Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2, 2010/34-41
34
Journal of Engineering, Science and Management Education
In above equations, Pi's are the n+1 defining polygon vertices, The global coordinates on the curved bar element is given by
k is the order of the B spline and Ni,k(t) is called the weighing
function. x is the additional knot vector which is used for B-
x 3 x
3
spline curve to account for the inherent added flexibility. A X = y = y Nci = X i Nci (4)
knot vector is simply a series of real integers xi such that z i =1 z i =1
xixi+1 for all xi. They are used to indicate the parameter t
used to generate a B-spline The curve generally follows the The tangent vector and normal vector along axis for the
shape of the defining polygon and the curve is transformed by cable is given by
transforming the defining polygonal vertices. The order of the
3
dNci
T = Xi
resulting curve can be changed without changing the number (5)
of defining polygon vertices. In Figure : 4 cable reaction
i =1 d
considering parabolic and B-spline are shown. It can be
observed that B-spline represents the realistic profile. When
a B-spline curve is used, the geometrical regularity is 1 d2X a dX
N= 2 2 (6)
automatically taken into account. Braibant and Fleury
T d 2
T d
(1984), Pourazady et al. (1996) and Ghoddosian(1998) have
used this curve in shape optimization problems and cable
geometry is being modeled as B-spline in this study Where, a is the dot product.
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Journal of Engineering, Science and Management Education
{}
{PL } = [ N ]T P | T | d (14) Criterion for Layout Design
1 One of the main objective of the prestressed concrete design
Cable reaction acts as concentrated loads on the concrete at is to get rid of the tensile stresses from the concrete
the ends, where cable is anchoraged. The anchorage end point produced due to different loading conditions. In Fig.6 a
forces can be calculated by- prestressed concrete structure is shown. It is assumed that
top fiber at sections 1 and 3 are in tension and bottom
{PA} = [ N ]T {Tend } (15) fiber at section 2 is in tension. The shape of the cable to
eliminate the tension should be as shown in the same
Where, Tend is the cable tension at the end points and [N] is the figure. The shape of the cable can be represented by a B-
shape functions of 20 node brick elements. Local coordinates spline. By varying the ordinates of the B-spline, cable
are required for known global coordinates for calculation of shape is changed to get the desired profile. It is also
anchorage end point forces .This is described in next section. important to know that this would be very difficult if not
Now total load vector due to interaction of concrete and cable impossible with any other curve.
is obtained by-
Algorithm for Layout Design
{PT } = {PL } + {PA} (16) In Fig.7, a concrete beam with typical loading is selected for
cable layout design. Assume the cable to be straight
This nodal load vector is applied on the three dimensional between anchorage ends and initial prestressing force be
finite element model along with live and dead load vectors to P. Now finite element analysis of the beam is carried out
include pre-stressing effects. for external loads and initial prestressing force P acting
at the ends. Let sections 1,2,3,4 and 5 be such that bottom
LOCAL COORDINATES COMPUTATION fiber of 1, 3 and 5 are in tension and top fiber of 2 and
Evaluation of local co-ordinate corresponding to known 4 are in tension. Assume top and bottom stresses at these
global coordinates is an inverse nonlinear problem which can sections be it and ib , where i varies from 1 to 5.
be solved by Newton-Raphson method. The computation is
carried out iteratively till the difference of two consecutive Since stresses at bottom fiber at 1,3 and 5 are in tension,
values becomes less than the prescribed tolerance. Let (x,y,z) the cable should be concave there, whereas at 2 and 4 it
is the global coordinate and ( ,, ) be the corresponding should be convex. The ordinates of B-spline will move
local co-ordinate. Numerical computations of local co- downward at 1,3 and 5 and will move upward at 2 and
ordinates can be obtained using following iterative 4. Let the initial y-coordinates of these points be y1
relationship- ,y2,y3,y4 and y5. Depending upon top and bottom fiber
1 stresses at a point, following four cases may be framed:
x x x
(a). Top fiber is in tension and bottom fiber is in
x i +1 x i compression.
y y y
= + y i +1 y i
z z
(b). Bottom fiber is in tension and top fiber is in
i +1 i z z z i +1 i compression.
(c). Both fibers are in tension.
....... (17) (d). Both fibers are in compression.
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Journal of Engineering, Science and Management Education
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Journal of Engineering, Science and Management Education
Parabolic
Actual
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Journal of Engineering, Science and Management Education
Start
Yes
Yes
Cable Layout completed
Increase the loads
Stop
Fig. 4 : Brick Element with Curved Bar Element Fig. 8 : Flowchart for Cable Layout Design
Fig. 5 : Forces on Concrete Due to Cable Tension. Fig. 9 : Oneway Prestressed Concrete Slab.
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Journal of Engineering, Science and Management Education
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