Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Technical Challenges
NASA Green Aviation Summit
Chi-Ming Lee
Chief of Combustion Branch
NASA Glenn Research Center
1
ERA/SFW System Level Metrics
. technology for improving noise, emissions, & performance
N+1 (2015)*** N+2 (2020)*** N+3 (2025)***
CORNERS OF THE Generation Generation Generation
TRADE SPACE Conventional Configurations Unconventional Configurations Advanced Aircraft Concepts
relative to 1998 reference relative to 1998 reference relative to user-defined reference
Approach
- Enable Major Changes in Engine Cycle/Airframe Configurations
- Reduce Uncertainty in Multi-Disciplinary Design and Analysis Tools & Processes
- Develop/Test/ Analyze Advanced Multi-Discipline Based Concepts & Technologies
2
CAEP6 ICAO NOx Regulations for Engines
CAEP 6
100%
GEnx -1B 55% below CAEP 6
B777/GE90
RR Trent 1000 ~50% below
80% CAEP 6 (Predicted)
PW 810 ~50% below CAEP 6
(Estimated)
-75%
60%
0%
1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022
Year
3
Motivation for NOx Technology Investment
Environmental impact
Ground level LTO NOx affects local
air quality (NO2, ozone and
secondary PM)
NOx above 3000 ft accounts for
92% of total mission
Cruise NOx affects climate and
global air quality
Stringency increase for LTO and
CAEP/8 NOx Stringency Sample Problem Round 2 Process,
enroute NOx policies expected Assumptions And Results, Working Paper CAEP8-MODTF3-
WP11, Modelling And Database Task Force (MODTF), Oct. 2007
Balances SFC improvements (OPR
) and traffic growth
4
NOx emissions vs. the Overall Pressure Ratio and SFC
5
Balanced Combustor Design
6
ERA Technology Focus
Significant further NOx
reduction
Leaner combustion through
reduced cooling
Improved fuel-air mixer designs
Active control strategies
Advanced CMC liners
7
Emissions Reduction - Technology to Product Transition
NASA Program Industry Product Integration
Market conditions and available technology improvements
determine opportunity to launch new product engine
9
Injector/Mixer Design Challenge
10
TAPS Fuel Staging Enables Low Nox
at Cruise
NOx flight cycle comparison (GE TAPS vs. traditional RQL combustor)
11
75% Nox Reduction Injector Development
Primary Air
Secondary Air
Evaporation and
Breakup
Secondary Fuel
Primary Fuel
12
Fischer-Tropsch & Jet A Fuel Analysis
Test F-T Jet A Test F-T Jet A
Total Acid Number (mg KOH/g) 0.002 0.00 Hydrogen Content (% mass) 15.6 13.0
Smoke Point (mm) 40.0 21
Aromatics (% vol) 0.0 19 Copper Strip Corrosion (2 h @ 100C) 1a
Mercaptan Sulfur (% mass) 0.000 0.000
Thermal Stability @ 260C
Total Sulfur (% mass) 0.00 0.0 Change in Pressure (mmHg) 0 1
Tube Deposit Rating, Visual 1 0
Distillation
Initial Boiling Point (C) 149 Existent Gum (mg/100 mL) <1 0.2
10% Recovered (C) 162 180
20% Recovered (C) 163 Particulate Matter (mg/L) 0.4 0.2
50% Recovered (C) 168 212 Filtration Time (min) 2
90% Recovered (C) 184 251 Water Reaction Interface Rating 1 1
End Point (C) 196
Residue (% vol) 0.9 1.3 FSII (% vol) 0.00 0.00
Loss (% vol) 0.4 0.9 Conductivity (pS/m) 217 10
Lubricity Test (BOCLE) Wear Scar (mm) 0.75
Flash Point (C) 44 51
API Gravity @ 60F 60.5
Net Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 44.0 43.2
Freezing Point (C) -55 -48
Viscosity @ -20C (mm/s) 2.6 5.2
Workmanship Pass Pass
Net Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 44.2 42.8
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14
15
16
17
F-T Fuel Analysis
CC
10
CC
9 10
9
CC
8
8
CC
12
12
CC
13
13
CC Syntroleum
14 Syntroleum
14 C15 4909 S-8
C15 C 4909 S-8
C
16
16 C17 C18 C19
C17 C18 C19
Time--> 5 5 10
10 15
15 20
20 25
25 3030
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Fischer-Tropsch & JP-8 Fuel Analysis
Shell
C1
1 C1
C8 C1 2 C1
0 3
F-T
JP-8
C1
Concentratio
C 4
9
C15
C
n
8
C1
6 C1
C7
7 C1
C19
0 8
Time--> 5 10 15 20 25 30
19
JP8, 50-50 Blend, and FT-2 Comparisons
T3 1030F 850F
Fuel
Type
Comparison showing average flame length
and luminous intensity for T3 = 1030F
JP8
50-50
Blend
FT-2
21
ASCR Plenum Design and Fabrication (contd)
NEW
EXISTING AND REVISED Existing ASCR Sector Rig Revised ASCR Sector Rig
CONFIGURATIONS Assembly 28470M43A000 Assembly Concept
22
Combustion Instability Control Strategy
Objective: Suppress combustion thermo-acoustic instabilities when
they occur
Closed-Loop Self-Excited System
Combustion Combustor
Process Acoustics
P
+
Natural feed-back process
+ Fuel-air
Mixture system
23
Active Combustion Instability Control Via Fuel Modulation
High-frequency fuel delivery
system and models Advanced control methods
NL Acoustics
High-temperature sensors
White Noise Instability Pressure
and electronics Pressure from
+ +
Fuel
Valve
Fuel lines, Injector
& Combustion
+
Fuel Modulation Combustor Pressure
Flame
Phase Shift
Controller
Filter
Fundamental research
CFD modeling; improved diagnostics; experimental techniques; acoustics physics; materials, etc
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