
the internal consistency of multiple indicators ranges from .761 to .886, also exceeds the acceptable
limit of .6 exhibiting adequate discriminant validity (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). From above results, it
can be stated that proposed theoretical model has a good validity (both convergent and discriminant)
and reliability. Table 2 exhibits the validity and reliability values whereas Table 3 provides the
Table 3: Result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Factor Loading, Reliability, Volatility, and Validity)
20
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
ATT2 .64
ATT3 .95
ATT4 .97
Subjective Norm (SN) SN1 .74 .756 .516 .761
SN2 .65
SN3 .76
Conscientiousness (CON) CON1 .72 .821 .537 .823
CON2 .70
CON3 .78
CON4 .73
Moral Reflectiveness (MR) MR1 .77 .868 .566 .867
MR2 .73
MR3 .74
MR4 .79
MR5 .73
Perceived Behavioral PBC1 .82 .805 .590 .811
Control (PBC) PBC2 .70
PBC3 .78
Intention to Visit INT1 .60 .794 .585 .805
Green Hotel (VI) INT2 .85
INT3 .82
Note: *AVE=Average Variance Extracted, AVE* calculated as SMC/ ( SMC + standard measurement error),
C.R-Composite Reliability
Based on the procedure recommended by Anderson and Gerbing (1988), the theoretical framework
was tested by using the goodness of fit indices. The results of the structural analysis revealed that
the proposed theoretical model has a good fit as values fall within the acceptable limit (2 =
432.609, 2/d.f.= 2.174, p< .000, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI)=.912, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)
21
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
=.910, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) =.922, Incremental Fit Index (IFI)=.923 and Root Mean
Square Error of Approximation' (RMSEA)= .059). All the observed values were well above the
threshold values recommended by Bagozzi & Yi, (1988) and Chau & Hu, (2001). Consequently,
from the above analytical results, it can be inferred that the proposed hypothetical model indicates
a decent overall data fit for measuring the young consumers' intention to visit green hotels.
Additionally, the TPB model was also evaluated for goodness of fit statistics based on
recommended criteria (2 = 486.720, 2/d.f. = 2.398, p < .000, RMSEA = .063, CFI = .906, GFI=
.903, IFI = .907, TLI= .90). At last, both proposed conceptual model and TPB model were
compared. The results reveal that including moral reflectiveness and conscientiousness in TPB has
improved its descriptive power for predicting green hotel visit intention (Adjusted R2 = .421) than
original TPB model (Adjusted R2 = .375). Along in line the fit statistics was also found relatively
greater (2/d.f. = 2.174, RMSEA = .059) than TPB model (2/d.f. = 2.398, RMSEA = .063). In
Summary, the results and findings supported the inclusion of moral reflectiveness and
conscientiousness in the TPB for measuring young consumers' green hotel visit intention. Table 4
Note: * Source: Bagozzi and Yi (1988), GFI = Goodness of Fit Index, TLI = Tucker- Lewis Index, CFI = Comparative
Fit Index, IFI = Incremental Fit Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error Approximation.
22
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Figure 3. Causal Relationship Between Constructs and Consumers Intention to Visit Green Hotel
Structural model testing results reveal that Attitude (=.41, t= 6.742, p<.001), Subjective Norm
(=.20, t= 3.107, p<.01), and Perceived Behavioral Control (=.15, t= 2.432, p<.05), were
positively and significantly related to young consumers' green hotel visit intention. Hence, the
following hypothesis H1, H2, and H3 were supported. The additional constructs integrated into the
TPB model i.e. Moral Reflectiveness (=.23, t= 3.696, p<.001), and Conscientiousness (=.21, t=
2.951, p<.001) were also found significantly influencing the consumers' green hotel visit intentions,
which supported hypothesis H6 and H7. Further, moral reflectiveness (=.23, t= 3.696, p<.001),
and conscientiousness (=.23, t= 3.696, p<.001) were also found significantly influencing the
consumers' attitude towards green hotels while traveling. Therefore, hypothesis H4 and H5 were
also supported. From the Fig.3, it is clear that the estimates of the standardized coefficients and t-
values which showed that the direct effect of attitude on green hotel visit intention was greater than
the subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. Additionally, Table 5 provides the details
23
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
This study being exploratory in nature attempts to develop a consumers green hotel visit intention
framework, primarily theorized on TPB model proposed by Ajzen (1991) along with two added
constructs viz. conscientiousness and moral reflectiveness. The concept greenness derives its
observations. Hence, it set plausibility for inclusion in the proposed framework. The findings of the
study strongly validate the sufficiency of TPB model in pretext to the green hotel visit intention.
All the three components of TPB (attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control)
However, the attitude has emerged as a most significant factor in the TPB model to predict young
consumers intention to visit green hotel ( = 0.44). These results coincide with those yielded by
earlier studies (Han and Kim, 2010, Han et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2010). Young consumers stronger
attitude towards environment advocates that hotel managers need to understand that millennial
(young) consumers are more concerned about the environment. They should include environmental
features that are apparent and appeal to the consumers, especially young ones as they are the
current and future guests of the hotel industry. Furthermore, the results unveil that
24
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
specific to green hotel visit intention. This result is also consistent with Aguilera et al. (2007), who
found that individual's concerns about social and environmental issues have been attributed to moral
motives. Additionally, while examining the voluntary workplace green behavior of a group as well
as individuals, Kim et al., (2014) confirmed that moral reflectiveness is associated with individuals
and group environmental behavior. As people who are concerned with moral issues have a tendency
to think about the welfare of others, therefore, the sustainable behavior may be a way to satisfy their
moral motives. However, the supremacy of conscientiousness has been recognized more relative to
moral reflectiveness in building consumers attitude towards the green hotel. Conscientiousness is
1998). Integrity subsumes morally justifiable principles but conscientiousness incorporates both
morally laden and neutral elements (Becker, 1998). In this study, morality has been expressed in
the form of moral reflectiveness in association with environmental motives and behavior as
observed in many studies (Aguilera et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2014). Moral reflectiveness deals with
morally laden aspect of conscientiousness and allows one to adjudge what is correct and incorrect
is a specific situation. This is the reason why moral reflectiveness attributes more strongly to green
hotel visit intention than conscientiousness in the study. However, in contrary, conscientiousness
exhibits its supremacy by attributing high to attitude formation than moral reflectiveness. For
example, a consumer high on conscientiousness trait i.e. demonstrating eco-friendly behavior may
end up choosing a non-green hotel, however, like to consume organic food. This connotes that
consumer having same amount of conscientiousness displays vacillating moral values and virtues
while choosing food and hotel. Besides, variations in the previous findings, these results are found
consistent with those conclusions which suggested that conscientiousness is significantly correlated
25
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
with individuals' environmental movements (Fraj & Martinez, 2006; Milfont & Sibley, 2012,
Kvasova, 2015). On the contrary, few studies reported minor or inconsistent effects of
(Markowitz et al., 2012) and no effect on environmental behavior (Hilbig et al., 2012).
Findings of the study would provide managerial insights as well as underpin the existing
theoretical frameworks with respect to predicting behavioral intention specific to green hotel
choice. The inclusion of conscientiousness and moral reflectiveness improved the predictive power
of TPB model specific to green hotel choice intention and thus contributing to the existing theory.
Further, the managerial insights would facilitate managers to devise a communication strategy
invoking moral values and benchmarking conscientiousness towards environment among people.
schemes can not only raise consumers environmental concern but also communicate the benefits
of visiting green hotels. Data analysis results reveal that young consumers' have a significant
positive attitude towards the green hotel visit while traveling, showing their concern for the
environment. Hotels can target young consumers by focusing on their morality and
conscientiousness needs while traveling to boost the green hotel visit. For the government, it is
imperative to strengthen the idea of environment conservation by promoting and awarding hotels
to create more involvement in contributing to environmental protection. In doing so, the local
government can focus on including environmental education in the school or college curriculum to
create more public awareness. As conscientiousness also affects young consumers green hotel visit
intention which means hotels must focus on appeals for the environmental responsibility to enhance
this behavior for potential customers. Using baseline information on individual level personality
and behavior, policymakers can have a better idea of how to customize environmental proposals
26
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
and suggestions to different types of personalities (Thomas, 2014). A variety of advertising and
consumers' environmental concern which in turn increases the green hotel visit. As long as
consumer considers visiting green hotels is advantageous for the environmental well-being, their
intention of visiting such hotels could be improved. In addition, this study helps to further enrich
the hospitality and consumer behavior literature, and help hotel practitioners develop better
marketing (e.g., communication of a hotel's green initiatives and practices to its customers)
cognitive, and normative decision-making processes. Altogether, to preserve the resource of the
This study is one of the first attempts that has incorporated the theory of planned behavior (TPB)
to measure the young consumers' green hotel visit intention in the Indian context. However, in India
green consumerism is currently at emerging stage and so far, few green hotels are available in India.
The outcomes have demonstrated the practicality of ingrained socio-psychological model (TPB) in
measuring the young consumers' intention towards visiting green hotels in India. Moreover, the
study has empirically validated the applicability of revised TPB model incorporating two additional
constructs (moral reflectiveness & conscientiousness). The two additional constructs have
increased the robustness and predictive ability of the proposed theoretical framework when
measuring consumer visit intention towards green hotels. Overall, and in the TPB constructs,
attitude appears to be the most significant predictor of young consumers green hotel visit intention.
Concerning the extended variables, moral reflectiveness was a stronger predictor than
conscientiousness in explaining the young Indian consumers green hotel visit intention.
27
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
In conclusion, Indian youth are conscientious about the existing ecological issues and have
favorable attitude and moral reflectiveness to visit green hotels in future. Despite this study's
specific contribution to the existing sustainable hotel consumer behavior literature, there are some
limitations that pave way for further research. The present study is restricted to measuring the young
consumers' intention to visit green hotel; provides no assessment of the actual behavior. Examining
actual behavior would be needing recollection of data after a certain period of time leaving the
scope for further research. Next, the current study is restricted to the educated young individuals
only, which may bias the outcome as educated youth may have the tendency to elicit a socially
desirable response (Kaiser et al., 2008). Additionally, as the study employed self-reported measures
for evaluating conscientiousness trait of personality, the response error owing to social desirability
effect cannot be completely ruled out (Beckmann, 2005). Hence, more subjective measures such as
peer report (Halpenny 2006; Lam and Cheng, 2002) are necessitated to offset biases of this sort in
future studies. The predictive ability of the extended theoretical framework is 42.1% (i.e. R2=0.421)
thus there is still a possibility to improve the explanatory power by incorporating additional
constructs from relevant literature in future studies. Moreover, the generalizability of the findings
could be low as this study measured the intention of young consumers using purposive sampling.
In addition, some of the factor loading values are low but above the acceptable limit. However,
based on the adequacy of measurement models fit indices (e.g. GFI, CFI), those specific items
were retained in the further analysis. Despite having good fit indices these loadings can be further
improved. The representativeness of the sample could have been improved by taking population
elements from the dispersed locations. Finally, the relationship between individual attitude, moral
reflectiveness, conscientiousness and green hotel visit intention might evolve over time providing
the opportunity for the longitudinal investigation for deeper insights into the subject under study.
28
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
7. References
Aguilera, R. V., Rupp, D. E., Williams, C. A., & Ganapathi, J. (2007). Putting the S back in
corporate social responsibility: A multilevel theory of social change in organizations. Academy of
management review, 32(3), 836-863.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl, & J. Beckman
(Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 1139). Heidelberg: Springer.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, 50(2), 179211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour.
Prentice-hall publishing.
Ajzen, I., (2002). Perceived behavioural control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of
planned behavior. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 32, 665-683.
Akenji, L. (2014). Consumer scapegoatism and limits to green consumerism. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 63, 13-23.
Ananth, M., DeMicco, F. J., Moreo, P. J., & Howey, R. M. (1992). Marketplace Lodging Needs of
Mature Travelers. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol 33(4), 1224.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modelling in practice: A review and
recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411423.
Aquino, K., & Reed II, A. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of personality
and social psychology, 83(6), 1423.
Backhaus, K. B., Stone, B. A., & Heiner, K. (2002). Exploring the relationship between corporate
social performance and employer attractiveness. Business & Society, 41(3), 292318.
Backhaus, K. B., Stone, B. A., & Heiner, K. (2002). Exploring the relationship between corporate
social performance and employer attractiveness. Business & Society, 41(3), 292318.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the
Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 7494.
Baker, E. W., Al-Gahtani, S. S., & Hubona, G. S. (2007). The effects of gender and age on new
technology implementation in a developing country: testing the theory of planned behavior (TPB).
Information Technology & People, 20(4), 352375.
Bamberg, S., & Mser, G. (2007). Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-
analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of environmental
psychology, 27(1), 14-25.
29
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Botetzagias, I., Dima, A. F., & Malesios, C. (2015). Extending the theory of planned behavior in
the context of recycling: The role of moral norms and of demographic predictors. Resources,
conservation and recycling, 95, 58-67.
Caber, M., & Albayrak, T. (2014). Does the importance of hotel attributes differ for senior tourists?
A comparison of three markets. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management, 26(4), pp.610-628.
Caso, L., Iglesias, V., & De La Ballina, F. J. (2015). Quality Certifications as Hotel Selection
Criteria. In Achieving Competitive Advantage through Quality Management (pp. 95-110). Springer
International Publishing.
Chan, E. S., Hon, A. H., Okumus, F., & Chan, W. (2014). An empirical study of environmental
practices and employee ecological behavior in the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism
Research,1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014550873
Chan, L., & Bishop, B. (2013). A moral basis for recycling: Extending the theory of planned
behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, 96-102.
Chan, W.W., Yueng, S., Chan, E. and Li, D., (2013). Hotel heat pump hot water systems: impact
assessment and analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management, 25(3), pp.428-446.
Chang, M. K. (1998). Predicting unethical behavior: a comparison of the theory of reasoned action
and theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 17, 18251834.
Chau, P. Y., & Hu, P. J. H. (2001). Information technology acceptance by individual professionals:
A model comparison approach. Decision Sciences, 32(4), 699-719.
Cheah, I., & Phau, I., (2011). Attitudes towards environmentally friendly products: the influence of
ecoliteracy, interpersonal influence and value orientation. Mark. Intell. Plan. 29 (5), 452-472.
Chen, A., & Peng, N. (2012), "Green hotel knowledge and tourists' staying behavior", Annals of
Tourism Research, Vol.39 (4), 22112216.
Chen, C. F., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral
intentions? Tourism management, 28(4), 1115-1122.
30
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Chen, M. F., & Tung, P. J. (2009). The moderating effect of perceived lack of facilities on
consumers' recycling intentions. Environment and Behavior, 42(6), 824-844.
Chen, M. F., & Tung, P. J. (2014). Developing an extended theory of planned behavior model to
predict consumers intention to visit green hotels. International journal of hospitality
management, 36, 221-230.
Cheng, S., Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2006). Negative word-of-mouth communication intention: an
application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 30(1),
95116.
Chia-Jung, C., & Pei-Chun, C. (2014). Preferences and willingness to pay for green hotel attribute
in tourist choice behavior: The case of Taiwan. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(8),
937-957.
Chin, W. W., Gopal, A., & Salisbury, W. D. (1997). Advancing the theory of adaptive structuration:
The development of a scale to measure faithfulness of appropriation. Information systems research,
8(4), 342-367.
Crane, M., & Matten, D. (2007). Business ethics (1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Davis, G., Phillips, P. S., Read, A. D., & Iida, Y. (2006). Demonstrating the need for the
development of internal research capacity: Understanding recycling participation using the Theory
of Planned Behaviour in West Oxfordshire, UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 46(2),
115-127.
DelVecchio, D., (2000). Moving beyond fit: the role of brand portfolio characteristics in consumer
evaluations of brand reliability. J. Prod. Brand Manag. 9 (7), 457-471.
Dhawan, H. (2016). Indians travelling young, spending more money, time. Retrieved March 26,
2017, from http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Indians-
travelling-young-spending-more-money-time-09092016011022
Dolnicar, S. & Otter, T. (2003), Which Hotel attributes Matter? A review of previous and a
framework for future research, Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the Asia Pacific
Tourism Association (APTA), pp.176188.
Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006). The mini-IPIP scales: Tiny-
yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment, 18, 192
203.
Doran, R., & Larsen, S. (2016). The Relative Importance of Social and Personal Norms in
Explaining Intentions to Choose EcoFriendly Travel Options. International Journal of Tourism
Research, 18(2), 159-166.
D'souza, C. and Taghian, M., (2005). Green advertising effects on attitude and choice of advertising
themes. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 17(3), 51-66.
Ernst & Young (2008). Hospitality going green. Retrieved May 6, 2016, from
http://www.hotelnewsresource.com/pdf8/e_y120408.pdf
31
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Ertz, M., Karakas, F., & Sarigll, E. (2016). Exploring pro-environmental behaviors of consumers:
An analysis of contextual factors, attitude, and behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 69(10),
3971-3980.
Esparon, M., Gyuris, E., & Stoeckl, N. (2014). Does ECO certification deliver benefits? An
empirical investigation of visitors perceptions of the importance of ECO certification's attributes
and of operators performance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(1), pp. 148-169.
Evans, A.N., Rooney, B.J., (2014). Methods in Psychological Research. Sage Publications, India.
Feinberg, M., & Willer, R. (2013). The moral roots of environmental attitudes. Psychological
Science, 24(1), 56-62.
Fraj, E., & Martinez, E. (2006). Influence of personality on ecological consumer behaviour. Journal
of Consumer Behaviour, 5, 167181.
Fukey, L. N., & Isaac, S. S. (2014). Connect among Green, Sustainability, and Hotel Industry: A
Prospective Simulation Study. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational,
Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering 8(1), pp.296-312.
Geraerts, E., Bernstein, D. M., Merckelbach, H., Linders, C., Raymaekers, L., & Loftus, E. F.
(2008). Lasting false beliefs and their behavioral consequences. Psychological Science, 19(8), 749-
753.
GHA. (2008). What are green hotels? Retrieved May 10, 2016, from Green Hotel Association
(GHA), retrieved from. http://www.greenhotels.com/whatare.htm
Gordon-Wilson, S., & Modi, P. (2015). Personality and older consumers' green behaviour in the
UK. Futures, 71, 1-10.
Greenglobe.com (2013). First Five Star Hotel in India earns Green Globe certification, Retrieved
July 20, 2017, from http://greenglobe.com/latest-news/first-five-star-hotel-in-india-earns-green-
globe-certification
Ha, H.Y., Janda, S., (2012). Predicting consumer intentions to purchase energy efficient products.
J. Consumer Mark. 29 (7), 461-469.
Hage, O., Sderholm, P., & Berglund, C. (2009). Norms and economic motivation in household
recycling: empirical evidence from Sweden. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 53(3), 155-
165.
Haines, R., Street, M. D., & Haines, D. (2008). The influence of perceived importance of an ethical
issue on moral judgment, moral obligation, and moral intent. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(2),
387-399.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th
Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
32
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Halpenny E. A. (2006). Environmental behaviour, place attachment and park visitation: a case study
of visitors to Point Pelee National Park. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada.
Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). An investigation of green hotel customers' decision formation:
Developing an extended model of the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 29(4), 659-668.
Han, H., & Yoon, H. J. (2015). Hotel customers' environmentally responsible behavioural intention:
Impact of key constructs on decision in green consumerism. International Journal of Hospitality
Management, 45, 22-33.
Han, H., Hsu, L. T. (Jane), & Lee, J. S. (2009). Empirical investigation of the roles of attitudes
toward green behaviors, overall image, gender, and age in hotel customers' eco-friendly decision-
making process. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 519528.
Han, H., Hsu, L. T. J., Lee, J. S., & Sheu, C. (2011). Are lodging customers ready to go green? An
examination of attitudes, demographics, and eco-friendly intentions. International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 30(2), 345355.
Heaney, J. (2006). Generations X and Ys internet banking usage in Australia. J. Financ. Serv.
Market. 11 (3), 196-210.
Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2002). Extending the theory of planned behavior: Predicting the use of
public transportation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(10), 2154-2189.
Hirsh, J. B. (2010). Personality and environmental concern. Journal of Environmental Psychology,
30, 245248.
Hirsh, J. B., & Dolderman, D. (2007). Personality predictors of consumerism and
environmentalism: A preliminary study. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 15831593.
Hsieh, Y.C., (2012). Hotel companies' environmental policies and practices: a content analysis of
their web pages. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(1), 97-121.
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review
of four recent studies. Strategic management journal, 195-204.
Kaiser, F. G., & Gutscher, H. (2003). The proposition of a general version of the theory of planned
behavior: predicting ecological behavior1. Journal of applied social psychology, 33(3), 586-603.
Kaiser, F. G., Schultz, P. W., Berenguer, J., Corral-Verdugo, V., & Tankha, G. (2008). Extending
planned environmentalism: Anticipated guilt and embarrassment across cultures. European
Psychologist, 13(4), 288-297.
Kanchanapibul, M., Lacka, E., Wang, X., & Chan, H. K. (2014). An empirical investigation of
green purchase behavior among the young generation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 528-536.
33
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Khare, A., (2015). Antecedents to green buying behavior: a study on consumers in an emerging
economy. Mark. Intell. Plan. 33 (3), 309-329.
Kim, A., Kim, Y., Han, K., Jackson, S. E., & Ployhart, R. E. (2014). Multilevel influences on
voluntary workplace green behavior individual differences, leader behavior, and coworker
advocacy. Journal of Management, 0149206314547386.
Kim, Y., & Han, H. (2010). Intention to pay conventional-hotel prices at a green hotela
modification of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(8), 997-1014.
Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (3rd Ed.). New York:
The Guilford Press.
Kline, R.B., (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modelling, third Ed. The
Guildford Press, New York, NY.
Kopnina, H. (2014). Sustainability in environmental education: new strategic thinking.
Environment, Development, and Sustainability, 17(5), 9871002. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-
014-9584-z .
Kriss, J. (2014). India Ranks No. 3 on U.S. Green Building Council List of Top 10 Countries for
LEED, Retrieved July 20, 2017, from https://www.usgbc.org/articles/india-ranks-no-3-us-green-
building-council-list-top-10-countries-leed
Kvasova, O. (2015). The Big Five personality traits as antecedents of eco-friendly tourist behavior.
Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 111-116.
Lam, S. P., & Cheng, S. I. (2002). Cross-informant agreement in reports of environmental behavior
and the effect of cross-questioning on report accuracy. Environment and Behavior, 34(4), 508-520.
Lee, J., Hsu, L., Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010), Understanding how customers view green hotels: how
a hotel's green image can influence behavioral intentions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(7),
901-914.
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the Five-
Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual
differences, 38(7), 1571-1582.
Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Ogunfowora, B., Bourdage, J. S., & Shin, K. H. (2010). The personality
bases of socio-political attitudes: The role of HonestyHumility and Openness to
Experience. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 115-119.
Lockyer, T. (2005), The perceived importance of price as one hotel selection dimension, Tourism
Management, Vol. 26, pp. 529537.
Manaktola, K., & Jauhari, V. (2007). Exploring customer attitude and behavior towards green
practices in the lodging industry in India. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management, 19(5), 364377.
34
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Markowitz, E. M., Goldberg, L. R., Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2012). Profiling the
Proenvironmental Individual: A personality perspective. Journal of Personality, 80, 81111.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr., (1985). Comparison of EPI and psychoticism scales with
measures of the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 587
597.
McGoldrick, P., & Freestone, O. (2008). Ethical product premiums: Antecedents and extent of
consumers willingness to pay. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer
Research, 18(2), pp. 185201.
Milfont, T. L. (2009). The effects of social desirability on self-reported environmental attitudes and
ecological behaviour. The Environmentalist, 29(3), pp.263-269.
Milfont, T. L., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). The Big Five personality traits and environmental
engagement: Associations at the individual and societal level. Journal of Environmental
Psychology, 32, 187195.
Milfont, T. L., Wilson, J., & Diniz, P. (2012). Time perspective and environmental engagement: A
meta-analysis. International Journal of Psychology, 47(5), 325-334.
Millar, M., & Baloglu, S. (2011), Hotel Guests Preferences for Green Guest Room Attributes,
Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, Vol 52, pp. 302311.
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, 2014. National Youth Policy 2014. Government of India.
Accessed from. http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/National-YouthPolicy-Document.pdf on 18 July
2016.
Nimse, P., Vijayan, A., Kumar, A., & Varadarajan, C. (2007). A review of green product databases.
Environmental Progress, 26(2), 131-137.
Norazah, M. S., & Norbayah, M. S. (2015). Consumers' environmental behavior towards staying at
a green hotel. Moderation of green hotel knowledge. Management of Environmental Quality: An
International Journal, 26, 103-117.
Pao, A. d., Alves, H., Shiel, C., & Filho, W. L. (2014). An analysis of the measurement of the
construct "buying behaviour" in green marketing. Journal of Integrative and Environmental
Sciences,11 (1), pp. 55-69.
Perugini, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2001). The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goaldirected
behaviors: Broadening and deepening the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Social
Psychology, 40(1), 79-98.
Pokus, M. S. (2016). Predicting recycling behavior by including moral norms into the theory of
planned behavior. Psychology, 52(52), 22-32.
Raghavan, L., Vahanvati, G., (2009). Going green in India. Landor, 1-5.
Reynolds, S. J. (2008). Moral attentiveness: Who pays attention to the moral aspects of life? Journal
of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1027.
35
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Ricky Y.K. Chan & Lorett B.Y. Lau., (2000). Antecedents of green purchases: a survey in China",
Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17(4), 338 357.
Robinot, E., & Giannelloni, J. L. (2010). Do hotels' "green" attributes contribute to customer
satisfaction? Journal of Services Marketing, 24(2), 157-169.
Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., & Griskevicius, V. (2007). The
constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological science, 18(5),
429-434.
Stevens, J., (1992). Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences. Taylor & Francis group,
New York.
SW Chan, E. (2013). Gap analysis of green hotel marketing. International journal of contemporary
hospitality management, 25(7), 1017-1048.
Teng, Y. M., Wu, K. S., & Liu, H. H. (2013). Integrating altruism and the theory of planned
behavior to predict patronage intention of a green hotel. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research,
39(3), 299-315.
Thomas, L. (2014). How personality traits are associated with environmental engagement.
Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://environment.yale.edu/yer/article/how-personality-traits-are-
associated-with-environmental-engagement#gsc.tab=0
Tonglet, M., Phillips, P. S., & Read, A. D. (2004). Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to
investigate the determinants of recycling behaviour: a case study from Brixworth, UK. Resources,
conservation and recycling, 41(3), 191-214.
UNEP, United Nations Environment Program (2013). The 10-year framework of programs on
sustainable consumption and production. UNEP Secretariat, Retrieved May 6, 2016, from
www.unep.org/10yfp
Van der Meer, M. te Grotenhuis, & Pelzer B. (2010). Influential cases in multilevel modeling. A
methodological comment. American Sociological Review, 75, 173178.
Verma, A. (2012). Hotels in India going green, Retrieved July 20, 2017, from
http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/pLqx0BK50LY8SVw6CjA2rK/Hotels-in-India-going-
green.html
Verma, V. K., & Chandra, B. (2016). Hotel Guest's Perception and Choice Dynamics for Green
Hotel Attribute: A Mix Method Approach. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(5).
Verma, V.K. & Chandra, B. Environ Dev Sustain (2017). doi:10.1007/s10668-017-9944-6.
Vermeir, I., & Verbeke, W. (2008). Sustainable food consumption among young adults in Belgium:
Theory of planned behaviour and the role of confidence and values. Ecological economics, 64(3),
542-553.
Walker, L. J. (2002). The model and the measure: An appraisal of the Minnesota approach to moral
development. Journal of Moral Education, 31, 353-367.
36
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Wiseman, M., & Bogner, F. X. (2003). A higher-order model of ecological values and its
relationship to personality. Personality and Individual differences, 34(5), 783-794.
World Bank (2016). International Tourism, number of arrivals, Retrieved September 05, 2017,
from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL
Wray-Lake, L., Flanagan, C. A., & Osgood, D. W. (2010). Examining trends in adolescent
environmental attitudes, beliefs, and behavior across three decades. Environment and Behavior,
42(1), 61-85.
Yadav, R., & Pathak, G. S. (2016). Young consumers' intention towards buying green products in
a developing nation: Extending the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production,
135, 732-739.
Yeon Kim, H., & Chung, J. E. (2011). Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care
products. Journal of consumer Marketing, 28(1), 40-47.
Zagata, L. (2012). Consumers' beliefs and behavioural intentions towards organic food. Evidence
from the Czech Republic. Appetite, 59(1), 81-89.
37