History 101 Dr. Abelardo S.

Atilano

I.

Mt. Apo
is the highest mountain in the Philippines and the second in all of Southeast Asia.
rising to 9,692 feet (2,954 metres)
It is a large solfataric potentially active stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao.
It is claimed by the provincial government of Davao City
For the natives, it is known to be the kingdom of the mountain god, Apo Sandawa.
(October 10, 1880) first recoded climb was a group of mountaineers led by Don Joaquin Rajal
(May 9, 1936) declared a national park by President Manuel L. Quezon
UNESCO Tentative World Heritage List

Philippine Deep
is the second deepest point of the ocean in the world.
It is located in the Philippine Sea off Surigao Province.
With a depth of 35,597 feet it is second to the Marianas Trench which has a depth of 35,797 feet.

Mt. Everest
Age of Everest: about 60 million years ago
Elevation: 29,035 (8850m)-found to be 6' higher in 1999
Name in Nepal: Sagarmatha (means: goddess of the sky)
In Tibet: Chomolungma (means: mother goddess of the universe)
Named after: 1865-Sir George Everest (British surveyor-general of India); known Peak
15
Location: Latitude 27 59' N Longitude 86 56' E summit ridge seperates Nepal and Tibet
First Ascent: (May 29, 1953) Sir Edmund Hillary ;Tenzing Norgay via South Col Route

Central Plain of Luzon

region contains the largest plain of the Philippines
most important agricultural land in all the Philippines produces: most of the country's rice supply
called the Rice Bowl of the Philippines; its second (after Negros island) sugarcane-producing
above sea level, c.100 mi (160 km) long and 40 mi (64 km) wide

Archipelago of St. Lazarus

was the name Ferdinand Magellan first gave to the Phil. he "discovered."
March 16, 1521, they saw the island of Homonhon
they found them on the feast day of that Saint Lazarus

Treaty of Tordesillas
(1493) Pope Alexander VI approved a borderline stretching from the North Pole to the South Pole
Spain and Portugal were soon disputing each others claims in the New World
(June 7, 1494) signed by two countries
 300 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands;All claims west line was Spain; east was Portugal

Gobernador-General
highest official; spokesman; representative of the King in the Philippines.
Commander-in-Chief Army & Navy; Pres. of Real Audiencia; Vice-Real Patron; source of Civil
Power

Real Audiencia
Supreme/Royal Court of Spanish government; judicial arm of the colonial government
created in 1583 comprising the governor-general as the president, three justices, a prosecuting
attorney and other officials; an advisory body and supported government decisions

Residencia
Spanish government system in the Philippines that conducted judicial review on an official's
conduct during his term
public trial was subsequently conducted at the end of the official's term of office.
Reports of the findings of the residencia was submitted to the King of Spain
This system was designed to prevent abuse and corruption amongst public officers.
Unfortunately, the residencia were oftentimes bribed and the corrupt officers left unpunished.

Visitador
( Spanish: inspector: ) royally appointed official sent periodically
Nonroyal appointees were investigated by inspectors appointed by the viceroy or president
(chief colonial officials) with the collaboration of the audiencia
Audiencia
a tribunal in which the sovereign of Spain gave his personal attention to matters of justice

Encomienda
was employed by the Miguel Lopez de Legaspi to organize the new Spanish colony (Philippines)
comes from the Spanish word encomendar which means "to entrust"
legally (1503) native inhabitants in a given geographic region were entrusted to an encomendero
or trustee as a reward for his service to the Spanish Crown; system was not a land tenure.
The encomendero had specific responsibilities such as, to protect and to educate the natives in
reading, writing and Catholic doctrines.
In return, the encomendero was authorized to collect tribute from the natives and to recruit
workers for the polos y servicios.
The encomendero also had no political authority or jurisdiction over the Filipinos but he could be
appointed to a post in the colonial government.
to organize the colony and indoctrinate the natives in Catholicism; 18th century its lost
 Polo

is the system of forced labor which evolved within the framework of the encomienda
system, introduced into the South American colonies by the Conquistadores and Catholic
priests who accompanied them.
It was present in almost all of the Spanish colonial government around the world. Polo y
servicio is the forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from 16 to 60 years of age who
were obligated to give personal services to community projects.
One could be exempted from polo by paying the falla (corruption of the Spanish Falta,
meaning "absence"), a daily fine of one and a half real.
The system became the cause of many uprising against the Spanish colonial government
around the world.

Bandala
Annual sale of goods; excessive tax collection and payment of tributes
1600. Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera begins collecting the bandala from the natives.
Bandala is an annual quota of products assigned to the natives for compulsory sale to the
government

Marco Polo
a Venetian merchant traveler
his return to Venice in 1292 reported that southern Sumatra had before then converted to Islam.
Malayan Islamic scriptures date from 1326 and Muslim scholars are recorded in the Sulu
Archipelago of the Philippines in 1380. In 1400 the Northern Province of Ache in Sumatra
converted to Islam.

Board of Authoratives

II. Institutional Impact of Spanish Rule

An important impact of Spanish rule in the Philippines is the creation of a mestizo culture with
entrenched landed interests and a highly skewed land distribution.

The Spaniards made the local datus head of the barangays, who eventually acquired large
landholdings.

Some of the barangay heads were natives, but many important families arose at this time through
the intermarriages of two types:

First, the Spanish-Indio mestizo that had a higher status: it is a socially exclusive class from
which the scholars and literatis of Manila emerged and today have close ties to Spain and the
United States;
 Second, the Chinese-Indio mestizo that had a lower status: this class blended with Filipino rural
cultures; it also acquired large tracts of land through money lending. From this class emerged an
important economic group of Filipino-Chinese in the Philippines today. This class competed with
migrant Chinese in trade but were less successful in business

he Spanish colonization of the Philippines was not absolute.

Some areas of the archipelago were not successfully subjugated by the Spaniards, especially in
some Muslim territories in Mindanao and the mountain regions of Luzon island where tribal
cultures continue to exist until today.

The continuing conflicts with Muslim Filipinos and highland Luzon tribal peoples who were
never Christianized ultimately led to arrangements for autonomous regions in Mindanao and
northern Luzon.

Resettlement/reduccion

Task of the missionaries

Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans,Recollects and Jesuits
Encomenderos
To collect scattered Filipinos to reduccion(under the sound of the bell) (under thepeal of the
bell).
Establish pueblos and reside
Christian indoctrination
Little brown Spaniards
Unbelievers went to the hill and wasbranded as remontados, cimarrones,ladrones, monteses,
malhechores, tulisanes.
Used colorful celebrations such assinakulo, santa cruzan, moro-moro,processions
Hypnotized the indios

Internal and external changes

Colonial churches
Convents made of stone like fortresses
New cultural elements from the Americasand the Pacific
New Aztec ethnobotanic specimens likecorn, cassava, camote, tobacco, fruits,vegetables and
herbs
Spanish customs and values, Christianityand language.

Economic

Taxation without representation income-generating were introduced like personaltribute and

income tax , customs duties andbandala, taxes monopolies, etc.
Negative Effect

Upsetting of the village economy.Separation from family (from different locationeven outside the
country)Decimation of male population

Special

Descendants of Filipino chiefs who serves inthe pacification campaign. Ex. Lakandula
Laborers of the arsenal and artillery yard in Cavite
Mediquillos (Filipinos who had medicalexperience but no title)
Vaccinators
College students from UST, Letran, San Carlosand San Jose