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  • Oil Gas Journal 19952

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    Rahmat Riski
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    19 Ansichten5 Seiten

    Oil Gas Journal 19952

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    Rahmat Riski
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Screw anchors economically control pipeline buoyancy in muskeg Randy Robertson, Ron Curle NOVA Gas Trinsmission Ltd., Calgary using concrete weights is a | the winter. The frozen significant portion of these | muskeg provides access and, extra costs support for pipe, concrete In Alberta, pipeline con- | weights, and heavy equip- struction in muskeg areas | ment, normally proceeds during | Trucks which are used te large-diameter pipelines | Construction costs for | thatcross such wet areas | large-diameter pipelines in as muskeg swamps in Alber: | muskeg areat least 20% high ta Province, Canada, NOVA | er than those incurred in dry Gas Transmission Lid, Cal- | areas. Buoyancy control gary, for more than 6 years investigated alternatives to Fo traditional concrete weights, RRO RCIOME FORCES AT WORK ON SUBMERGED PIPELINE indicated. that helical screw anchors offer costeffective buoyancy control for natural- gas pipelines 20-in, OD and larger. NOVA’s system encom: passes 19,000 km (11,800 Iniles) of pipelines ranging from 2 10 418 in. OD. In the last 3 years, the company has constructed more than. 300 km (180 miles) of 42 and 48 in. pipelines This expansion has occurred mainly along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and in Alberta's northern forests. areas char- acterized by intermittent muskeg. swamps. Muskegs are organic soils with high water tables, low. shear Strengths, and low densities T control buoyancy of | (specific gravity of 1.04). ‘Swamp weight Eeqnce eas Reprinted from the April 24, 1995 edition of OIL & GAS JOURNAL, Copyright 1995 by PennWell Publishing Company haul the concrete weights produce some of the highest earth loads encountered dur ing construction. These loads ‘may cause the frozen muskeg to fail, resulting in construc tion delays and increased costs. NOVA’s buoyancy-con- trol research initially focused on refinements “of the swamp-weight spacing, requirements, by investigat- ing. backfill properties to reduce conservatism in the design. ‘Advancements in_pipe- line-buoyaney control ‘with geotextile swamp weights’ And plate weights’ on small diameter pipelines have now been complemented by use tf helical screw anchors on large diameter pipelines. While the use of screw anchors is not new to the pipeline industry, they have seen limited application in high production situations on large diameter pipelines in Canada NOVA’s experience demonstrated practical and Ee en uueeiaicy TECHNOLOGY Left hand. Right hand [Extension 18: (ypica) >= 2 8 m(ypieal) vy Steel square shaft (38 mm)“ Helix (400 mm dia. 4 per shalt: see detai} cost benefits of screw anchors | tution of screw anchors for to resist uplift forces. And | concrete weights significant among other benefits, substi- | ly reduced the number of ‘Anchor. termination (see detail) heavy trucks that must be moved across the muskeg. Buoyancy control; anchors Pipelines will “float” to the surface when the weight of the pipe and contents, plus the resistance provided by the backfill, is less than the buoyant force on the pipeline The following equations describe the forces acting on the pipeline shown in Fig. 1: Bp ~ Mp (g) ~ (2) Fy, for big 123; By “Mp (g) = Me (g) ~ Be. for Fig, 1b. The net buoyant force on the pipeline (BP — MP Igh must be counteracted by either the force developed by a screw anchor assembly (QF,) or the force exerted by a submerged concrete weight (Me Ig} ~ Bo. ‘A screw anchor is a circu ‘ar helical plate welded to the end of a steel shaft (Fig. 2) Rotation of the shaft advances the helix into the soil with an action similar to that of a woed screw Asteanehr assy sled ot 2 ei lear un or 34) Screw anchor ‘Screw anchor Apatigee ere aan The first anchoring system was developed in 1912 for use on electrical transmission tower guy. lines.” Screw anchors now have applica- tions in many industries, including pipelines. For an application where | the screw anchor shaft is in tension (for example, pipeline buoyancy), the shaft is typically made from 38 mm (1.3 in.) square solid steel and is 1.8m (6 f) to3.0m (0 f) long, The designer may vary the length of shaft, number of helices and their diameters, and number of anchors 16 develop the load resistance required. In most cases it is neces- sary to install the helix into a soil layer at a depth exceed- ing the length of the screw- anchor shaft. To reach this depth, screw anchors utilize fone oF more extensions that ‘will increase the length of the screve-anchor shaft. Shaft extensions are typi- ally 18 m ( ft) to 30 m (10 ft) Tong. Screw anchors utilize the soil strength to resist loads. The greater the strength of the soil into which the Screw anchor is installed, the Equal span, continuous beam, uniformly distributed load (2) Fs = Hold-down force developed by two ‘Screw anchors in each assembly Bp—Mp (g) = Net buoyant force TECHNOLOGY greater the magnitude of the Toad that can be resisted by the screw anchor Load resistance is derived from a combination of the bearing capacity of the soil in contact with the helix and the shear strength of the soil act ing on a cylindrical surface above the perimeter of the helical plate. Pipeline adaptation Serew anchors were ini- tially used for pipeline buoy- ancy control in the 1950s. Because the load-resistance mechanism of theanchor was not well understood and quality control was not | focused on this aspect of pipeline construction, NOVA abandoned the use. ‘The serew-anchor assem- bly consists of two screw- anchor shafts and a pipe sad. dle (Fig. 3). If both. screw anchors are to be installed at the same time, counter rotat- ing pitches are used. This technique prevents the devel- ‘opment of high torque on the installation “equipment or rotation of the saddle during installation, Since the holding capacity of the screw anchor depends fon the properties of the soil Stamp weights for 48-in, pipeline are stored along a pipeline ROW, Que weight will control tke buoyancy of by 5 m of 4B. pipeline ig 5). This sled contains enough screw-anchor assemblies to con trol the buoyancy of 806 m of 20-in, pipeline (Fig. 6). encountered beneath the | mum screw-anchor assembly muskeg, accurate soil data | spacing is dotermined by the are required for design working load of each screw Soil investigation and | anchor shaft ata collection will reduce |” For soil commonly construction costs by apply- | encountered in Albert, it has ing accurate soil properties | been found that the ‘maxi rather than conservative esti- | mum working load that may mates in the anchor design, | be applied to each properly There is, however, an eco- | installed serew anchor is 89 nomic limit to the effort that | kN (20 kips) should be applied todatacol- | Screw anchors are viable Tection. only in locations where they ‘ relative measure of soil | can be readily installed. if shear strength can be deter- | bedrock, cobble, oF coarse mined by inserting a special | gravel is encountered below eel probe into the ground, | the muskeg, a helix cannot be Tie probe is a continuous: | advanced into the substrate. flight auger, 38 mm (1.5 in) | lo these situations, screw in diameter, 400 mm (16 in) | anchors are not feasible Tong, and mounted ona slen- | Similarly, if the muskeg is dler steel shart more than 13 m (210 deep, “The probe is rotated into | several shaft extensions will the ground t0 the desired | be required, and the logistics depth, a measurement taken | of installation become pro- of the torque required 10 | hibitive advance the probe, and the | . data analyzed Pine stress, corrosion With the use of the manu- | ‘The designer of a screw facturey’s design manual,’ | anchor buoyancy-control holding capacities of stan- | system must also. ad dard serew-anchor sizes may | pipe sures limitations be determined for a partic | ' A pipeline in muskes acts lar soil strength. The maxi | as a uniformly loaded, con- tinuous-span beam (Fig. Maximum bending stress limits must not be exceeded! [As the spacing Between the screw-anchor assemblies is increased, pipe bending stress ieretsed NOVA has found that for pipelines smaller than 96 in, Screwranchor assembly

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