November 23, 2017

I. TITLE: ACITIVITY 3: Specific Gravities of Liquids by Manometric method

Rating:

II. OBJECTIVES:

1.) To be able to know the specific gravity of liquids used in the laboratory such as coconut oil,
crude oil, and gear oil using the Sum-up Pressure method in the u-tube manometer."

III. GROUP MEMBERS:

Rivas, Cyrus

Roque, Reggie Joyce

Saladaga, Jeramie Hedda

Solera, Ma. Fhel

Trangia, Krisjohn Marvin

Vapor, Elaine Marie

Wong, Daniel Lennard

IV. MATERIALS NEEDED:

Water, crude oil, gear oil, coconut oil, tissue paper, laundry soap, u-tube, iron stand and graduated
cylinders.

V. THEORY:

The Specific Gravity of liquids is the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water which is
equal to 1000 kg/m3. It is expressed mathematical as,

=

Where, = Specific gravity of liquid

= density of liquid

= density of water (1000 kg/m3)

For as long as the liquid is around the surface of the earth and the gravity are approximately equal the
specific weight of the liquid per specific weight of the water is an acceptable representation of a liquids
specific gravity. Therefore it can also be represented mathematically as;

=

Where, = Specific gravity of liquid

= Specific weight of liquid

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Laboratory Report in Fluid Mechanics for Engr. Angelito A. Saluage, CE, MEP
 = Specific weight of water (9810 N/m3)

Specific gravity, S, is a physical property of a substances is without units of measurements. As for liquids
and also gases for as long as the S.I. units are used the density whether expressed in kg/m3 or g/cm3,
would yield the same value of specific gravity for a fluid.

Also to be noted is that for the Specific gravity of gases is the ratio of the density of the gas to the
density of air which is equal to 1.205 kg/m3. It is expressed mathematically as,

=

Where, = Specific gravity of gas

= density of the gas

= density of air (1.205 kg/m3)

The specific gravity of gass can also be expressed in terms of specific weight of the gas over the specific
weight of the air for as long as it is under the same conditions as the liquids that it is just very near to
the earths surface where the gravity is approximately constant. It is represented mathematically as;

=

Where, = Specific gravity of gas

= Specific weight of gas

= Specific weight of water (11.821 N/m3)

From the activity the first type of set-up was as follows

The following are the variables used during the activity.

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Laboratory Report in Fluid Mechanics for Engr. Angelito A. Saluage, CE, MEP
 1 1
0 + 1 1 = 0

1 =
1
For liquids 2, 3 let S1 be S2 and S3 and h1 be h2 and h3 respectively.

Diagram of set-up for the 2nd part of the activity.

1 1
0 + = 0

=

Again for liquid c, let Sb be Sc and hb be hc respectively. Sa will remain constant throughout the second
set-up together with water

For the experimental value involving more than 1 results, the experimental value is equal to the average
of all the values that is its sum divided by the number of results
1
() =

VI. SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:

After being briefed and oriented by what objectives are to be accomplished in the experiment, the
students are supposed to follow this procedure.

For the first part:

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Laboratory Report in Fluid Mechanics for Engr. Angelito A. Saluage, CE, MEP
1. Obtain and check if the materials needed for the experiment are ready to use. [clean and functional]

2. Measure a certain volume of water and pour it into the U-tube manometer and set it up on the iron
stand.

3. Pour a volume of liquid 1 into the right opening of the manometer. Observe the change in the height
of the water.

4. Record the height of liquid 1 in the tube, as well as the height difference of the water first placed in the
manometer.

5. Repeat steps 1-4 for the two other liquids that are to be observed. (Remember, the u-tube manometer
and other apparatus used in measuring and holding the liquids should be cleaned and dried off in every
change of the liquids being observed.)

6. With the data and heights recorded from the first part of experiment, sum up the pressure from one
opening to another to get the specific gravity of each liquid.

For the second part:

1. Measure again a certain volume of water and pour it into the U-tube manometer and set it up on the
iron stand once more.

2. Use the liquid 1 of the first part and pour the certain volume of liquid 1 in the right opening of the
manometer.

3. Pour a volume of liquid 2 on the left opening of the manometer.

4. Notice and observe the heights of the two liquids added.

5. Repeat for liquid 3 in the place of liquid 2.

6. Record the data needed and compute for what is needed.

VII. DATA AND CALCULATIONS:

Part 1

Water = 50 mL

Liquid 1 (Crude Oil) = 10 mL

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Laboratory Report in Fluid Mechanics for Engr. Angelito A. Saluage, CE, MEP

=
1
0.0500 .
=
0.0560 .
= .

Liquid hw hl Sl
Crude Oil 0.05000 m. 0.05700 m. 0.8772
Minola Oil 0.04800 m. 0.05600 m. 0.8571
Gear Oil 0.04600 m. 0.05000 m. 0.9200

Sample Computation Part 2

=

0.8772 (0.06500 . ) 0.09000 .
=
0.05100 .
= .

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Laboratory Report in Fluid Mechanics for Engr. Angelito A. Saluage, CE, MEP
 Liquid hw hl hcrude oil Scrude oil Sl
Minola Oil 0.01000 m. 0.06000 m. 0.06500 m. 0.8772 0.8618
Gear Oil 0.09000 m. 0.05100 m. 0.06500 m. 0.8772 0.9415

Experimental Values:
1 + 2
=
2
0.8571 + 0.8618
=
2
= .

1 + 2
=
2
0.9200 + 0.9415
=
2
= .

Percent Discrepancy

% = 100% | |

For Crude Oil:
0.8772 0.8753
% = 100% | |
0.8753

% = . %

Liquid Slab Sbooks % discrepancy

Crude Oil 0.8772 0.8753 0.2171
Minola Oil 0.8595 0.8970 4.181
Gear Oil 0.9308 0.9020 3.193

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Laboratory Report in Fluid Mechanics for Engr. Angelito A. Saluage, CE, MEP
VIII. REMARKS, HINTS, and PRECAUTIONS:

The experiment was overall a success given that the percentage discrepancies are only minimal
and may be due to human error, random error and the difference in temperature between the theoretical
and laboratory values. As temperature affects the value of specific gravity of a substance.

The u-tube manometer must be washed, cleaned and dried thoroughly every after set-up and
when the liquid is changed. If the manometer is not properly washed significant discrepancies are to be
expected. Another was that the liquids are not expected to be purely separated from one another there
is a part where the liquids are homogenous along the buffer zone where they contact each other this also
contributes to the error hence it is better that the liquids be poured into the manometer slowly to avoid
mixing or even creating air bubbles.

The graduated cylinder and the funnel must also be washed, cleaned and dried thoroughly every
time when a new liquid is to be poured in or calibrated. This is to ensure accurate results. The funnel is a
tool to use throughout the experiment as it avoids spillage given the small opening of the u-tube
manometer. It must be made sure that most if not all liquid will flow into the manometer this can be made
by tapping the funnel when residue is left on the funnel.

The height of the liquids are better when measured from a flat surface. The height should be
measured from the lower meniscus since all of the liquids involved in the experiment are in general
adhesive liquids.

Handling instruments must also be with care as most are fragile and hence may break. Any
breakage would not only mean paying for the broken items but also productivity of the experiment as it
will slow down the progress of the experiment.

IX. CONCLUSION:

Specific gravity is a physical property of substances in our cause, of liquids. The specific gravity
varies from substance to substance as it is unique like density. The specific gravity also varies across
different temperatures.

Specific gravity is ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water. The specific weight of
liquid divided by the specific weight of water can also be used as an alternative formula for as long as the
liquid is near the earths surface where the acceleration due to gravity is approximately constant.

The laboratory activity tested the students skill in accuracy. The students had to get accurate
readings on the graduated cylinder and the ruler to measure the height of liquids in the u-tube manometer
in order to get accurate results.

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Laboratory Report in Fluid Mechanics for Engr. Angelito A. Saluage, CE, MEP
DOCUMENTATION:

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Laboratory Report in Fluid Mechanics for Engr. Angelito A. Saluage, CE, MEP