Dynamic response of hydro power plants to load variations for providing

secondary regulation reserves considering elastic water column effects

Artculo 1

On the Use of Energy Storage Technologies for Regulation Services in Electric Power
Systems with Significant Penetration of Wind Energy

The Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) expects to have up to 6,300 MW of wind

generation capacity installed in its service area by 2010. The California Independent System
Operator Corporation (CAISO) targets ~6,700 MW of wind and ~1,800 MW of solar
generation capacity available in its system by the same year. At high penetration levels,
volatility of wind power production could cause additional problems for the power system
balancing functions such as load following and regulation [1-3]. Regulation implies the
provision of generation and load response capability, including capacity, energy, and
maneuverability, which responds to automatic controls issued by the Balancing Authority (in
other words, by the Control Area operator). The regulation objective is to follow minute-to-
minute differences between the control area generation and demand [4]. CAISO purchases a
minimum 350 MW of regulation capacity for every operating hour.

The maximum cap is 600 MW, which may be exceeded in case of multiple observed
violations of the control performance standard. The average price of 1 MW up and down
regulation capacity is $18/MW (2006). BPA uses about 175 MW of regulation capacity, and
its ancillary service rates are energy based (hourly scheduling, system control and dispatch -
0.59 mills/kWh, regulation and frequency response - 0.33 mills/kWh, and spinning operating
reserves - 7.93 mills/kWh) [5]. As a result, the annual cost of regulation in these two control
areas significantly exceeds 100 million dollars. Studies show that, with the expected
increasing penetration of wind power resources, the year 2010 regulation needs will
noticeably increase in the BPA and CAISO service areas [1-3]. Correspondingly, more
regulation capacity will be needed in these systems.

This paper reports some partial results of a project work, recently conducted by the Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for BPA [5]. The project proposes to mitigate
additional intermittency caused by wind generators with the help of Wide Area Energy
Management System (WAEMS) that would provide a two-way simultaneous regulation
service for the BPA and CAISO systems with the help of a large energy storage facility. The
proposed WAEMS will minimize the regulation capacity requirements in these two
neighboring areas by exchanging intermittent energy between the participating control areas
and the use of energy storage resources.

This effect is achieved through so called ACE2 sharing approach. Our estimate shows that ACE
sharing could save up to 30% of the required regulation capacity in these systems.
Additionally, because the energy storage is a fast responsive resource, it could help to save an
additional 40% of regulation requirement in California by competing with slow responsive
thermal units in the regulation market [6, 7].
The suggested WAEMS design consists of two resources: flywheel energy storage and pumped
storage (or conventional hydroelectric power) see Figure 1.

Vertical configuration, i.e. integration through the BPA and CAISO EMS systems is suggested.
BPAs and CAISO conventional regulation unit signals will be used to control the Wide Area
EMS. Dynamic schedules3 will be used to incorporate the new regulation resource into the
AGC4 systems. Control algorithms have been be designed to mimic behavior of a conventional
unit of regulation and to coordinate the control functions of participating resources. Total MW
output of fly- wheel and hydro unit should equal total MW request from both control areas.
Flywheel provides regulation down (or regulation up) service. Hydro unit provides regulation
up (or regulation down) service. Hydro unit is used to maintain the lowest (or the highest)
possible state of charge on the flywheel.
The hydro power plant output will be kept as close as practical to the most efficient operating
point. Dynamic schedules are used to distribute the flywheels and hydros outputs among
the control areas. The paper evaluates several utility-scale energy storage technology options
against acceptance criteria developed for the WAEMS project. These options are flywheels;
superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES); pumped hydrostorage; compressed air
energy storage (CAES); super capacitors, several electrochemical battery types, and demand-
side control.
Artculo 2

A Long-Term Prospective for the Spanish Electricity System

The current international climate change strategy, added to energy supply security and economic
competitiveness goals, has resulted in a binding target of 20% of renewable energy consumption
in the EU by 20203. Achieving this objective will demand a future massive penetration of
renewable generation in power systems, an increase in final consumer responsiveness to system
conditions and a smarter grid operation. The required adaptation process will not end in
2020 but will continue far beyond, especially if we consider future energy projects such as
DESERTEC4 - Solar and Wind Energy from the Deserts in North Africa and the Middle Eastor
gas supply in Europe coming from North Africa via Spain or Italy. In this context, the SUSPLAN
project - Development of Regional and Pan-European Guidelines for More Efficient
Integration of Renewable Energy into Future Infrastructure - attempts to bring solutions for the
environmental and energy challenges faced by the European community. Analyses carried out
within the project are aimed at increasing the level of integration of renewable energy sources
(RES) in the horizon of 2050 in the energy sector within a Europe-wide perspective. The project
focuses on developing strategies, recommendations, and benchmarks for an optimal integration
of these technologies. In order to identifY the optimal path for RES in terms of security issues and
economic competitiveness, four storylines are considered in this project: Green, YelJow, Red and
Blue.
These are potential future scenarios that differ in technical development rate and public attitude
towards the adoption of greener solutions. As a result of differences among general conditions,
demand level and RES development, among other parameters, shall also vary with the storyline.
Analyses within the SUSPLAN are conducted by European regions/countries in order to connect
regional implementation of energy infrastructures with national or European strategic
targets. The research presented in this paper is focused on the Spanish case.
In Spain, renewable generation sources are being strongly promoted by public policies. Generous
feed-in tariffs have allowed an important expansion of renewable generation, especially wind and
solar power. For instance, currently, Spain has more than 18 GW of wind installed capacity [ 1] and
it is expected that this capacity will keep increasing in the next years. Such an amount of
intermittent generation will have significant impacts on the electricity system operation.

Having that in mind, the main objective of this paper is to find different potential future
evolutions of the electricity generation mix in Spain, according to the four storylines
considered in the SUSPLAN project. Those futures should meet the requirements imposed by
the integration of high levels of RES generation and at the same time must be compatible with
achieving a safe operation of the system. Storyline analysis will be performed in two steps.
First, the required development of RES and conventional generation shall be computed using
a long term generation expansion model. Then, a detailed analysis of the operation of the
power system in 2020 and 2050 is carried out considering the evolution of RES and
conventional generation that has been previously computed. The medium term operation
model allows the analysis of power reserves needs, thermal and hydro generation output,
among other resources in the system. The operational analysis is essential in order to test that
the capacity resultant from the expansion model can be safely integrated to the system.
Finally, this paper is divided into three sections besides this introduction. Section II contains
the description of the four storylines, as well as the parameter/hypotheses assumed when
defining each one of them. It also describes the methodology applied to carry out the research.
Section III includes the results obtained from the analysis. Finally, Section IV presents the
conclusions.

Artculo 3

Opportunities and barriers to pumped-hydro energy storage in the

United States
Significance of bulk electricity storage in a carbon-constrained world

Most low-carbon electricity resources cannot flexibly adjust their output to match fluctuating
power demands. For instance, nuclear power plants best operate continuously and their
output cannot be ramped up and down quickly. Wind power and solar
energy are intermittent and their operators sometimes have no control over the schedule of
electricity output. Utility-scale electricity storage to maintain balance and prevent blackouts
remains a significant barrier to a de-carbonized power system.
There are only two large-scale (>100 MW) technologies available commercially for grid-tied
electricity storage, pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) and compressed air energy storage
(CAES). Of the two, PHES is far more widely adopted. In the United States, there are 40 PHES
stations with a total capacity of _20 GW.

Worldwide, there are hundreds of PHES stations operating with total capacity of 127 GW [1].
Only two CAES facilities, one 110MW facility in the United States and another 290MW facility
in Germany, are currently operating globally. Unlike CAES, PHES does not require burning
fossil fuels and is also generally cheaper than CAES for energy storage [2].
A PHES facility is typically equipped with reversible pumps/ generators connecting an upper
and a lower reservoir. The pumps utilize relatively cheap electricity from the grid during off-
peak hours to move water from the lower reservoir to the upper one to store energy. During
periods of high electricity demand (peak hours), water is released from the upper reservoir to
generate power at higher price.
In recent years, there has been increasing commercial interest in PHES [3]. Developers are
actively pursuing new PHES projects around the world. An additional 76 GW PHES capacity
worldwide is expected by 2014 [1]. In the United States, the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC) has granted 32 preliminary permits (as of April 5, 2010) to 25 licensees
who are interested in developing new PHES facilities [4]. The total capacity of these proposed
PHES facilities is 28.6 GW, more than the existing PHES capacity in the United States.
Nevertheless, based on historical and economic considerations, a number of these proposed
projects are unlikely to be built. A brief review of the history of PHES development in the
United States reveals the many challenges and barriers that exist today.
Artculo 4

A review on hydropower plant models and control

The large diversification in behavior of nonlinear plants across its operating points requires
different control objectives and thus different control actions to be taken for each variation in
operating point. The nonlinear dynamic characteristics of hydro plant largely depend on
internal and external disturbances, set point changes, leading to shift from its optimum
operating point. The schematic of hydropower plant is illustrated in Fig. 1. A key item of any
hydro power plant is the governor. This governing system provides a means of controlling
power and frequency. The speed governor includes all those elements, which are directly
responsive to speed and position or influence the action of other elements of the speed
governing system. The speed control mechanism includes equipment such as relays,
servomotors, pressure or power amplifying devices, levers and linkages between the speed
governor and governor-controlled gates/vanes. The speed governor normally actuates the
governor-controlled gates/vanes that regulate the water input to the turbine through the
speed control mechanism.
Conventionally, hydraulic-mechanical governor and electro-hydraulic type with PID
controllers are popular in use. The technologies of these governors have developed
considerably over the past years. In recent years, digital governors have gradually replaced
these analog controllers. Recent developments in the field of control technologies impose a
new approach in the turbine control systems with application of artificial intelligence (AI).
One of the most discussed applications of artificial intelligence in turbine governing is the
replacement of a standard Electro-hydraulic governor with fuzzy logic or neural network or
hybrid controller-fuzzy logic and neural network.
The turbine model considered in the design of the governor plays an important role.
A great deal of attention has been done towards linearized modeling. A linear model
representation of the turbine system is important in governor tuning using classical
techniques (frequency response, root locus, etc.), which is valid only for small signal
performance study (load disturbanceo710% rated value or frequency deviationo71% rated
value). This makes model an over simplified and realistic issues not being discussed.

Such a linearized model is inadequate for large variations in power output (4725% rated
load) and frequency study (478% rated value) [1]. As the hydraulic turbine exhibits highly
nonlinear characteristics that vary significantly with the unpredictable load on the unit, this
requires controller gain scheduling at different gate positions and speed error. In practice
they are designed on a linearized turbine model at rated condition, the controller is then de-
tuned for worst operating conditions. Such a design approach does not perform optimally.
Nonlinear models are required when speed and power changes are large during an islanding,
load rejection and system restoration conditions.
A nonlinear model should include the effect of water compressibility i.e. inclusion of
transmission-line-like reflections which occur in the elastic-walled pipe carrying
compressible fluid. [2]. This modeling is more important in a system with long penstock.
An interesting area for control theory and application is in the study of a penstock-turbine
model with elastic water column effect. To gain economic merits, determination of transfer
function limits and operating limits has gained an importance in recent years, specially, in
case of common penstock model. A hydraulic coupling gets introduced between the units of
the plant [3,4].
This gives an opportunity to investigate models of the hydro plant and turbine control
existing in different plant layout/configurations.
Artculo 5

Working group on prime mover and energy supply models for

system dynamic studies

The dynamic characteristics of hydraulic turbine and its governor system affect Power
system performance, during and following any disturbance, such as occurrence of a
fault, rapid change of load. An accurate modeling of power system components, such
as turbine and its governing system helps to study dynamic response. The non linear
turbine model is more suitable for studies concerning large variation in power output
and frequency. The several research articles [1-7] have presented the model
structures for different types of governors and the hydraulic effects in the penstock.

The hydraulic dynamics in the penstock are also discussed in an IEEE working group
[8] and Kundur [9]. The overall block diagram of the Hydraulic Turbine with governor
[13, 15], servomotor and synchronous machine is shown in Fig. 1.

MODELING OF A HYDRAULIC TURBINE

The model is comprises of single penstock and turbine without surge tank. The hydro
turbine model is designed from penstock and turbine characteristic differential
equations [8, 10, 11, 12]. The performance of hydro turbine is influenced by the effects
of pipe wall elasticity, water inertia, water compressibility in penstock. The basic
equations relating to the flow of the water in penstock, turbine mechanical power and
acceleration of the water defines the characteristics of turbine and penstock.

Modeling of Single penstock

The penstock is modeled assuming an incompressible fluid and a rigid conduit of
length L and cross section A. From the low of momentum, the rate of change of flow in
a single penstock is [10].
Artculo 6

HYDRO TURBINE MODEL FOR SYSTEM DYNAMIC STUDIES

This paper deals with a hydraulic model suitable for dynamic studies of hydro power plants.
Figure 1 shows the basic structure of a hydro turbine model.

In this context, we will treat more precisely the modeling of the prune mover, including the
water supply conduit.
In the first section, we present the model of a single turbine and its water supply conduit. The
general nonlinear model is given and a parameter estimation is proposed. Typical results are
given (they result from field tests, conducted at the Coo pumped storage plait, Belgium).

The second section is devoted to the modeling of a power plant consisting of several turbines,
supplied by a common tunnel. The model presented is able to simulate large transients such
as load rejections and their effect on the remaining groups, due to the hydraulic coupling
through the common conduit.
Comparisons between simulation and experimental results are presented.
Artculo 7

Hydro acoustic modelling and numerical

simulation of unsteady operation of
hydroelectric systems
Hydropower represented in 1999 19% of the world electricity production and the absolute
production is expected to grow considerably during the next 30 years. Francis turbines play a
major role in the hydroelectric production due to their extended range of application.

Due to the deregulated energy market, hydroelectric power plants are increasingly subjecting
to off design operation, start-up and shutdown and new control strategies.
Consequently, the operation of Francis turbine power plants leads to transients phenomena,
risk of resonance or instabilities. The understanding of these propagation phenomena is
therefore paramount. This work is a contribution to the hydro acoustic modelling of Francis
turbine power plants for the investigation of the aforementioned problematic.

The first part of the document presents the modelling of the dynamic behavior and the
transient analysis of hydroelectric power plants. Therefore, the one-dimensional model of an
elementary pipe is derived from the governing equations, i.e. momentum and continuity
equations. The use of appropriate numerical schemes leads to a discrete model of the pipe
consisting of a T-shaped equivalent electrical circuit. The accuracy in the frequency domain of
the discrete model of the pipe is determined by comparison with the analytical solution of the
governing equations.

The modelling approach is extended to hydraulic components such as valve, surge tanks,
surge shaft, air vessels, cavitation development, etc. Then, the modelling of the Francis, Pelton
and Kaplan turbines for transient analysis purposes is presented. This modelling is based on
the use of the static characteristic of the turbines. The hydraulic components models are
implemented in the EPFL software SIMSEN developed for the simulation of electrical
installations. After validation of the hydraulic models, transient phenomena in hydroelectric
power plants are investigated. It appears that standard separate studies of either the
hydraulic or of the electrical part are valid only for design purposes, while full hydroelectric
models are necessary for the optimization of turbine speed governors.
The second part of the document deals with the modelling and analysis of possible resonance
or operating instabilities in Francis turbine power plants. The review of the excitation sources
inherent to Francis turbine operations indicates that the draft tube and the rotor-stator
interaction pressure fluctuations are of the major concern. As the modelling of part load
pressure fluctuations induced by the cavitating vortex rope that develops in the draft tube at
low frequencies is well established, the focus is put on higher frequency phenomena such as
higher part load pressure fluctuations and rotor-stator interactions or full load instabilities.

Three hydroacoustic investigations are performed. (i) Pressure fluctuations identified

experimentally at higher part load on a reduced scale model Francis turbine are investigated
by means of hydroacoustic simulations and high speed flow visualizations. The resonance of
the test rig due to the vortex rope excitation is pointed out by the simulation while the special
motion and shape of the cavitating vortex rope at the resonance frequency is highlighted by
the visualization. A description of the possible excitation mechanisms is proposed. (ii) A
pressure and power surge measured on a 4 400 MW pumped-storage plant operating at full
load is investigated. The modelling of the entire system, including the hydraulic circuit, the
rotating inertias and the electrical installation provides an explanation of the phenomenon
and the related conditions of apparition. A non-linear model of the full load vortex rope is
established and qualitatively validated.

(iii) The rotor-stator interactions (RSI) are studied in the case of a reduced scale pumpturbine
model. An original modelling approach of this phenomenon based on the flow distribution
between the stationnary and the rotating part is presented. The model provides the RSI
pressure fluctuation patterns in the vaneless gap and enables to predict standing waves in the
spiral case and adduction pipe.

The proposed one-dimensional modelling approach enables the simulation, analysis and
optimization of the dynamic behavior of hydroelectric power plants. The approach has proven
its capability of simulating properly both transient and periodic phenomena. Such
investigations can be undertaken at early stages of a project to assess the possible dynamic
problems and to select appropriate solutions ensuring the safest and optimal operation of the
facility.
Artculo 8

Dynamic Real-time Simulator for Hydraulic Turbine Generating Unit

Based on Programmable Computer Controller

The regulating system of hydroelectric power plant is a complex system concerning

hydraulic dynamics and mechanic-electric dynamics [1]-[2]. The water inertia of the
pressure conduit system, the nonlinear characteristics of the hydroelectric generating
unit, the nonlinear time-varying characteristics of the transferred coefficients for the
hydraulic turbine and the load disturbance of the power system make the plant
difficult to regulate and control especially when the system becomes isolated from the
grid.
The hydraulic turbine governor plays a very important role in hydroelectric power
plant for its performance affect the power supplying quality and the safe and stable
operation of the hydraulic turbine generating unit. Thus, it is necessary to research on
the transients of the hydraulic turbine regulating system and to test the performance
of the hydraulic turbine governor.

Recently, with the necessary of reliable operation of power system, the power plant
and its apparatus simulation technology has received attention in [3]-[9].
In this paper, a dynamic real-time simulator for hydraulic turbine generating unit
based on programmable computer controller (PCC) was proposed, which developed
in Research Center of Micrwomputer Control of Hohai University, China. Generally,
the hydraulic turbine generating unit has many different operating conditions such as
start-up procedure, no-load, supplying for isolated load, parallel operation, load
disturbance or load rejection, shut-down procedure, and so on. It is impossible to do
all the tests under various operating conditions in the field.
With the dynamic real-time simulator, the transients of the operating conditions
mentioned above of the hydraulic turbine regulating system could be calculated and
simulated.
Furthermore, the performance of the hydraulic turbine governor could be test and
fine-tuned whether developed in the laboratory or installed in the field. The normal
operation of the hydro power plant would not be interrupted and there would be no
risk of damage to the hydraulic turbine generating unit. The dynamic real-time
simulator also can be operated as a training system for new workers of the hydro
power plant. Some simulations and field tests have been conduct with a prototype
hydraulic turbine governor, and the results indicate that the dynamic real-time
simulator has a good performance.
Artculo 9

Applied hydraulic transients

Routine transients

change in valve settings

starting or stopping of pumps

changes in power demand for turbines

changes in reservoir elevation

turbine governor hunting

action of reciprocating pumps

lawn sprinkler

Catastrophic transients

Unstable pump or turbine operation pipe breaks.

Gradually varied (Lumped) ODE

Conduit walls are assumed rigid.

Fluid assumed incompressible.
Flow is function of time only.

Rapidly varied (Distributed) PDE

Fluid assumed slightly compressible.

Conduit walls may also be assumed to be elastic.
Flow is a function of time and location.
Artculo 10

Power system stability and control

KUNDUR,P- NEW YORK: MacGRAW-HILL, 1994.

Artculo 11

Eigen analysis of Oscillatory Instability of a Hydropower Plant Including

Water Conduit Dynamics

A small hydropower plant in Guangxi Autonomous Region, China, encountered serious

oscillations and was unable to be put in service. This generating unit has a 50-m-long
penstock, 355-m-long pressure tunnel, but no surge tank. For studying impacts of the
hydropower plants on the oscillatory instability, it is recognized that Eigen analysis is
a good tool, which needs a linearized model and, in this particular case, the model
should be able to take the effect of water compressibility and conduit elasticity into
account. In addition, this study has to combine the hydraulic subsystem with the
mechanic and the electric subsystems to form an integrated model. Different models
of hydraulic system have been presented in many literatures [1][8]. A linear model
was employed in [5] to study the small disturbance stability of a hydropower plant
with a complex conduit, but ignored the elastic water-hammer effects. A T-shape
Equivalent circuit of the conduit was adopted in [3]. In [4], the hyperbolic function
was used to express the elastic water-hammer conduit model.
Both [3] and [4] were for studying transient behavior after the load rejection.
Based on the well-known analogy between the linearized elastic water hammer wave
equations (taking the water head friction losses into account) and the transmission
line electro-magnetic wave equations (ignoring the line shunt conductance), this
paper presents an equivalent electrical circuit for analyzing small disturbance stability
including the water conduit dynamics. It is demonstrated that the eigenanalysis
method employed in this paper is able to reveal the physical nature of the oscillation
and the impacts of control parameters on stability, the association between certain
oscillation mode and the selected variables, etc.
Besides the well-known electro-mechanical oscillation mode, two different oscillation
modes have been identified. They are named as Water Elasticity Mode and Mechanic-
water Mode, respectively.
This concept will lead to a deep understanding of the impacts of hydraulic system
dynamics on stability of hydraulic generating units.
The study results of the real hydropower plant are very close to what occurred in the
field. It is evident that the power oscillation on islanding condition is caused by an
unstable mechanic-water mode (an interaction between the conduit and the
mechanical systems). For a generator connected to a power grid, the dominant mode
is the electro-mechanic mode. The hydraulic system gives an indirect impact on the
electro-mechanical mode. Also demonstrated is the effectiveness of a simplified Power
System Stabilizer (PSS) for eliminating this oscillation. The engineers of the local
electrical bureau implemented the PSS, and since then no oscillation has been
observed.

Artculo 12

Benefits of Variable Speed Pumped Storage Units in Mixed

Islanded Power Network during Transient Operation
As wind energy is highly volatile energy source, islanded power networks featuring
high level of wind power penetration are subjected to undesired perturbation
jeopardizing the power network stability [25]. Consequently, pumped storage plants
can significantly improve the stability of mixed islanded power network due to their
production flexibility. The high dynamic performances of such pumped storage plants
are of highest interest for improving stability of mixed islanded power network.
Variable speed pump-turbine units have become nowadays major partner to increase
stability of electrical power networks due to their high level of operating flexibility,
[12], [19], [20]. Indeed, variable speed pump-turbine units offer several advantages
for both pumping and generating modes such as: (i) possibility of active power control
in pumping mode, (ii) efficiency increase and wide range of operation in generating
mode especially under partial load, (iii) network stability improvement by reactive
power control and (iv) network stability improvement by instantaneous active power
injection in the grid (flywheel effect). Extended operating range in pump mode and
higher efficiency in turbine mode achievable with variable speed units are illustrated
in Figure 1.
Three-machine-type units, with turbine, generator, fluid coupling clutch and pump,
offer also numbers of operation advantages despite a higher investment cost
compared to variable speed pump-turbine. The operation advantages of the 3-
machine-type units are the following [4], [15]: (i) increased efficiency in pump and
turbine modes, (ii) high operational flexibility due to rapid change of operation mode
from pump to turbine and viceversa, (iii) easy and short time start-up in pump mode,
(iv) adjustable pump power in hydraulic short-circuit operation, (v) efficient
condenser modes.
This paper presents the modeling, numerical simulations and analysis of the stability
of a mixed islanded power network of 1750 MW comprising 1300 MW of classical
thermal power plant, 200 MW of wind power and 250 MW of hydropower. The 3
power plants are connected to a passive consumer load via a 500 KV electrical line
network as presented in Figure 2. For the hydraulic power plant, two different
technical solutions are considered:
- Reversible pump-turbine with variable speed unit comprising a Doubly Fed
Asynchronous Motor-Generator (DFIG) equipped with a back-to-back VSI (Voltage
Source Inverter) cascade;
- Three-machine-type unit with fixed speed synchronous motor-generator.
First, the modeling of each power plant is fully described. Then, the capability of the
pumped storage plant to stabilize the islanded power network is investigated through
the time domain simulation of the dynamic behavior of the entire mixed power
network using the software SIMSEN. Three different scenarios are considered:
(i)partial load rejection in turbine mode, (ii) load acceptance step in pumping mode,
(iii) wind power fluctuations compensation in pumping mode. The simulation results
obtained with variable speed unit are compared with simulation results obtained with
fixed speed three-machine-type unit. Safe and stable operation for the 3 above
mentioned scenarios are presented and comparison between fixed speed and variable
speed results are discussed.
Artculo 13

An overview of ancillary services in Spain

Under a deregulated environment, ancillary services (AS) are defined as the set of
products separated from the energy production, which are related to security and
reliability of a power system. Ancillary services can be classified in:
(a) active power ancillary services (load–frequency control
(LFC)—including primary control, automatic generation control (AGC), tertiary
control, balancing service and black start provision) and (b) reactive power ancillary
services (voltage control). The system operator is the entity responsible for the secure
operation of the power system and in this way, the management of all the AS is
considered a specific function of the system operator.
Under a deregulated framework, ancillary services are separated from the energy
production, and can be mandatory or remunerated under market-driven mechanisms.
This paper overviews the management of ancillary services in the
Spanish power system, including a detailed technical description of the services and
the organization of the ancillary services markets. In addition, a comprehensive
review of different optimization algorithms and tools used by the agents and system
operator within the Spanish electricity business is presented.
Artculo 14

Reproducing oscillatory behavior of a hydroelectric power station by

computer simulation

The torque of a hydro electrical power plant constantly changes according to the
network
needs, generating variations of the turbines rotating speed. A regulation system acts
on the
guide vanes to keep the rotating speed constant. This manoeuvre engenders pressure
fluctuations in the hydraulic system. This scenario shows interest to model the whole
installation with the electric network, hydraulic plant and control systems to study the
stability of the power plant.
A software called SIMSEN [1] has been developed for the simulation of power
networks in transient or steady-state modes and speed drive systems including the
regulation systems.
This software includes the models of pipe, valve, surge tank and Francis turbine based
on
electric analogies. The behaviour of the whole power plant is described by a set of
differential equations that are simultaneously integrated taking into account all the
interactions between the electric, hydraulic and regulation systems.

PRESENTATION OF SIMSEN
This software is based on a modular structure, which enables the numerical
simulation in transient or steady-state modes of systems with arbitrary topologies. It
is composed of units, each representing a specific cell in the network: electrical
machine, mechanical system taking into account mechanical masses connected with
damping and springs, transformer, voltage supply, transmission line, load, static
converter, regulator. The originality of this package lies within its ability to simulate
classical three phase power networks for the generation, transmission, distribution
and networks involving semi-conductor units as well.
Each unit includes a set of differential equations based on the network element
modelling. An original algorithm has been developed in order to generate the main set
of differential equations solved by fourth order Runge-Kutta. The variable time-step
used for the integration of the governing equations allows detecting the exact
sequence of events like the on-off switching of semi-conductor or circuit-breakers
phase on-off switching.
The hydraulic elements are modelled as an assembly of RLC components and the
whole installation is modelled like an electrical network where the variables are: (1)
the piezometric head H at the node and (2) the discharge Q trough each components
respectively corresponding to voltage U and current i. Thus, the differential equations
can be generated by SIMSEN using Kirchhoffs law. The main differential set of
equations contains electric, hydraulic and regulation equations that are solved
simultaneously. An example of hydroelectric power plant, which will be created with
SIMSEN is shown in figure 1.

Artculo 15

Basic modelling and simulation tool for analysis of hydraulic transients

in hydroelectric power plants
A hydro power plant can be represented by the following subsystems:

pen stock including any surge tank

hydraulic machine
speed governor
generator and the electrical power system
tailrace
Hydro Power Plants -Models

The following three hydro plant models with different characteristics and limitations,
are discussed in this presentation: