Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dolezal, Brett A., and Jeffrey A. Potteiger. Concurrent Many factors have been shown to influence metabolic
resistance and endurance training influence basal metabolic rate. The strongest correlation exists between an indi-
rate in nondieting individuals. J. Appl. Physiol. 85(2): 695 viduals fat-free mass (FFM) and BMR. It has been
700, 1998.Thirty physically active healthy men (20.1 6 1.6 proposed that increases in lean body mass will increase
yr) were randomly assigned to participate for 10 wk in one of
BMR, thus increasing total energy expenditure (19).
the following training groups: endurance trained (ET; 3
days/wk jogging and/or running), resistance trained (RT; 3 Fat mass (FM) and total body mass (TM) are generally
days/wk resistance training), or combined endurance and reduced with endurance exercise; however, this reduc-
resistance trained (CT). Before and after training, basal tion contributes minimally to gains in lean body mass
metabolic rate (BMR), percent body fat (BF), maximal aerobic (29). Much of the research centering on increases in
power, and one-repetition maximum for bench press and lean body mass have used resistance training as the
parallel squat were determined for each subject. Urinary exercise modality. The potential influence on BMR and
urea nitrogen was determined pre-, mid-, and posttraining. body composition that resistance and endurance exer-
http://www.jap.org 8750-7587/98 $5.00 Copyright r 1998 the American Physiological Society 695
696 CONCURRENT TRAINING AND BMR
kJ/day 7,613.3 6 968.7 7,231.2 6 554.1 7,454.9 6 964.2 8,090.8 6 951.2* 7,029.7 6 666.4* 7,801.8 6 980.6*
kJ kg TM21 h21 4.12 6 0.21 4.07 6 0.19 4.28 6 0.32 4.28 6 0.24* 4.10 6 0.21 4.44 6 0.33*
kJ kg FFM21 h21 4.87 6 0.19 4.62 6 0.21 4.88 6 0.40 5.01 6 0.26 4.53 6 0.24 4.87 6 0.37
Results are means 6 SD. TM, total body mass; FFM, fat-free mass. * Significantly different from pretraining for same group, P , 0.05;
significantly different from endurance, P , 0.05.
BMR. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure BMR. All Three-day nutritional intake. Each subject completed a
subjects had 8 h of sleep, did not perform any exercise for 48 h 3-day dietary diary before testing, during week 5, and during
before each session, and did not eat or consume any liquids, week 10 of the training period. Subjects were provided with
except water, for 12 h before testing. Each subject was examples of food samples, written guidelines, and a record
transported by motor vehicle to the testing site to ensure booklet for keeping track of food intake. Recording days were
minimal activity before BMR determination. All BMR mea- randomly assigned; however, the recalls always included 1
surements were performed between 0600 and 0800. weekend day and 2 weekdays. The Nutritionist III software
After entering the laboratory, subjects rested in a supine program (N-Squared Computing, Salem, OR) was used to
position for 30 min. A Hans Rudolph flow-by face mask analyze dietary composition for daily total caloric intake and
TM, kg 76.9 6 7.4 74.0 6 5.2 72.8 6 7.6 78.5 6 7.4 71.5 6 5.0* 73.4 6 9.4
BF, % 15.4 6 2.7 11.8 6 2.9 12.2 6 3.5 14.0 6 2.7* 9.5 6 1.7* 8.7 6 1.7*
FFM, kg 65.0 6 6.7 65.2 6 2.9 63.7 6 6.9 67.3 6 7.1* 64.6 6 3.8 66.9 6 7.8*
FM, kg 11.9 6 2.3 8.8 6 2.7 9.1 6 3.7 11.1 6 2.1 6.8 6 1.6* 6.5 6 1.9*
Results are means 6 SD. BF, body fat; FM, fat mass. * Significantly different from pretraining for same group, P , 0.05; significantly
different from endurance, P , 0.05; significantly different from resistance, P , 0.05.
all major muscle groups and included the following exercises: (expressed in kJ/day) from baseline to week 10. A
bench press, lat pulldown, shoulder press, bicep curl, tricep significant correlation was observed between the
pushdown, back squat, leg extension, leg curl, clean pulls, changes in BMR (expressed in kJ/day) and FFM and is
incline dumbbell press, leg press, seated row, and upright presented in Fig. 1 (r 5 0.74, P , 0.01).
row. During the first 2 wk of the program, subjects performed
1015 repetitions per set, with three sets per exercise. The The body composition results for the pre- and post-
resistance was established so that the subject became fa- training measurements are presented in Table 2. All
tigued at 1015 repetitions. Fatigue was defined as the point groups showed significant decreases in BF from base-
at which the exercise could not be executed correctly through line to week 10. Comparison among groups showed a
Table 3. One-repetition maximum and maximal aerobic power values before and after 10 wk of training
Pretraining Posttraining
1-RM bench press, kg 76.1 6 15.7 67.1 6 11.8 83.2 6 22.0 94.3 6 15.3* 66.8 6 12.0 92.9 6 21.5*
1-RM squat, kg 94.4 6 22.3 84.6 6 10.2 100.2 6 22.8 116.1 6 22.4* 84.0 6 11.2 118.9 6 21.0*
VO2 max , ml kg21 min21 50.4 6 4.0 50.7 6 5.8 52.3 6 4.4 50.5 6 4.5 57.1 6 5.0* 55.8 6 5.2
Results are means 6 SD. 1-RM, one-repetition maximum; VO2 max , maximal aerobic power. * Significantly different from pretraining for
same group, P , 0.05; significantly different from endurance, P , 0.05; significantly different from resistance, P , 0.05; significantly
different from concurrent, P , 0.05.
698 CONCURRENT TRAINING AND BMR
reactions and shuttle systems, increased substrate Whereas researchers have proposed that simulta-
flux, repair of exercise-induced trauma, and increased neous training appears to compromise strength im-
protein synthesis (1, 19). provement more so than endurance improvement when
We speculate that the absolute increases in BMR both modes of training engage the same muscle groups
(kJ/day) found in the RT and CT groups and the (5, 8, 13, 18, 23), it was interesting to find that in this
decrease in BMR found in the ET group may simply study the reverse was true. That is, the improvement in
reflect gains and losses in FFM, respectively. Even VO2 max was compromised more than the improvements
though there was a nonsignificant decline in FFM for in lower-body strength for the CT group. The attenu-
the ET group over the 10-wk study, we believe that the ated improvements found in VO2 max of the CT group,
decline in BMR could still have been attributed to when compared with endurance training alone, could
losses in FFM. This was evidenced by the ET groups be explained by interferences found in strength-
elevation in urinary urea nitrogen over the 10-wk study training adaptations, which may include muscle fiber
(Fig. 2). Fluctuations in FFM can be followed by the hypertrophy and increases in contractile proteins with
measurement of changes in urinary urea nitrogen. associated decreases in capillary and mitochondrial
Because urea is the major nitrogen-containing meta- volume densities (2, 9, 16, 22). Conversely, the theory
bolic product of protein catabolism in humans, as FFM that endurance training may impede strength develop-
is degraded there is a release of nitrogen-derived ment by promoting increases in capillary density, mito-
chondrial volume density, oxidative enzyme activity,
ammonia that causes urinary urea nitrogen to become
and decreases in muscle fiber size (2, 9, 16, 22) was not
elevated (24). Although urinary urea nitrogen levels did
consistent with our data.
6. Dudley, G. A., and S. J. Fleck. Strength and endurance 19. Poehlman, E. T. A review: exercise and its influence on resting
training: are they mutually exclusive? Sports Med. 4: 7985, energy metabolism in man. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21: 515525,
1987. 1989.
7. Fleck, S. J., and W. J. Kraemer. Resistance training: physiologi- 20. Pollock, M. L., L. Garzarella, and J. E. Graves. The measure-
cal responses and adaptations. Physician Sportsmed. 16: 108 ment of body composition. In: Physiological Assessment of Hu-
124, 1988. man Fitness, edited by P. J. Maud and C. Foster. Champaign, IL:
8. Hennessy, L. C., and A. W. S. Watson. The interference effects Human Kinetics, 1995, p. 167204.
of training for strength and endurance simultaneously. J. Strength 21. Pratley, R., B. Nicklas, M. Rubin, J. Miller, A. Smith, M.
Cond. Res. 8: 1219, 1994. Smith, B. Hurley, and A. Goldberg. Strength training in-
9. Hickson, R. C. Interference of strength development by simulta- creases resting metabolic rate and norepinephrine levels in
neously training for strength and endurance. Eur. J. Appl. healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. J. Appl. Physiol. 76: 133137, 1994.
Physiol. 45: 255269, 1980. 22. Sale, D. G., I. Jacobs, J. D. MacDougall, and S. Garner.
10. Hickson, R. C., B. A. Dvorak, E. M. Gorostiga, T. T. Kurowski, Comparison of two regimens of concurrent strength and endur-
and C. Foster. Potential for strength and endurance training to ance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22: 348356, 1990.
amplify endurance performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 65: 2285 23. Sale, D. G., J. D. MacDougall, I. Jacobs, and S. Garner.
2290, 1988. Interaction between concurrent strength and endurance train-
11. Hickson, R. C., M. A. Rosenkoetter, and M. M. Brown. ing. J. Appl. Physiol. 68: 260270, 1990.
Strength training effects on aerobic power and short term 24. Shaw, D. K., D. T. Deutsch, P. M. Schall, and R. J. Bowling.
endurance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 12: 336339, 1980. Physical activity and lean body mass loss following coronary
12. Hortobagyi, T., F. I. Katch, and P. F. LaChance. Effects of artery bypass graft surgery. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 31:
simultaneous training for strength and endurance on upper and
6774, 1991.
lower body strength and running performance. J. Sports Med.
25. Siri, W. E. Body composition from fluid spaces and density. In:
Phys. Fitness 31: 2030, 1991.
Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, edited by J. Brozek
13. Hunter, G., R. Demment, and D. Miller. Development of