Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Theory Teacher :
Samiullah Qureshi
Basic Mechanical
Engineering
Heating,
Ventilation & Air
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer
Conditioning
(HVAC)
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Contd..
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THERMODYNAMICS
Combination of two Greek words
Therme Heat
Dynamics Power
times
energy transformations
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Application of Thermodynamics
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System , Surroundings ,
Boundary
Initial step in engineering analysis is to describe what is being
studied
In Mechanics, if the motion of a body is to be determined,
normally the first step is to define a free body and identify all the
forces exerted on it by other bodies.
Similarly , In thermodynamics this term is used to identify
subject of analysis
A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study is
known as SYSTEM.
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Contd..
Once the things are decided for analysis , everything other than
system is known as SURROUNDINGS.
The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings is called the BOUNDARY.
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Types of System
CLOSED SYSTEM
Fixed quantity of matter is under study ,
no mass transfer
Energy can be transferred across its
boundaries
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Contd..
OPEN SYSTEM
Mass can cross the boundaries of system along with mass
Properly selected region in space
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Contd..
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Property of a System
Any Characteristic of system , like mass , pressure , temperature
To describe a system and predict its behavior requires knowledge
of its properties and how those properties are related
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Depend upon the size or extent of system
Total mass , volume
INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Do not Depend upon the size or extent of system
Temperature , Pressure , Density
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Contd..
To examine, property is Intensive or Extensive .
values for the parts into which the system is divided , known as
Extensive
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State of System
Condition of System as described by its properties.
At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values
If the value of even one property changes, the state will change
to a different one
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Contd..
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
A STATE OF BALANCE , no unbalanced potentials (or driving
forces) within the system.
To see if a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium by the following
procedure:
Isolate the system from its surroundings and watch for changes in its
observable properties.
Several types of equilibrium must exist individually to fulfill the
condition of complete equilibrium; among these are mechanical,
thermal, phase, and chemical equilibrium.
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Contd..
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
MECHANICAL EQUILIBRIUM
If there is no change in pressure at any point of the system with time
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
if its chemical composition does not change with time
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Process and Path of Process
A PROCESS is a
transformation from one
equilibrium state to another.
The series of states
through which a system
passes during a process is
called the PATH OF THE
PROCESS.
A system is said to have
undergone a CYCLE if it
returns to its initial state at
the end of the process
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Density and Specific Gravity
DENSITY is defined as mass per unit volume.
= ( )
SG=
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Pressure
A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
It has the unit of newtons per square meter (N/m2), which is
called a pascal (Pa)
= ( )
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