Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
On
WIRELESS-EARTHQUAKE DETECTOR
Submitted for partial fulfillment of the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Degree
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
ARJUN MC-15
GAYATHRI MS-27
KRISHNA CU-30
SURAJ MENON-40
NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Designation
1
``
Bonafide Certificate
We hereby declare that the work being presented in this report entitled
WIRELESS-EARTHQUAKE DETECTOR is an authentic record
of our own work carried out under the supervision of Ms.
The mater embodied in this report has not been submitted by me / us for the award of
any other degree.
ARJUN MC-15
GAYATHRI MS-27
KRISHNA CU-30
SURAJ MENON-40
Department: ECE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate(s) s is correct to the
best of my knowledge.
(Name of Supervisor)
(Head of Department)
(SUPERVISOR)
Date.
Designation:
Department:
Date.
Attended and submitted for the university viva-voce examination held on __________
Faculty in charge
Name & Designation
2
``
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude to all those people who have
been Associated with this project and thus making it a worthwhile experience.
I would like to thank our project guide Ms NITHA S UNNI and our HOD
Dr.S.P.NAMBOOTHIRI. Finally I would like to thank the teaching staffs of EC department
& also the principal Dr. CB SAJI.
3
``
INDEX
1. Abstract 5
2. Introduction 6
3. Objectives 7
4. Cost analysis 8
5. Components required 9
5.1 Resistor 9
5.2 Capacitor 9
5.3 Piezoelement 10
5.4 LED 10
5.5 Diode 11
5.6 Transistor 12
5.7 Condenser microphone 13
5.8 Inductor 13
5.9 Potentiometer 14
6. Circuit Diagram 15
7. Working 16
8. Block Diagram 17
9. Testing 18
10. Conclusion 19
11. Future Enhancement 20
12. Reference 21
Seminar Topics:
4
``
1. ABSTRACT
5
``
2. Introduction
EARTHQUAKE:
An earthquake is a sudden movement of the earths surface.
If these plates gets stuck it causes a lot pressure on surrounding rocks. When this
pressure is released it produces shock waves. These waves are called seismic waves.
PROJECT:
The detector circuit detects these waves before an hour when the real destruction
occurs.
6
``
3. OBJECTIVES
By detecting earthquakes before it starts its destruction we can save lives of many
people.
This project is about earthquake detector which can be installed in small house or flat.
7
``
4. COST ANALYSIS:
DIODE 1N4148 2 4
PCB 1 30
BATTERY AND 9V 2 40
BATTERY 2 10
CONNECTOR
FM 1KM 1 140
TRANSMITTER
KIT
LED 5mm 1 5
LEAD WIRE 1 70
355
8
``
5. COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
5.1 RESISTOR:
SYMBOL:
5.2 CAPACITOR:
SYMBOL
9
``
5.3 PIEZOELEMENT:
Piezoelectric sensors are versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are
used for quality assurance, process control, and for research and development in many
industries. Piezoelement follows the principle of piezoelectric effect.
SYMBOL:
SYMBOL:
10
``
The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most popular and
long-lived switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. The
1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about 100 MHz with a reverse-recovery
time of no more than 4 ns.
FEATURES:
Hermetically sealed glass with a stud on either side of the glass passivated chip provides
excellent stability.
SYMBOL:
11
``
5.6 TRANSISTORS:
TRANSISTORS USED:
SYMBOL:
12
``
A condenser microphone is used to accept the sound signals. Inside the mic, a capacitive
sensor diaphragm is present. It vibrates according to the air pressure changes and generates
AC signals.
5.8 INDUCTOR:
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
stores electrical energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. An inductor
typically consists of an electric conductor, such as a wire, that is wound into a coil around a
core.
When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field
induces a voltage in the conductor, described by Faraday's law of induction. According to
Lenz's law, the direction of induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) opposes the change in current
that created it. As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them.
SYMBOL:
13
``
5.8 POTENTIOMETER:
SYMBOL:
14
``
6. Circuit diagram:
15
``
WORKING
Here is ultrasensitive earthquake detector circuit that can sense seismic vibration. It can
detect vibrations in the earth.
A piezo element sensor is used as the sensing device, which can be kept on a table, roof etc
which will sense the vibration and convert the mechanical vibration into electrical undergone
amplification by the transistor amplification stages. After amplification the output is given to
a buzzer and an LED so when vibrations occur the LED will glow and buzzer starts ringing.
This ringing sound is absorbed by a condenser mic and the signal is converted and
transmitted through an antenna
These signals transferred are received by a analog FM receiver (radio). Tune the frequency
from 88 to 108 Hz and we can receive the output in a particular frequency between the given
range of frequencies (88-108hz).
16
``
Seismic
waves(vibr
7. BLOCK DIAGRAM: ations)
Peizo
element
and
amplifying
circuit
FM
transmitter
circuit
FM radio
receiver
circuit
Alerting
sound
17
``
8. TESTING
After soldering the components on the PCB we connected the input terminal to 9v DC
supply. A flot switch is used to test the circuit. When the vibrations occur the detector detects
and the buzzer will make an alerting sound. This sound will be absorbed by the condenser
mic and the output is given to an antenna.
At the receiver end we tune the radio from 88 to 108 Hz frequency and the sound is detected
and verified the result.
18
``
9. CONCLUSION
This is a simple circuit of an Wireless-Earthquake detector. This circuit can be kept in house
or offices by doing this we save many lives. This is a very simple and efficient Earthquake
detector circuit.
19
``
1. To this circuit we can add a Richter scale, and then it can show the magnitude of
seismic waves.
2. Improve the circuit by connecting solar panel so that it can get it charge from solar
energy.
3. By connecting with the modern technology we can get to know even there is small
shift in the earths plates so that we can alert the people before many days the
earthquake occurs.
20
``
11. REFERENCE
2. Sites :
www.wikipedia.com
www.electroschematic.com
WWW.IEEE.COM
21
``
WI-VI TECHNOLOGY
(Wireless-vision)
22
``
ABSTRACT
23
``
24
``
KEY IDEA:
Wi-Vi
Wi-Vi
Device
25
``
At low bandwidth:
Wall reflection much stronger than reflections coming from behind the
wall.
26
``
27
``
MIMO systems can pre-code their transmissions such that the signal received at a
particular antenna is cancelled.
This property can be tailored to eliminate the flash effect as well as the direct
signal from the transmitting to the receiving antenna, thereby enabling Wi-Vi to
capture the reflections from objects of interest with minimal interference.
At a high level, Wi-Vis nulling procedure can be divided into three phases:
Initial nulling
Power boosting
Iterative nulling
28
``
Any objects that the signals hit including the wall create identical reflections, they too
are cancelled out by this nulling effect.
Only those reflections that change between the two signals, such as those from a
moving object, arrive back at the receiver.
29
``
It then performs an Eigen decomposition of R[n] to remove the noise and keep the
strongest Eigen vectors, which in our case correspond to the few moving humans, as
well as the DC value.
Tracking of 2 humans:
30
``
Wi-Vi can enable a human who does not carry any wireless device to communicate
commands or short messages to a receiver using simple gestures.
At this stage, Wi-Vis interface is still very basic, yet we believe that future advances
in through-wall technology can render this interface more expressive.
Gestures as Angles:
31
``
Advantages:
Wi-Vi requires only few MHz of bandwidth and operates in the same range as Wi-Fi.
It operates in ISM band.
Wi-Vi can perform through-wall imaging without access to any device the other side
of the wall.
Extend human vision beyond the visible electromagnetic range, allowing us to detect
objects in the dark or in smoke.
32
``
Limitation:
Display has very low resolution.
To achieve a narrow beam the human needs to move by about 4 wavelengths (i.e.,
about 50 cm).
33
``
Applications:
1. Personal security
2. Emergency situation
3. Smart sensing
4. Gaming
34
``
Conclusion:
Wi-Vi, a wireless technology that uses Wi-Fi signals to detect moving humans behind
walls and in closed rooms. In contrast to previous systems, which are targeted for the
military, Wi-Vi enables small cheap see-through-wall devices that operate in the ISM
band, rendering them feasible to the general public, without carrying any transmitting
device.
35
``
Future Scope:
Evolution of seeing humans through denser building material and with a longer range.
36
``
5 GENERATION
TH
37
``
Abstract:
5G ( 5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems )
is a name used in some research papers and projects to denote the next
major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the
upcoming 4G standards (expected to be finalized between approximately
2011 and 2013).
38
``
Introduction:
Mobile wireless industry had started its technology creation, revolution and evolution
since early 1970s.
5G wireless technology can change the way we use wireless gadgets by providing
very high bandwidth.
39
``
Evolution of networks:
40
``
5G envisions designing a real wireless world that is free from obstacles of the earlier
generations.
5G aims to design a Multi-Bandwidth Data Path by integrating the current and future
networks for new network architecture of 5G real wireless world.
The 5G wireless internet networks are real wireless world which shall be supported by
CDMA, OFDM, MCCDMA, UWB and IPv6.
5G technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie together
unrestricted call volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating
system.
The Router and switch technology used in 5G network would provide high
connectivity for wireless gadget.
41
``
Benefits of 5G:
as to that of an HD Quality.
Previous generations.
Clarity in Audio/Video.
42
``
5G technology would offer high resolution for wireless gadget users and bi-
directional large bandwidth shaping.
The high quality services of 5G technology are based on Policy to avoid error.
43
``
44
``
1. Millimetre wave
2. Small cell
3. Massive MIMO
4. Beam forming
5. Full Duplex
45
``
1. Millimetre wave:
Coverage is not limited to line of sight as first order scatter paths are variable.
46
``
2. Small cell:
A small cell is basically a miniature base station that breaks up a cell into smaller
pieces, and is a term that encompasses Pico cells, micro cells.
The main goal of small cell is to increase the data capacity, speed and overall
network efficiency.
A small cell is basically a miniature base station that breaks up a cell into smaller
pieces, and is a term that encompasses Pico cells, micro cells.
The main goal of small cell is to increase the data capacity, speed and overall
network efficiency.
Small cells are typically used in very densely populated urban areas, such as shopping
centers, sports venues, airports and train stations basically anyplace you have a lot
of people using data at a given point in time. Most small cell infrastructure
deployments are targeted for outdoor use today.
47
``
3. Massive MIMO:
Excellent spectral efficiency, achieved by spatial multiplexing of many terminals in the same
time-frequency resource. Efficient multiplexing requires channels to different terminals to be
sufficiently different, which has been shown to hold, theoretically and experimentally, in
diverse propagation environments. Specifically, it is known that Massive MIMO works as
well in line-of-sight as in rich scattering.
Superior energy efficiency, by virtue of the array gain, that permits a reduction of
radiated power. Moreover, the ability to achieve excellent performance while
operating with low-accuracy signals and linear processing further enables
Considerable savings.
48
``
4. Beam forming:
49
``
5. Full duplex:
The concept being developed for 5G full duplex is to be able to transmit and receive
simultaneous on the same channel.
50
``
Conclusion:
51