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Principles of Data Visualization

Descriptive Data Visualization

 Data Visualization
! In the Beginning
! Graphics Movement
! Information Visualization
! Data Visualization

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 In the Beginning . . .
! When did graphical visualization begin?
! 1930s
! 1960s
! 1990s
! 2000s
! Last year

3
Descriptive - Early Examples
William Playfair
Sco.sh Engineer
19th Century

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 Graphics Movement
! Jacques Bertin introduced the concept of graphical encoding
! Not Artwork, it is a system of signs that convey meaning
! We will learn to see relationships in data
! Process of finding the right questions to answer

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What is common?

Jacques Bertin 6
Types of Questions

Jacques Bertin 7
 Elementary Questions
! How many Females stay in February?

X Axis

Y Axis

Jacques Bertin 8
 Processing Routine
! Every cell above average is filled in with black

Jacques Bertin 9
 Intermediate Question
! Relationship of the group of months Dec, Jan, Feb
! To the grouping of characteristics on the x axis

Winter Pa>ern RepeaAng

Jacques Bertin 10
 Overall Information Level
! Generation of a set of insights

Jacques Bertin 11
 Visual Analysis Process
Define the Problem / Objective
Structure the Data
Adopt a Processing Technique
Simplify without Destruction
Communication

Jacques Bertin 12
8 Variables of Visual Encoding

Jacques Bertin 13
 X-Y Encoding as a Point
! Using size for the Z axis
! A and B are cities
! P is population in thousands
! S is surface area in square kilometers

Jacques Bertin 14
 X-Y Encoding as a Line
! Using size for the Z axis
! A and B are cities
! P is population in thousands
! S is surface area in square kilometers

Jacques Bertin 15
 X-Y Encoding as Area
! Using size for the Z axis
! A and B are cities
! P is population in thousands
! S is surface area in square kilometers

Jacques Bertin 16
 Size versus Value in the Z axis
! X-Y encoding as area
! Qualitatively compare the degree of black to white in 1
! Quantitatively compare size of each box in 2

Jacques Bertin 17
 Texture

Point

Line

Area

Jacques Bertin 18
 Color
! Red, Green, Blue Cones in our eyes receive color stimulus
! Color is provided by filtering/reducing the amount of RGB
! In RGB-A the A measures the amount opacity
! Arrangement of light to dark provides an order

Jacques Bertin 19
 Alignment
! Easier to interpret than shape
! Can be used in combination with size

Jacques Bertin 20
 Shape
! Shapes must be a certain size to have visual meaning
! When size contrast is low shapes have a small utility

Jacques Bertin 21
 Edward Tuftes Principles
! Show the data
! Induce viewer to think about the substance
! Avoid distorting what the data have to say
! Present many numbers in a small space
! Make large data sets coherent
! Encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data
! Reveal data at several levels of detail
! Serve the purpose of description, exploration, tabulation or
decoration
! Integrate with statistical and verbal definitions of a data set

Edward Tufte
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 Show the Data
! What is the mean of each x & y series

F. J. Anscombe
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 Show the Data
! Anscombes Quartet

1 2

3 4

F. J. Anscombe
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 Florence Nightengale

http://understandinguncertainty.org/coxcombs
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 Polar Area Diagram - Coxcomb

Bloomberg Businessweek
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 Area Line Diagram

Bloomberg Businessweek
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 Column Line Diagram

Bloomberg Businessweek
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 What can we See?

Bloomberg Businessweek
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What is an Insight?

Malcom Gladwell 30
 Summary
! Questions exist at multiple levels of information
! Primary variables of image are X & Y dimensions with size and value
in the Z dimension
! Texture, color, orientation, and shape make up the differential
variables

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 Financial Example
! http://money.visualcapitalist.com/all-of-the-worlds-money-
and-markets-in-one-visualization/

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