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CHAPTER 3 FLUID-STATICS
Zulkarnain Hassan
School of Environmental Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Introduction
Forces on
Solid
Surfaces
Forces on Solid Surfaces
Force due to
Static Fluids
Buoyant
Forces
The examples of cases In each case, the fluid exerts a force on the surface of
where forces on submerged interest that acts perpendicular to the surface:
areas must be computed:
pressure force
=
area
F
= .
90o
fluid
p
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Example 1:
Information!
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Note:
The center of pressure is at
the centroid of the pressure
distribution triangle, one third
of the distance from the bottom
of the wall.
The resultant force acts
perpendicular to the wall at this
point.
A = width x L A = width x L
H
O
A
Trigonometric Ratios:
Sin = O/H
Cos = A/H
Tan = O/A
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Example 2
In Fig. 4.6, the fluid is gasoline and the total depth is 3.7 m. The wall
is 12.2 m long. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force on the
wall and the location of the center of pressure.
3.7 m
Example 3 = 60
Recall!
Horizontal Flat
Surfaces Under
Liquids
Force due to
Vertical
Static Fluids
Rectangular Walls
Incline
Center of
Submerged Pressure
Horizontal force
Plain Area
Vertical force
Curved Surface
Resultant force
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Appendix L: Example 4
Properties of Area
The tank shown in Fig. 4.8 contains a lubricating oil with a specific
gravity of 0.91. A rectangular gate with the dimensions B=1.2 m and
H=0.6 m is placed in the inclined wall of the tank (=60).The centroid
of the gate is at a depth of 1.5 m from the surface of the oil. Calculate
(a) the magnitude of the resultant force FRon the gate and (b) the
location of the center of pressure.
1.5m
60o
0.6m
Info!
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Info! Recall!
Horizontal Flat
Surfaces Under
Liquids
Force due to
Vertical
Static Fluids
Rectangular Walls
Incline
Center of
Submerged Pressure
Horizontal force
Plain Area
Vertical force
Curved Surface
Resultant force
Piezometric head effect not covered in this slybus!
NOTED!!!!
This concept also applied
for the curved surface
Since = 90, hence
restraining a liquid below
hc it.
w Vertical Force:
Resultant Force:
F2b
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Recall! Tips!
Horizontal Flat = . = .g.hc.A
Surfaces Under
Liquids Where,
h is the depth of fluid from the free surface to the centroid of
Force due to the area
Vertical
Static Fluids A is the area of surface of interest
Rectangular Walls
Incline
Location of F (hp) is not at the CENTER of surface of interest. You
Center of need to calculate using:
Submerged Pressure
Horizontal force
Plain Area
Vertical force
Curved Surface
Resultant force
Concept
Buoyant
Concept Concept
1st scenario: Designed to float 2nd scenario: Designed to sink
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Fe
Important! Example 6
+
A cube 0.50 m on a side is made of bronze having a
Formula: specific weight of 86.9kN/m3. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the force required to hold the cube in
Fb = fVd. -> buoyant force Fe
equilibrium completely submerged (a) in water and (b) in Fb
w = V -> weight of a solid object mercury. The specific gravity of mercury is 13.54.
w
Fe -> external force
Scenarios: Fb
w < Fb -> object tends to float
w
w < Fb -> object tends to sink
w = Fb -> object neutrally buoyant
-
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Example 7 Example 7
a) Floating in water
Example 7
Stability in Buoyant
A cube 80 mm on a side is made of a
rigid foam material and floats in water
with 60 mm of the cube below the
surface. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the force required to hold
it completely submerged in glycerine, Stability
which has a specific gravity of 1.26.
b) Submerged in glycerine
Completely
Floating
Submerged
Bodies
A downward force of 2.56 N Bodies
is required to hold the
cube submerged in
glycerine.
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Example 8
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