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ME-110 BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURER # 1,2,3 & 4

Theory Teacher :
Samiullah Qureshi

Department of Mechanical Engineering


NED University Of Engineering And Technology
Karachio Pakistan
INTRODUCTION

Basic Mechanical
Engineering

Heating,
Ventilation & Air
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer
Conditioning
(HVAC)

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Contd..

In hot areas , Cooling effect is produces with help of some devices


which cost energy.
Similarly, heating effect is produces using special devices in cold
areas.
In modern world ,Homes are constructed better to reduce heating
and cooling needs.
Which, ultimately reduces the energy consumption

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THERMODYNAMICS
Combination of two Greek words

Therme Heat

Dynamics Power

So defined as Study related to conversion of heat into power in the old

times

But, nowadays it is interpreted to include all aspects of energy and

energy transformations

So , define as SCIENCE OF ENERGY

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Application of Thermodynamics

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System , Surroundings ,
Boundary
Initial step in engineering analysis is to describe what is being
studied
In Mechanics, if the motion of a body is to be determined,
normally the first step is to define a free body and identify all the
forces exerted on it by other bodies.
Similarly , In thermodynamics this term is used to identify
subject of analysis
A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study is
known as SYSTEM.
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Contd..
Once the things are decided for analysis , everything other than
system is known as SURROUNDINGS.
The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings is called the BOUNDARY.

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Types of System
CLOSED SYSTEM
Fixed quantity of matter is under study ,
no mass transfer
Energy can be transferred across its
boundaries

Consider the Piston-Cylinder Device.


What happens to enclosed gas when it is heated

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Contd..
OPEN SYSTEM
Mass can cross the boundaries of system along with mass
Properly selected region in space

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Contd..

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Property of a System
Any Characteristic of system , like mass , pressure , temperature
To describe a system and predict its behavior requires knowledge
of its properties and how those properties are related

EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Depend upon the size or extent of system
Total mass , volume
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Do not Depend upon the size or extent of system
Temperature , Pressure , Density

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Contd..
To examine, property is Intensive or Extensive .

Divide the system into different sub system

if value of property for an overall system is the sum of its

values for the parts into which the system is divided , known as

Extensive

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State of System
Condition of System as described by its properties.
At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values
If the value of even one property changes, the state will change
to a different one

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Contd..
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A STATE OF BALANCE , no unbalanced potentials (or driving
forces) within the system.
To see if a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium by the following
procedure:
Isolate the system from its surroundings and watch for changes in its
observable properties.
Several types of equilibrium must exist individually to fulfill the
condition of complete equilibrium; among these are mechanical,
thermal, phase, and chemical equilibrium.

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Contd..
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

MECHANICAL EQUILIBRIUM
If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
if its chemical composition does not change with time

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Process and Path of Process
A PROCESS is a
transformation from one
equilibrium state to another.
The series of states
through which a system
passes during a process is
called the PATH OF THE
PROCESS.
A system is said to have
undergone a CYCLE if it
returns to its initial state at
the end of the process
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Density and Specific Gravity
DENSITY is defined as mass per unit volume.

= ( )

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some


standard substance at a specified temperature (usually water at
4C) is called as SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

SG=

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Pressure
A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
It has the unit of newtons per square meter (N/m2), which is
called a pascal (Pa)

= ( )

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