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APE 1975
.. TECHNICAL REPORT
I.
By .............................................
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UNCLASSIFIED
USECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (M~en' Dnat Shte,.d) _________________
4
I VT-TR-75?28 /
FRICTION AND WEMAR AIT HIGH SLIDING SPEEDS,
i~. ... :6. PERFORMING ORG, REPORT NUMBER
. LJNCLASSTIVID
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W-TR-7528
ROBERT S. NONTGOME3RY
,ItrUE 1975
- TECHNICAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I ~ PAGE
DO Form 1473
Introduction 1
Experimental Technique 2
Friction 5
I Wear 6
Conclusion 9
References 12
I
FIGURE CAPTIONS
Page
.,. 11
H-.
TABLES (Con'd)
Page
"Table X Friction and Wear of Projectile Steel on 47
Gun Steel
L. . . . . . .
i
Introduction
especially true in the case of the large caliber, high muzzle velocity
weapons where excess wear on the bore near the muzzle can limit their
useful lives. This is the location where radial loading and projectile
i bore and to any unbalance which may be present in it. 'Iocking" of the
allowed by their designs and the wear on the rotating bands. Itowover,
as the bands wear, the projectile becomes more and more eccentric which
loads, in turn, to higher loading and still more wear until the steel
hard surface on the guu steol bore at-speeds near the tmuzzle velocity
ain consequentially to excessive bore wear at this location. (I)
I but there has been little research published on this subject because
'I740$0,
I
'H.S. ontgomery, 4&&zzile Erosion of Cannon, Watervliet Arsenal Report
(Nov. 1974)
I
the Army from about 1946 to 1956 with a great deal of data collected
work in the open literature because it was classified at the time and
In this report, The Franklin Institute friction and wear data has
and engineers and which also allows an insight into the wear mechanism
E exprimontal._Ihniqtio
given in Table 1. The specimens were moved radially with just enough
2
air pressure acting through a combination of pistons and cams. The
"I specimen holders ride on the cams except while the pins are transversing
the rim of the disk, when they are let down at one edge of the rim and
picked up before they reach the other edge. A diagram of the apparatus
is shown in Fig. 1. Pins of 0.08 in. diameter were used for all but a
600. fps were made with reduced pressure in the test chamber. The chamber,
which was below ground level, remained at an air temperature between
600 and 65*F at all times. The relative humidity, measured in the
The frictional and normal torces *on the pins were measured
Sand photographed with a druz camera. Just Weore and after a test,
calibration marks were also photographed. These wore obtained by
inserting known resistances into the strain gage bridges. The first
experiments produced coefficients of friction which were much too low
Snot tabulated. After the problems were corretod, the friction data
Il I3
'I
weight or length loss of the lower pin. Wear measurements from the
of this surface with oil from the shaft seal. In some of the experiments
with gilding metal and annealed iron, *agradually increasing load was
j ;during the course of the experimental work which extended over about
S.ground and wiped with dry cheesecloth; ground and swabbed with absolute
4 alcohol; rubbed with emery cloth and swabbewl with acetone; or, in the
later experiments, rubbed with 120 grit emery, swabbed ;Ath acetone,
. rand then rubbed with 240 grit (=cry. This latter procedure produced
' I the most reproducible test surface. The wear of pins of gilding metal,
copper, and projectile steel and the friction of these metals and
chemical analyses of those materials are given in Tables 1i, Ill, IV,
A
iI 4
i.
V, and VI.
Friction
is the same, the chief effect of both increased bearing pressure and
melting was found only with the relatively low-melting metals, copper
and gilding metal (9, 12), the characteristics of the friction curves
indicate that the surface layers of all the metals melt at high values
of PV.
much greater values for copper (Fig. 7) than for the other
-- *Actual firing lata indicate somewhat lower values than those
measured .- in.this study. S
metals investigated. The chief reason for this i, probably that the
bearing pressure was actually much lower than ca'cula.ed owing to
coefficients were in the range 0.29 - 0.34 and were reproducible and
stable. Above this PV value, the friction coefficients for gilding metal
and annealed iron were essentually the same while the coefficients for
copper were somewhat higher and those for projectile steel still higher.
They all decreased with increasing PV with the coefficients for gilding
metal and annealed iron decreasing more rapidly. There were insufficient
determinations on the other materials investigated to allow firm conclusions
investigated.
Wear
All the wear rates in this report wore determined by weight loss of
the test specimens. Length loss was alsomeasured but could not be used
"for wear determinations with the softer metals because the small diameter
pins deformed during the experiment. Length loss as a function of weight
loss for gilding metal, copper, and projectile steel are plotted in Figs.
10, 11, and 1,respectively, together with the straight lines calculated
with the assumption that there was no distortion. IFrom these figures
it can be soen that the copper Fins deformed soverely,tho gilding metal
I1 ,:) >i.
pins deformed moderately, and the projectile steel pins were
the pins after the experiments. The soft copper pins were gxeatly
"mushroomed". This had the effect of producing an artificially
low wear rate for any particular PV value because the bearing area was
actually much greater than that calculated for a 0.080 in. diameter
pin. There was also a great deal of scatter in the data for the soft
copper, less in the data for the harder gilding metal, and essentially
none in the data for the still harder projectile steel. This data
scatter for the soft pins would be predicted because the experiments
(Fig. 14) show the same general features. There were very high and
after which the wear rates became much lower. They then increased
smoothly with PV to the highest values investigated. The gilding metal.
scatter that it was difficult to discern the trend. However, the wear
SI7
Wear rate at h: --h sliding speed is a function of the rate of heat
equation (1),
(WR) = Const. (fPV) 2
(1)
This is shown in Figs. 15 and 16 where wear rates are plotted as
of slope 2.
Furthermore, a semi-log plot of the wear rates of the individual
Const. o (2)
whore A and B are constants and Tm th, absolu o melting point. The
wear rates for copper and projectile stool wore obtained from Figs.
1S and 16, respectively. The value for .hihling metal was estimated
from the experimental data. The remaining wear ,.tes were estimated
from the few data in Table XI usifg ocyaation (1). Tr*e pin diameter
used for most of the experiments ii; Table XI was 0.140 in. which is
"appreciably larger than the 0.080.in. used for a other expoximents.
..
8
pins during the experiment. For constantan, the wear rate at the
mental measurements for most of the data points. Only the points
for nickel and copper are seriously out of place. There was only a
single determination with nickel and the 0.74 rate of heat generation,
judging from the results with iteel v~~ich has a similar melting point,
. is not high enough to ensure complete surface melting. Therefore, it
is not surprising that the wear rate is higher than expected. The
wear rate for pure copper was much lower than expected. This was
probably largely a result of the fact that the bearing pressures were
appreciably lower than those calculated because of "mushrooming" of
the test pins. However, It is also plausible Laat the extremely high
studied.
Conclusion
9 ps mm mmm
layer. This means that factors such as compatability, crystal
wear. The surfaces are not actually in contact at all but are
cases the wear rate depends only on the thickness and viscosity
*r point. Thermal conductivity, etc. will have effects but they will be
wear. For a short distance down the bore, the surface of the rotating
1 4 R.S.
Montgomery, Interaction of Copper-Containins Rotating Band
Metal with Gun Bores at the rBnvironment Present in a Gun Ttibe.
Wea,
31,10-18 (97);Waicrvile AsnlRport 74016 (Jun. 1974).t
10
bands is not completely melted and these factors would be important
materials wear many times more rapidly in the initial phase of the
sliding than do others. It could be that excessive bore wear near the
sliding.
I':
- . .v..
REFERENCES
Vi
(4) William M. Morsell, Research and Development to Improve
Artillery Ammunition and Materiel, The Franklin Institute,
Progress Report P-1858-20 (Feb. 1949)
!i(5) H. G. Clarke, Jr., Research and Development to Improve
12
(12) W. W. Shugarts, Jr., and H. C. Rippel, Frictional Resistance,
Heating, and Wear at High Sliding Speeds, The Franklin
Institute Final Report F-2448 (Aug. 1956)
(13) W. W. Shugarts, Jr., New Instrumentation to Study Sliding
(13) Friction at High Speeds, The Franklin-Institute Interim
14.
13
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TABLE TV
Chemical Analyses of Copper
Lot Cu(%) Fe(%) Zn(%) Al(%) Ni(%) Pb(%) Mn(%) Sn(%) Mg(%)
No. 1 Hal. 0.012 .005 0.004 .001 .003 nil .004 .004
No. 2 Bal. .006 nil .002 .0oo0 .005 nil .002 .004
I-
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32F
TABTE VI
SMetal Ag(%) Cd(%) C(%) S(%) Si(%) Cr(%) Mo(%) V(%) Co(%) Ti(%)
Constantan .. .. .074 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Aluminum .. .. .. .. 12 .. .. .. ....
33
TAB I1, VII
rj1 ; I: "S00
I1so
S00
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6,100
12,000
2.1
3.0
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- 19.2
19.4
0.6
1.4
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3180
1.4
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TABLE VII (Cont'd)
'I3,3
...................... .... . . _____...._____
37
TABLE VII (Cont'd)
Bearing
i:: Sliding wt. loss Length Weat Rate
Velocity Pressure PV fPV distance (mg) loss in 6ft
(fps) (psi) (xlO" 6 ) f x10-6 (feet) (mils) (xlO )
.. X 600* 4,900 2.9 .24 .70 ....
600* 7,200 4.3 .22 .95 ....
600* 9,400 5.6 .20 1.12 ....
600* 13,100 7.9 .17 1.34 ....
600* 15,000 9.0 .16 1.44 ....
600* 15,800 9.5 .16 1.52 ....
450* 1,800 .81 .39 .32- --
" ,~38
TABLE VII (Cont'd)
39
4k4.
~ ~ .40
'ABIE VITT
Friction of Annealed Iron on Gun Steel
Bearing
Velocity Pressure PV fPV
(fps) (psi) (xlO" 6 ) f x10 6
Bearing
S.Velocity Pressure PV f PV
"(fps) (psi) (x0-6) f x10- 6
600* 17,100 10.3 .15 1.54
600* 18,800 11.3 .17 1.92
600* 1,000 .60 .42 .25
600* 13,500 8.1 .16 1.30
600* 14,300 8.6 .16 1.38
15,300 9.2 .17 1.56 S
600* 16,200 9.7 .18 1.75
600* 17,900 10.7 .18 1.93
300* 2,000 .60 .51 .31
300* 3,000 .90 .42 .38
300* 4,000 1.2 .36 .43
300* 5,900 1.8 .34 .61
300* 7,900 2.4 .32 .77
300* 9,900 3.0 .31 .93
300* 11,800 3.4 .29 .99
300* 14,800 4.4 .28 1.23
300* 19,600 5.9 .27 1.59
150" 6,200 .93 .42 .39
1SO* 7,400 1.11 .43 .48
iSO* 9,900 1.5 .44 .66
450* 900 .40 .40 .16
450* 1,800 .81 .33 .27
450* 2,300 1.04 .35 .36
450* 4,000 1.8 .33 .59
450* 6,100 2.7 .31 .84
450* 7,400 3.3 .29 .96
450* 9,200 4.1 .27 1.11
450* 10,300 4.6 .26 1.20
450* 11,500 5.2 .24 1.25
450* 13,100 5.9 .23 1.36
600* 3,300 2.0 .25 .SO
600* S,000 3.0 .25 .75
600* 6,400 3.8 .25 .95
600* 7,100 4.3 .25 1.08
600* 8,100 4,9 .25 1.22
i....' i: 600"
600*
600*
9,700
10,800
13,400
S.8
6.5
8.0
.23
.22
.21
1.33
1,43
1.68
./.\.;!600* 14,300 8.6 .20 1.72
S300* 600 .18 1.13 .20
Soo* 1,800 .54 .38 .31
SOO* 3,300 ,99 .46 .46
300* 4,000 1.20 .42 .so
300* 4,500 1.4 .42 .59
300* 5,200 1.6 .39 .62
42
.1k
Bearing
Velocity Pressure PV f PV
6)
(fps) (psi) (xlO f x10- 6
300* 6,500 2.0 .38 .76
300* 8,300 2.5 .35 .88
300* 8,700 2.6 .34 .88
300* 9,500 2.8 .32 .90
300* 12,200 3.7 .26 .96
300* 12,900 3.9 .24 .94
300* 1,400 .42 .33 .14
300* 3,000 .90 .31 .28
300* 4,800 1.4 .27 .38
300* 5,500 1.6 .27 .43
300* 6,500 2.0 .26 .52
300* 7,800 2.3 .24 .55
300* 9,800 2.9 .23 .67
300* 10,900 3.3 .24 .79
450* 3,200 1.4 .28 .39
450* 4,500 2.0 .27 .54
450* 5,800 2.6 .26 .68
450* 6,500 2.9 .24 .70
450* 7,600 3.4 .23 .78
450* 10,100 4.5 .21 .94
450* 11,800 5.3 .20 1.06
450* 13,000 5.8 .20 1.16
600* 2,200 1.3 .. 27 .35
600* 3,700 2.2 .. 26 .57
600" 4,500 2.7 .25 .68
600* 5,200 3.1 .25 .78
600* 6,000 3.6 .25 .90
600* .7,200 4.3 .24 1.03
600* 9,900 S.9 .23 1.36
600* 13,400 8.0 .20 1.60
-600* 15,400 9.2 .18 1.66
900* 6,300 5.7 .20 1.14
900* 10,100 9.1 .16 1.46
900* 11,400 10.3 .15 1.54.
-. 900*
900" 13,000
.14,500 11.7
13.0 .15
:.17 2.21 -
900* 16,100 14.5 .17 .2.46
90 "4,000 3.6 .24 .86.
.... ..:.
.43
TABLE IX
Friction and Wear of Copper on Gun Steel
'4 .. - 44
TABLE IX (Cont'd)
I
.1
45
TABLE IX (Cont'd)
" !.
4u
Friction and Wear of Projectile Steel on Gun Steel
.47
k ~ ..- ; ., ~ -k.a
TABLE X (Cont'd)
44
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