Solution Manual for B. P. Lathi Signal Processing and Linear Systems Oxford University Press(Oxtord University Press (Oxford New York ‘Athens Auclland Bongkok Bogti Buenos Aes Calcutta ‘Cape Town Chennsi Dares Salam Dethi Florence Hong Kong. Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madd Metboume Mexico City" Mumbsi NNaiobi Pais’ Sto Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toro Waraw nd srsociated companies in Berlin Toadan Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press, nc. Published by Oxfoed Univesity Pres, Ine. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016 ‘tp wr oup-osa org Oxford isa registered iademask of Oxford University Press Allright reserved. No pat ofthis publication maybe reproduced, stored ina rticvl system, or transmted, in any form or by any means, lecronie, mechanical, photocopying reording, or alherwise, ‘without the price permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging in-Publication Data ISBNOA9- Printing mmber: 987654321 Printd inthe United States of Ameri on cidfve paperChapter 1 11-1 For parts (a) and (b) By= | sinteae [ cos 2tdt =n +0= 5 B= [entrant [ad [owaaar tone co) ay [ cosnot anal a=} [con zea] = te 0)~ te see freoran Ey= [ (eae 11-3 (a) Ex = f(a = 2. By = fp(aPde + fe(-1at (tae =a, Beye f (aya =4 ‘Therefore Bray = Be + By (ayaatn By = [Cores [ cvrae [rae (fae = ae EL = [orw Bem [ara [Cores [C orante wwe can show that Ex-y = 4m Therefore Bxiy = Be + By a 5 © Ben [Cae [" capaewn 8px [ora tye [ras [orane Bae (“ora f Therefore, in genetal Evey # Be + By [ (eae = 64/7 nro fiwra [oerus swum rr} [ea 64c8/7Sign change of a signal docs not affect its power. Multiplication of a signal by a constant c increases the power by a factor © has Prem Ef" soreode= gm tf" Svea ‘The integrals of the cross-product terms (when k 4 r) are finite because the integrands are periodic signals (niade up of sinusoids). These terms, when divided by T — oo, yield zero. The remaining terms (k =r) yield mdf Simran Sos wim Py 1.1-6 (a) Power of a sinusoid of amplitude C is C2/2 [Bq, (1.6a)) regardless of its frequency (w # 0) and phase. ‘Therefore, in this case P = (10)%/2 = 50. (b) Power of a sum of sinusoids is equal to the sum of the powers of the sinusoids (Ea. (1.5b)). Therefore. in this ease P= OO" 4 OOF = 178, (c) (10 +2 sin 3t) cos 10t = 10cos 10¢ + sin 13t ~ sin St. Hence from Eq. (1.5b) P= OO" +} +} = 51 (4) W0con Secon 10¢= con 51+ 15 Hence trom Eq. (1.56) P= 2 + (6) 10sin Stcos 10t = S(sin 1 ~ in St. Hence from Eq. (1.58) P= SY + GBF = 25 (£) 2°" conot = } [e+ oX°"9)]. Using the result in Prob. 1-1-5, we obtain P = (1/4) + (1/4) = 1/2 aaa Salt) = HE- + AUC 1) $51) = FE-1)+ ALE +N) Lal) = fE- 05) + E+ 0.8) ‘The signal ft) can be obtained by (i) delaying f(t) by 1 second (replace ¢ with ¢~ 1, (ji) then by a factor 2 (replace ¢ with ¢/2), (ii) then multiply with 1.5. Thus fs(0) = 1.5/(4 ~ 1). 41,8-2. All the signals are shown in Fig. S132. Foe) 44 : { Flere) expanding =f 2] tt 3 64 3 o> “4 “a #G at aie? af 2 $) 1\/* a t> 24 $0 30 ete ot 74 Fig. 51.82 1.8-3 All the signals are shown in Fig. $1.3-3 44 $A) Cc “4 Gs) Pa a] $8) o oe 6 => Fata) wean Fig. S1.3-32 y ’ ce at G 4 eo] t>~ 6 7 ° 4 os 2 t> 14-1. All the signals are shown in Pig. $1.41 142 Salt) = A(C+ ule + 1) — ule} + (-2¢-4-4)fu(t) — ule —2)] = aCe + ut +1) — 6tult) + Bult) + (21 —A)u(e—2) J) = Blue) = ult = 2)] + Qt = 8)fult ~ 2) — u(t — 4)] = Pale) ~ (CF ~ 2¢+ 8)u(e ~ 2) ~ (Bt ~ s)ult— 4) 143 ey [ espa PWdte= Ey, Egy [iucore [ P(a)ds = By Bron = [ue-mPam [ Pe)de= Fr Bran= [” Wooran Frans [uer-opa=? f” Perde= y/o, Em =f Uweirane f” Peden ob, Baws f (os(ey? de =o! £ Plde= oy ded Using she fact that /(2)6(«) = f(0)6(z), we have (a) 0 (b) $560) (©) $60) (A) ~48(C= 1) (@) pAyHlw +3) (F) Kélw) (se L! Hpita's rule) 1.45 In these problems rememnber that impulse 6(z) is located at x = 0. Thus, an impulse 6(¢~r) is located at 7 = t, ‘and s0 0n (a) The impulse is located at r = ¢ and f(r) at 7 = tis f(0). Therefore [ S(r)6(t =n) dr = H(0) (b) The impulse 8(r) is at 7 =O and f(t—r) at r = Os f(t). Therefore [ S(r)flt = Ndr = 0) Using similar arguments, we obtain (1 (0 (ee (5 (w) s-1) (a) @ 4 Bes OC © 4 Aa ={ Oo 2 t= a @ > rents 34 a t7 @ Fig. S1.4-7 1.4-6 (a) Recall that the derivative of a fmetion at the jump discontinuity is equal to an impulse of strength equal to of discoutinity. Hence. df /dt contains impulses 46(¢ + 4) and 26(t ~ 2). In addition, the derivative the interval (4, 0), and is 1 over the interval (0, 2). ‘The derivative is zero for t <4 and £ > 2. ‘The result is sketched in Fig. S1.4-6a. (b)Using the procedure in part (a), we find d?f/a¢? for the signal in Fig, P1.4-2a as shown in Fig. S1.4-6b, 14-7 (m) Recall that the area under an impulse of strength k is k. Over the interval 0 < t < 1, we have woe [re (Over the interval 0.< <3, we have wow fades (Coes AUt=3, the impulse (of strength unity) yields an additional term of unity. Thus, ostst -t 1st<3 vos [ides fenecs ff senndentseayei= toa () (th = [1h ~ 6¢~ ~ 1) ~ 6(2 ~ 2) ~ 6(2 ~ 8) + --Jde = tule) — u(t ~ 1) ~ u(t ~2)~ u(t ~~ 41.4-8 Changing the variable ¢ to —2, we obtain [ (Ost) 4 [Ocoee [sos [onlay as = 60) ‘This shows that [ (0)6(-#) at = 6(0) Therefore 5(8) = 5(-1) 9 Letting at = z, we obtain (for « > 0) [0 s100 0 [22 tte)4e= L000 Stay fora < 0, we show that this integral is ~Le(0). Therefore [eps qe = afew ‘Therefore a) = te)14-10 (a) [sosa- swewrs,= [7 sonra =o fsnnae= 50) LALA (a) 12 = 493 (b) eM coe Bt = 0.5fe-87" 4 e-FIN], Therefore the frequencies are s12 = -3+)3 (e) Using the argument in (b), we find the frequencies si2= 2453 (4) 43 a. 3 ° and fa(t) + 0.5|cos wot u(t) — cos(—wot)u(—t)] = 0.5|coswot u(t) ~ coswot u(—t)) (e) felt) = 0.5|sinwot + sin(—wot}] = 0 and f.(t) = 0.5[sinwot — sin(—wot)) inwat pipettes enced cette oneal asia z Cay ft & ee 7 ete olt= be ll wy oltey lo te ‘o> 4 fo & Se , fe fy 7 7 |o [Ot Gy Ee a | G) Fig. S1.5-1 If f(¢) and y(t) are the input and outpnt, respectively, of an ideal integrator. ther u(t) = fontr= fi sovees (r)dr = x) +f f(r) dr L.7-1 Only (b),and (h) are linear, All the remaining are nonlinear. This can be verified by using the procedure ‘ligeussedin Exaniple 1.10 1.7.2 (a) ‘The system is time-invariant because the input f(¢) yields the output y(t) = f(t —2). Hence. if the input is F(t T), the output is /(¢~ T ~ 2) = ylt~T), which makes the system time-invariant. (b) The system is time-varying. The input /(t) vields the output u(t) = f(t). Thus. the output is obtained by changing the sign oft in f(t). Therefore. when the input is f(¢—T). the output is f(-¢—T) = /(-[t+ 7) = W(C+T). which represents the original output advanced by (not delayed by 7).ars Lr Lr (c) The system is time-varying. The input f(t) vielis the output y(t Input. Thus, the output is obtained by repla delayed by T), the output is flat —T) = f(alt ~ is time-varying (4) The system is time-varying. The input f(t) yields the output y(t) = f(t). For the input f(t — 7), the output is {f(¢—T). which ix not £/(@) delayed by T. Hence the system is time-varying (©) The system is time-varying. The output is a constant, given by the area under f(t) over the interval jt] < 5. Now, if f(t) is delayed by T, the output. which isthe area under the delayed J(), is another constant. But this ‘output is not the same as the original output delayed by 7 Hence the system is time-varying. (8) The system is time-invariant. The input f(e) yields the output y(t). which is the square of the second derivative of f(¢). If the input is delayed by T, the output is also delayed by T. Hence the system is time Flat), which is a scaled version of the in the input with at ‘Thus, if the input is f(t - 7) (/(®) £]), which is f(at) delayed by T/a (not T'). Hence the system: We construct the table below from the first three rows of data. Because of the linearity property of the system), ‘we can multiply any row by a constant. We can also add (or subtract) any two rows. Let rs denote the jth row. Row 10) (0) za(0) oft) n ° 1 -1 etu(t) 2 o 2 1 et(at + 2)u(0) “®) “1 -1 2u(t) o 1 ° (e+ Deu) qu) 0 - Gets nu fu) -1 (set + tet + 1) 4) ° ° (et + tem + 2)ule) Im our case, the input f(t) = u(t +5) ~ u(t — 5), From rr and the superposition and time-invariance property, wwe have ult) = ro(t-+5) = ro(e= 5) [er 4 206+ 5)eM49 4 2} ult + 5) — [eH 4 20 — 5)e- 9 4.2] ult — 5) I the input is K/(t), the new output y(t) is w= END) = HUA D) Hence the homogeneity is satisfied. Also fom (f/f) and fa + ve = (f2)*/(Fa) But fit fam (hhh fa) én tin From the hint itis clear that when 1.(0) = 0, the capacitor may be removed, and the circuit behaves as shown, in Fig. $1.7-5. It is clearly zero-state linear. To show that itis zero-input nonlinear, consider the circuit with J(t) = 0 (zero-input). The current y(¢) has the same direction (shown by arrow) regardless of the polarity of v (because the input branch is a short). Thus the system is zero-input nonlinear. =©® L = R Figure $1.7-5 6Lr6 Lint Le Let 182 o-dH VES + fH @) ye) Figure $1.7-6 ~ ‘The solution is trivil. 1 behaves as shown in le input is a enirent source, Hence, as far ax the output y(t) is concerned, the circuit ig. S17-8, The nonlinear elements are irrelewnnt in computing the output y(¢). Hence the ‘output u(t) satisfies the linearity conditions. Yet. the circuit is nonlinear becasue it contains nonlinear elements fand the ontpnts associated with nonlinear elements Zand C will not satify linearity couditions (a) vt) = f(¢—2). Thus, the output y(t) always starts after the input by 2 seconds (see Fig. SI.7-7a). Clently, the system ik causal (b) ult) = (8). The output y(t) is obtained by time inversion in the input. Thus, ifthe input starts at ¢ = the output starts before ¢ = 0 (see Fig. $1.7-7b). Heuce, the system is not causal. (©) ult) = f(at), a > 1. The output y(t) is obtained by time compression of the input by factor «. Hence, the ‘outpu: can start before the input (see Fig. $1.7-7e), and the system is not causal (A) ylt) = flat), «<1. The output y(t) is obtained by time expansion of the input by factor 1/a, Hence, the ‘outpu: can start before the input (see Fig, S1.7-7d), and the system is not causal ye) f08 YD say Figure $1.7-7 (a) Irvertible because the input can be obtained by taking the derivative of the output. Hence, the inverse system equation is y(t) = df/at (b) The system y(t) = f(8t—6) = f(3[¢—2)) represents an operation of signal comipression by factor 3, and then time delay by 2 seconds. Hence, the input can be obtained from the output by frst advancing the output by 2 seconds, and then time-expanding by factor 3. Hence, the inverse system equation is y(t) = f(§ +2). Although the system is invertible. itis not realizable because it involves the operation of signal compression and signal ‘advancing (which makes it noncausal). However, if we can accept time delay, we can realizes noncausal system (€) Not invertible for even values of n, because the sign information is lost. However, the system is invertible for odd values of n. The inverse system equation is vt) = [f(t]. (4) Not invertible because cosine is @ multiple valued function, and cos—'[4(0)] is not unique, he loop equation forthe circuit i Sun(t) + Delt) = f(t) or (D+ 3)n(t) = Fe) a Ako Dralt) = val) = (0) = Saal ®) Sutton of (2) in (2) yields Prd ne) = 10) of (D+3)nl0)= DIC) 3) ‘The currents in the resistor, capacitor and inductor are 2ya(t), Dya(¢) and (2/D)ya(t), respectively. Therefore (0424 Zr = 10) (D? + 2D + 2)alt) = Ds(t) a) isoLes init) = Dual) or lt) = boat) Suhatitting of (2) in (1) yields Dix2D42) Pee 2 y= DI) (D? +20 + 2)ni(t) = D*s(t) la(t) ~ go(t))At = AA ne) = Hlaae) ~ (0) But gol) = RAC) Diflerentaton of (2) yields 8 felt) = RAC) = Flee) ~ et0] and (0+ #) eto = Fat (D+ e)ett) = ante) an4 and . wl = hy substituting this in (1) yields y= 4 (01- ph) a= (D+ a)h(t) = @ @) w e@ a a)Chapter 2 22a 22a 2.24 = 0, Alo 1? +5046= ‘The characteristic polynomial is A? + 5A +6. The characteristic equation is A? + 54+ (4+2)(043). Therefore the characteristic roots are Ay = ~2 and Az = ~8. The characteristic anodes ate e aud e-". Therefore Setting and substituting initial conditions yo(0) = 2, io(0) = ~1 in this equation yields refore wo(t) = Se — se 0. Also AF 4 4A44= = aud "The characteristic polynomial is 4? +4444. The characteristic equation is 1? +4444 (442), so that the characteristic roots are ~2 and ~2 (repeated twice). The characteristic modes are e te, Therefore elt) = cre" + cate and siolt) = ~2eye™® ~ Deate™™ + ene Setting = 0 and substituting intial conditions yields Bea a3 d= Dey tee =? ‘Therefore w(t) ‘The characteristic polynomial is A(A+ 1) = A?4+A. The characteristic equation is A(A-+1) roots are O and —1. The characteristic modes are 1 and e~*. Therefore ‘The characteristic elt) = 04 + e207 and bolt) = ~eae Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields ates ‘Therefore welt) characteristic polynomial is A? +9. The characteristic equation is A? +9 =0 or (A+8)(A~ 53) characteristic roots are +)3. The characteristic modes are ©" and e~?°". Therefore The welt) = eeas(3t +8) and in(t) = ~Sesin(3t +0) Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields en2 o=-n/2 ‘Therefore225 227 2d = 2sin3t ‘The characteristic polynomial is A? 44413. The characteristic equation is A? +4A+13 = 0or (h+2-78)(A+ 2+ j8) = 0. The characteristic roots are ~2+ 33, The characteristic modes are cye'2*!9"" and ego?" Therefore ole) = re" e083" + 8) “ Holt) = ~20e-* cos(3t + 6) ~ See" sin(3t +6) Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields 5 = econ = cos = 5 }= o=10 15.08 = -2rcos@ ~ Sesind. cain d = ~8.66 o=-n/3 ‘Therefore a(t) = 10€-* con(st ~ $) ‘The characteristic polynomial is \7(A + 1) or A* +27. The characteristic equation is M%(A 41) = 0. The characteristic roots are 0, 0 and —1 (0 is repeated twice). Therefore wit) =o teat tee" and Setting t = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields deate ass Bea-o hee ma -I=6 ae-l ‘Therefore lt) =542t- 6 ‘The characteristic polynomial is (X1)(A? +5A +6). The characteristic equation is (A-+1)(A? + 6-46) (A+1)Q+2)(443) =0. The characteristic roots are ~1, =2 and -3, The ch dor teristic modes are ef «#* and c™. Therefore and Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields 2eatare -1= =e: ~ 20 ~ Se) => Sart deat 99 Therefore sole) = bet — Te“ + eH ‘The characteristic equation is 47+ 44+ Therefore = (A+ 1A +3) = 0. The characteristic modes are «* and «® walt) = e168 + exe Unt) = ee" ~ Beae™ Setting # = 0, aud substituting v(0) = 0. (0) 1, we obtain oan ter mei — Sea 10‘Therefore watt) = let = 94) A(O) = [PD)wa(tu(t) = [(D + 5)u] u(t) = lat) + Syn( tule) = (et ~ em yult) 2.3-2. The characteristic equation is P+ 5A.46=(A+2)(4+3) = 0. and alt) = ere + e207 Jinlt) = ~Beve™* ~ Bege™ Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting y(0) = 0, (0) = 1, we obtain O=nter Be ~ See Therefore alt) = and [P(Dyyalt)hu(t) = Wale) + Tinlt) + Mallat) = (em +e" u(t) Hence a(t) = buble) + [P(D)vn( tule) = S(t) + (em + elt) 2.8.3 The characteristic equation is 4+ 1=0 and walt) = oe In this case the initial condition is yi" (0) = y(0) = 1. Setting ¢ = 0, and using y7,(0) = 1, we obtain ¢ = 1, and a(t P(D)unt) = [-iiat) + yn (O]ult) = 2eFu(t) Hence ‘(t) = b(t) + [P(D)yn(t)]ule) = ~8(t) + 2e*u(t) ‘The characteristic equation is A? +6A+9= (243)? = 0. Therefore alt) = (er + eathe™ Gin(t) = [Blea + eat) + eale’ Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting yn(0) = 1, a(0) = 1, we obtain o=a = Be $02, and a(t) = te Hence A(t) = [P(D)va(u(0) = (inl) + Sunl@)]u) = (2 +3 u(t) fom [aoa = [[reom-nale wal reclaes = ay [atte = Asay 24-1 u‘This property cab be readily verified from Examples 2.7 and 2.8, For Example 2.6, we note that 5, and AyAn For example 28, Ay = 2. Ay = Leavtaa [2 ye ~per tas [Gears [em oye “4 sii ArAg 2a Het) aot) =f Henaott— ar #1 [7 towers wtee) a0 ‘When a <0. the limits of integration become from oo to —o0, which is equivalent to the limits from —o0 to 90 with a negative sign. Hence, f(at) «g(at) = |2le(at). 24-3 Let {(i)+9(t) = (2). Using the time scaling property in Prob. 2.4.2 with a = —1, we have f(—t)+a(-t) = e(—0) Now, if f(€) and g(t) are both even functions of t, then f(@) = f(t) and g(t) = g(t). Clearly «¢) Using a parallel argument, we can show that if both functions are odd, o(t) = e(-~), indi But if one is odd and the other is even, () = ~c(~t) indicating that c(t) is odd 2nd 245 wot arm fare fort co Therefore u(t) + u(t) = tule) (li), Because both functions are causal otal) eet) et dp and emt u(t) eMule) = ut) Because both funetions are eausal 122.4.6 247 28 eo onc f ru(r)u(r — tar Seer ee ee ee ee re wee [rue d ee and \ tu(t) ule) = FPuco © sintu(t) «ue = ¢ sin ru(r)u(e ~ner) ue Becaue rand {+ are both nonnegative (when 0 < + <4), u(r) = u(t~+) = 1, and sinew eo = (snr ar) w= = conte (4) Sinitcty conta) = ( [ara nate In this problem, we use Table 2.1 to find the desired convolution (=) we u(t) « ut) = (= eu(t) (b) ate mty(t) = temult) (e) ult =e ule) (4) ple) = sin 32) + e~Fu(t) Here we use pair 12 (Table 2.1) with a = 0, 8 = 3,@= .90° and A= —1. This yields ~1084" sod ty py = LOBIBAPIEN* — coslSt+ 18.4) sinseu(d)«e“tu(e) = <8 (e) ) H(t) = (20° — o™)u(t)« u(t) = 2e-Mult)« ult) — eMule) u(t “> =] Let) a(t) co) (2 = Yule) « eue) = 2eMule) + elt) — eMule) ee) -f |x =(e* ue) © u(t) = (267 = e-*jult) +e“ u(t) = 2e~Mu(t) » e ult) — [ut - a(t) eMule wo] 0) = [(2— He? — 26 Jule) 1324-9 a(t) = (1 26 Mai(t)eu(t) = eMule) #H(e) — He -Mult ult) -)] uo = tule) 24-10 (a) For y(t) = 4e-** cont u(t) + u(t), We use pair 12 with a = 2,8 =3,0=0,\=0. Therefore and | ue) = A [0.555 - «const + 56.51°)] u(t) (b) For y(t) = te-* costu(t) «e~*u(t), we use pair 12 with a = 2, 8 =5, @=0, and X= —1, Therefore ono and sag [cont 50"}er* ~ e°* conte + 71.56") wo =4 [ ay | ue) = pg [ost86n* — econ se + 71.507)] uC) 1 iam, . Tage conse + 7.56 | u(t) 24-11 (a) wit em * ult) (0) HM a(e) = Foul), and y(t) = o [e-Fu(t) «em u(e)] = ehlert = ents) (c) “u(t 3) = ee" u(t —3). Now from the result in part (a) and the shift property of the convolution (Fa. 234) (o-By(e) = oH] Ge — 3) i(t) ~ u(t ~ 1). Now y:(t), the system response to u(t) is given by (@ 0 alt) = elt) eult) = (1 =e Dult) ‘The system response to u(t ~ 1) is a(t~ 1) because of time-invariance property. Therefore the response y(t) to Jt) = u(t) ~ u(t = 1) is given by ut) = yale) ~ w(t 1) = (1 =e u(e) = [1 eMule = 1) response is shown in Fig, $24-11, ye) yay +> pik SP) Fig. $2.4-11 “-t é Yt “Ne lo t= ol t= Fie S242 ie) = fate) Tle} + efn(—t) ~ #0) set) + 20 u(t) etal —t) welu(—t) + [etu(t) + efu(-)] alo) nets 1 1 nwo = [7 pana Because u(t) =1 for r < t and is 0 for r > t, we need integrate only up tor 1 an =e “yt mae fi hyena tall a taeteed war n= f) ayy earl attest Figure $2.4.19 shows =7hy snd e(t) (the result of the convolution) HDs ol t tt Fig. 82.419, 2A-14 For t-< 2e (see Fig. $2.4-14) (0) = st) 90 sint dr cost OS <2 For ¢ > 2n, the area of one eyele is zero and M0 +9() =o. 122" and t2.AA1S For 02 © w= [ a toa a) I arated -1202-4 dy=0 te-4 @ 16(e) @ @) ae se eG t He tT 3S E 7d wal “77 cu) ; et ee Oo a4t to i ces oI +> eee anny cc) : : i—™ ey C $3 + a z > : vr ' Pai ect) syp-——_ (3) ot > ti 75 tS = z ozte-l -lote-2 f70 ete) a) “2 tele e wR met lO ite -2KE 2-1 4 Fig 524-16 1"2417 © © ans fe ao= fore (= 0 <0 (g) This problem is more conveniently solved by inverting fy(t) rather than f(t) ao [e-oeet exo a= ["e-ndr= fae) 0202 )=0 for t>0 ) AWw=e fle) Ale, flt-nae—, a= fi cemrarnen fl erar yee) open a aiy= fee t-ar emmy bean? tt ts-2 Indicating the input and corresponding response graphically by an arrow, we have FW) — vo) St-7) wt) $() - Ht- 1) wl) — eT) (by Timeinvariance) (by linearity) ‘Therefore Jim, Ef) ~ 40-79) — him, EIy(e) - eT} ‘The bft-hand side is f(t) and the right-hand side is (t). Therefore fo 0) Next we recognize that semen fi poe ® “This follows from the fact that integration is performed over the range —oc < 7 < &, where tz) =1, Now the response to Jt f(r) a is St Hence Ct) ¢ ule] Ae) = UH] © u(t) = V1) # a) 182.4018 2.4019 24-20 2.4.21 26-1 But as shown in Ea. (1). vt) «ut is f' u(r) dr. Therefore the response to input f',. f(r)dr is f, y(e) dr Using the hints, we obtain 1 - 1 = tim, 4 (e) = eft 79) = A AO = 9) = Bim, 7 CO ~ HO TY] + 90) = Fe) + Bim, [al ~ oft TI] = J Fle) ~ elt TH] = AO) Successive applications of the above procedure yields £8) ge) = MM (ED ‘The system response to u(t) is g(t) and the response to step u(t — 1) is a(t 7). The input (0) is made up of step components. The step component at r has a height Af which can be expressed as 4, AL new friar Blane = frye ‘The step component at ndr has a height /(ndr)Ar and it can be expressed as [f(ndr)A7]u(t —nAr). Its response A(t) is Ault) = [nar arlatt nd) ‘The total response due to all components is ut) = fim, Y> flndr)g(t—ndr\Or = [fate nar= fe e960) ‘An clement of length Ar at point mdr has a charge f(uAr)Ar (Pig. $2.4-20). The electric field due to this charge at point x is Sndr)ar rele — nr? ‘The total feld due to the charge along the entire length is AE= B()= im, x _linanan, free = nr)? «fo glia er = seve | tae re ae oO, AT Zz a 2-NbT-= Fig. 52.420 For an ideal delay of T secs., the impulse response is h(t) = 6(¢—T). Hence, from Eq, (2.48) (using the sampling property (Eq. (1.24b)] Hs) Or = Tye dr We can also obtain the same result using Bq. (2.49). Let the input to an ideal delay of T seconds be an everlasting. exponential e*, The output is eT), Hence, according to Eq. (2:49), H(s) = eT) jert = eT, METH ID=(AS3)(A44) 192.52 25-8 ‘The natural response is volt) = Kie™ + Kae (a) For f(t) = ult) =e"u(t), volt) = HO) = B= b Y= Kae + Kae + H(t) = Bre — 4Kae* Setting t = 0 and substituting initial conditions, we obtain Reto ~8Ks - 4K and 120 &) HO =u, = Ke + Kae + Be 8Kie"™ — 4Kae Setting t = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields On Kit hath 1=-3K; — 4k and u)= u(t), volt) = H(-2) © 10 ult) = Kie™ + Kae 0) = BK e™ = AK Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields Kit ks } ul) 2? = 6425 = (A+3— j4)(A+3 + JA) characteristic roots are ~3:4 j4 alt) = Ke cos(at +8) Por fi) =u), volt) = 100) Esothat u(t) = Kem cos( at +0) + 3 i{t) = ~3Ke-™ cos(t +8) — 4Ke™™ eas( at + 0) Setting t= 0, and substituting intial conditions yields K=0477 0= Keos0+ & }- Koso 9 =~1003 BK cos 8 ~ 4K sind Keind and ult) = 0427 con(at 1088) 4+ 3 120 Charecteristic polynomial is 4° + 4A +4 = (A+ 2)*. The roots are ~2 repeated twice. lt) = (Ka + Kade 20(a) For f(0) = eMule). yolt) = H(-3) = 20 wt) = (Ki + Kathe" ~ 20° HO) = 2K + Kate™ + Kee + oe Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields and v(t) = (2+ Boe 20 t>0 (b) FQ) = ertult), volt) = H(—1)en* Hy + Kathe 2K + Kate + Kaen? Setting t=, and substituting initial conditions yields gem Kad 2K + Ka Kak and uit) =(3+ Boe* — t20 Because (A? +22) = A(A+2), the characteristic roots are O and 2. alt) = Ki + Kae In this ease /(t) = u(t). The input itself is characteristic mode, Therefore volt) = Bt But ye) satisfied the system equation (D? + 2D)volt) = (D+ I)vlt) = elt) + Bolt) = HO + £0) Substituting f(t) = u(t) and yo(t) ‘Therefore yo(t) = # Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting init and ‘the natural response a(t) is found in Prob. 2.5-1 alt) = Rie + Kae" The input 4(0) Isa characteristic mode. Therefore elt) = te Also yo(t) satisfies the system equation (0? + 1D + 12)volt) = (D+2/(0) a26-1 2.62 2.64 Holt) + Tielt) + L2y9Kt) = Fle) + 240) Substituting f(t) =e and ye(t) = te in this equation yields (9Bt — 6a)e™* + 7(—39t-+ Ble“ + 12Bte* = —3e~ + De Be ‘Therefore lt) = Kiet ae = tet it) = ~BK xe ~ AK ae“ + 38 — Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting intial conditions yields and (a) 2 480412= (04246) Both ots are in LHP. The system is asymptotically stable. (b) MAP +3042) = A(A+ 1A +2) Roots are 0-1, ~2. One root on imaginary axis and none in RHP. The system is marginally stable (©) MQ? 42) = 804 iVDO - jv) Roots are 0 (repeated twice) and V2. Multiple roots on imaginary axis. The system is unstable (d) (A+ 1)? - 6A +5) = (44 1-1) = 5) Roots are =I, 1 and 5. Two roots in RHP. The system is unstable (@) (4104+ 2445)? = 4 A+1- 32704143277 Roots “1, ~1 2 (repeated twice) are all in LHP. The system is asymptotically stable () 408 +9) = + NA+ 59) — 33) Roots are ~1, +3. Two (simple) roots on imaginary axis, none in RHP. The system is marginally stable. (©) ANE! +97? = 04043970 - 33)? Roots are ~1 and +33 repeated twice. Multiple roots on imaginary axis. The system is unstable (A) (P41)? + 4)(AF +9) = (AF DIA = FDA + 52)1A ~ 92) + 59) ~ 53) ‘The roots are 4j1, 42 and 73. All roots are simple and on imaginary axis, None in RHP. The system is marginally stable (a) Because u(t) = eu(t), the characteristic root is 0 (b) Tae root lies on the imaginary axis, and the system is marginally stable fe) fone) dt = co ‘The sistem is BIBO unstable. (a) Tae integral of 61) is u(t). The systems response to 6(t is u(t). Clearly, the system isan ides! integrator ‘Assume that a system exists that violates Eq. (2.57) and yet produces @ bounded output for every bounded input. The response at ¢ =f is ute) = [ merstn = nar Consider a bounded input f(t) such that at some instant ty fp ita(r) > 0 ta-ne{t nee In this ease 2ara ara ara oa ~ Inn) and wery= [more This vlntes the assumption (a) The time-constant (rise-time) of the system is Ty = 10°* ‘The rate of pulse communication “3 2 Za 4 54> Fig. $2.41 Plt) ZiT war = ar I oo t= Fig. $8.42 ‘We can show that the corresponding signal pairs are also orthogonal [Lnonea= [ esvoisevoiee= [Untoncnar= [7 ty ~zxojent + 2eo)ae=0 [Lnonoa= [ne +2noiee0 +2900) In deriving these results, we used the fact that J zfde= J 23(t)de = 1 and f%, 21(thza(¢\d Bd Here Ty = 2, s0 that wp = 25/2 x, and W0)= 00+ Sroncosnnt+éqsinnet = -1StS1 where Psinnetdt = po=be 3S wisest Figure $3.4-1 shows /(t) = for all ¢ and the corresponding Fourier series representing f(t) over (—1, 1) 8.4.2 Here Ty = 2x, s0 that wo = 2n/2n = 1, and S(O) = 00+ encosnt+ basin nt areten where 3-18 2° 2" Tre . no saci Shene oases Fe $93.42 stows 0) =f aad th sreponding Fre si to pret J) (2 34-8 (a) To = 4, wo = HE = F. Because of even symmetry, all sine terms are zero. 6ao = 0 (by inspection) oun [foe (s) a [coe ) a] Aint ‘There‘ore, the Fourier series for f(2) is wo 4 (ogg tt — Veg Mt, Legg Skt 1 Tat (cmH — gore F + Seon — joo Bt 4) and we allow Cx to take negative values, Figure $3.4-3a shows the plot of Cy ‘}. Because of even syrimetr, all the’sine terms are zero. oon ae [oo (5) = se SG), ee (F) bem Ee [sin(Ze) deo Gntegand i an 04 fntion of ) for n = 0, 1, 2,3, --». Figure $3.43 nd we allow Cy to take negative values. Note that C, shows the plot of Cn (©) Te= 2, up = 1 F (0) = 29+ Jrancosnt +bxsinnt with ao=0.5 (by inspection) [gemnane af 5-1 (ines Janars einai + banaey--) and f= = 05+ [oos (t+) + feos (2t+$) + feos (a+ $) +] ‘The reason for vanishing of the cosines terms is that when 0.5 (the de component) is subtracted fom f(t), the remaining function has odd symmetry. Hence, the Fourier series would contain dc and sine terms only. Figure '$8.4-2¢ shows the plot of Cn amd By, (@)% ‘x, wo =2and f(t) = St, (by inspection). (50) because of odd symmetry. aan ae 1) + ewe (40-4) + glyco (se 3) + Leo (s+ 4) + igure $3.4.3d shows the plot of Cy and 0, Se) = Aysinze + Linge — A; singe — 2 singe + aTta af we ll @) ape ee ay. > can =I wor aa Tiga eet e t ate a x [| «) 12> +5 6 we 123456 wo qd) - (e) A) x F ad 5 w> oo Fig snes (e) Ty = 3, wo = 20/3. if 1 wed feet * Qne 3 Qen | 2an | Qen eos Bede gS en 2 4 2 in 22 aan 240 Bem gg 28) ‘Therefore Co = } and [Eee(8) To= 6, wo = 9/3, a0 = 05 (by inspection). Even symmetry; by se ‘Observe that even harmonics vanish. The reason is that if the de (0.5) is subtracted from J(t), the resulting function has hale-wave symmetry. (See Prob. 3.4-7). Figure $3.4-3f shows the plot of Cn. Bide (a) Here 7) =r, and wy = #8 = 2. Therefore S(O) = 00+ J an.cos 2nt + bn sin Int ‘To compute the coefficients, we shall use the interval x to 0 for integration. Thus wont [ear =0soe en meat 0504 (525) mead fen amar = -0504 (85) ‘Therefore 0504, C= VaR R= 0504 (Toe), Om =tan* (2) = tan tn 1) = 0504+ 05045 eBay cos (ant + tan An) (b) This Fourier series is identical to thet in Eq. (8.56a) with ¢ replaced by ~ (©) IEF(0) = Co + SCn cos(rwot +), then S(=t) = Co+ J Cn cos(—nwot +n) = Co+ > Cn cos(nwot ~ Bn) ‘Thus, time inversion of a signal merely changes the sign of the phase 0. Everything else remains unchanged. Comparison of the above results in part (a) with those in Example 3.3 confirms this conclusion, 84-5 (a) Here To = x/2, and wo = HE = 4. Therefore SO= 20+ J ancos dnt + basin dnt where = and bm ThereloreSM, Co= VFA =0506(sedo). b= —tan en (b) This Fourier series is identical to that in Eq. (3.56a) with ¢ replaced by 2 (©) HF) = Co+ S Ce cos(nant + 6m), then. Lat) = Co + JY Cn cos(n(auo)t + 8) ‘Thus, time scaliig by a factor a merely scales the fundamental frequency by the same factor o. Everything clse remains unchanged. If we time compress (or time expand) a periodic signal by a factor a, ite fundamental frequency increases by the same factor a (or decreases by the same factor a). Comparison of the results in part (a) with those in Example 3.3 confirms this conclusion. This retult applies equally well 3.4-6 (a) Here Ty = 2, and wo = JE = x. Also (¢) is an even function of ¢. Therefore S(t) = 00+ ancos net ‘where, by inspection ag = 0 and from Eq, (9.660) S Jf 20+ 100 mtd = sig own b= (Oe oo Therore 84 1 1 1 [ow nes Bente doco Set + Boen Tet] (b) This Fourier series is identical vo that in Eq, (8.63) with ¢ replaced by t+ 0.5. (€) IF =Co-+ SCacos(nsot +8), then Mt+T) = Co+ J Cn cosnsio(t + 7) + Aq] = Co+ S Cn cosinwot + (Om + nwoT)] ‘Thus, time shifting by T merely increases the phase of the nth harmonic by nuu?’. 8.4-7 (a) For half wave symmetry 4) =-1 (v4 B) sp 1 [Po reconcorars [" so coanvotae lyr wot aed [" tonnes te Let z= ¢~T9/2 in the second integral. This gives E[[ wrommatts [°° sor) mn e+) a] mt mar -2 if Hocornentat +f ~f(0l-cornsid] pa -4 if He conta] In a similar way we can show that 4 ne “Th 4, a0 =0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence a-t[ffsomtgia] <3 fonttia] iis (cos SF + Bsn 3-1) (n oad) bn J(d)sin nupt dt () @ To=8, welt = sha (Fain -1) tn oaay 30Therefore Siaiaely ond fo= (li) 75 = 2x, wo = 1, a =0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence HO= So eneaant + desinnt aon 2 [eM conneae <2 ee torent sans] 6 tt woo fe af ero A =? [owen Om on] ferro 0.05 ~ Tea FOOT) - +00 and oP sin ntdt etn . [ (-0 sin —nosn] (oad) +001 Bn (ano) = 14610 ore oon” =F e 001 3.4-8 (a) Here, we need only cosine terms and wo = $. Hence, we must construct a pulse such that it is an even function oft, has a value t over the interval 0 < t < 1, and repeats every 4 seconds as shown in Fig, $3.48a. We selected the pulse width W’ = 2 seconds. But it can be anywhere from 2 to 4, and still satisfy these conditions. Each value of W results in different series. Yet all of them converge to ¢ over 0 to 1, and satisfy the other requirements, Clearly, there are infinite number of Fourier series that will satisfy the given requirements. The present choice yields 1) = 40+ Yano (2S) By inspection, we find ay = 1/4. Because of symmetry ba = 0 and alo (F)+F@()-] (b) Here, we need only sine terms and wo ‘Hence, we must construct a pulse with odd symmetry, which has. ‘2 value ¢ over the interval 0 < t < 1, and repeats every + seconds as shown in Fig. S3.4-8b. As in the case (a), ‘the pulse width can be anywhere from 1 to x, For the present caseBecause of odd symmetry, an = 0 and dialoinan — 2ncor2n) (©) Here, we need both sine and cosine terms and wo = §. Hence, we must construct a pulse such that it has no symmetry of any kind, has a value ¢ over the interval O< ¢ <1, and repeats every 4 seconds as shown in Fig. ‘S3.d-Be, AS usual, the pulse width can be have any value in the range 1 to 4 10 = 00+ Sooneos (3) e+ basin ($e By inspection, a9 = 1/8 and a Fig. $3.48 (€) Here, we need only cosine terms with uy = 1 and odd harmonics only. Hence, we must construct a pulse such that it isan even function oft, has a value ¢ over the interval 0 < t < 1, repeats every 2x seconds and has half-wave symmetry as shown in Fig. $3.4-8d. Observe that the first half eycle (from 0 to x) and the second half eycle (from x to 2) are negatives of each other as required in half-wave symmetry. This will cause even hharmonics to vanish. The pulse has an even and half-wave symmetry. This yields M0) = 00+ SP an cosnt By inspection, ao = 0. Because of even symmetry by = 0. Because of half-wave symmetry (see Prob. 3.47), apy? 7 2 25.0% A comma- [te-ounca] = Zeon -r Ean not (c) Here, we need only sine terms with wo = + and odd harmonies only. Hence, we must construct a pulse such that itis an odd function oft, has a value ¢ over the interval 0 < ¢ < 1, repeats every 4 seconds and has half-wave symmetry as shown in Fig. $3.4-8e. Observe that the first half cycle (rom 0 to 2) and the second half cycle (from 2 to 4) are negatives of each other as required in half-wave symmetry. This will eause even harmonies to vanish. The pulse has an odd and half-wave symmetry. This yields 32n= Sm By inspection, ay = 0. Because of odd symmetry aq = 0. Because of half-wave symmetry (see Prob. 3.4-7), 4 ox oe seed [antars fees (f) Here, we need both sine and cosine terms with up = 1 and odd harmonies only. Hence, we must construct & puilbe such that it has half-wave symmetry, but ueither odd nor even symmetry, has a value ¢ over the interval OS t < 1, and repeats every 2x seconds as shown in Fig. S3.4-8f. Observe that the first half cycle from 0 to 17) and the second half cycle (from = to 2x) are negatives of each other as required in half-wave symmetry. By inspection, ap = 0. This yields ne, ae in rat = Basin" n odd Fit) = SO ancosnt + basinnt Because of half-wave symmetry (see Prob. 3.4-7), stxloentmsinn=1) bea gt f'tanntar= 26m neem) nal a bede f g hi periodic? yes yes no yes no yes yes yes yes o Dio bb. 2 period = Or Oe Mor arr 34:10 e a F(t) = 00+ San cos deat + basin ent (= 2) ae roa ff tae} ono f teos2entdt=0 n> 1. (ninteger) mone [esinzenea= Hence+ (seas Jones Lenars) 1S nae If E4(N) is the energy of the error signal in the approximation using first N’ terms, then From Eq, (3-40) sion {Poa [Qe (zy +-+( (Note that By = 1/2 for n ooras7s 3.411 L(t) = carole) + er2a(t) ++ erzr(t) sinees =f * eat 1 [tonto = 5 asf fonioe= ° a © = [tosoa= om [romtoa= Hence 1 Law jo0- fa - Zn 1 = Boat) [ Po# If E-(W) is the energy of the error signal in the approximation using first N’ terms, then From Eq. (8.40) Also‘The Walsh Fourier series gives small error than the trigonometric Fo ‘number of terms in the approximation. ier series (in prob. 3.4-10) for the same saa HO = cool) + came) ++ esl) [10d=0 eo amcence=on soae-t onLf wolfe-fae? Hence Also P(e)de=2 and using Bq. (3.40) ea = [Poa ea)= [Pow (b) This is a scaled version (time-expansion by factor 2n) of the signal f(t) in pair a wo-i(2)--20)-4@) 40] - 3.51 (a): Ty = 4,0 = #/2. Also Do = 0 (by inspection). 2 Lf! sone, = aint Dam x fl overnae- = Zein iniza (b) Te = 108, up = 25/107 = 1/5 =F Det, where a FO = Dre! wh m= © Ji) = Do+ Y> Dae’, where, by inspection Dy = 0.5 $ n>0 Da= hema= 2, sothat [Dyl= cb, and wn {i > Ps Im Ten neo (@) = 5,40 =2and Da =0 HO= SS Dae, where (©) Te= 3.00 = % wherero + jos Ph W qt “2 Fle ee Fig. $3.5-1 ‘Therefore Ea a aco. 3 wos aay (6) T= 6,09 = 4/3 Do = 05 roel mak [[erme tars fas [cone te 363.82 In compact trigonometric form, all terms are of cosine form and amplitudes are positive, We can express f(t) as S(t) = 3+ 200s (20 - F) + cos (st 3) + 3 con (se + 5 - x) 29.420 (ot £) ene (0-- 5) + ee (428) From this expression we sketch the trigonometric Fourier spectra as shown in Fig, $3.5-2a. By inspection of these spectra, we sketch the exponential Fourier spectra shown in Fig. $3.5-2b. Prom these exponential spectra, wwe cas now write the exponential Fourier series as a AB 4 ORD g War gg Hever gy y Leste aey 4g Usa sa=3 By L0r# Dy +t w> ¢ en Cn =m 7/2. 12345 Wo -27 Dal LDo t . t Tasts “35 we o> Fig. $3.5-2 3.5-3 (a) The exponential Fourier series can be expressed with coefficients in Polar form as LO) = VBE I 4 209 434 20 4 (BV FE IIe From this expression the exponential Spectra are sketched as shown in Fig. $3.5-8a (b) By inspection of the exponential spectra in Fig. $3.5-2a, we sketch the trigonometric spectra as shown in Fig. §3.5-3b, From these spectra, we can write the compact trigonometrie Fourier series at Slt) = 3+ 4eos (1 £) + 4vFcos (at - F) (c) The lowest frequency in the spectrum ix and the highest frequency is S. ‘Therefore the bandwidth is 3 rad/sor 3 He 3.544 (a) F pom 37 sl fe) = #@-7)£Dn Te enee "3 r2 or a =] t oes "Ia - 4 a 3 On 1423 w> TH: se 123 Os Fig. $3.5-3 Bn = Dye so that [Dal @) 3.5-5 (a) From Bxercise E3.6a no=behSPreont — -1ees1 ‘The power of f(¢) is 198 For N = 1, Pe = 0.1111; for N = 2, Py = 0.19823, For N = 3, Pz = 0.19837, which is greater than 0.198. Thus, N = 3, 8.5-6 (a) From Exercise E3.6b po Mew Sedan ansese 383.67 3.61 ‘The power of /(t) is Moreover, from Parseval’s theorem (Ea. (3.82)] +S ys (b) Ifthe V-term Fourier series is denoted by 2(2), then 2) = An SE sinnnt arstsn ‘The power Ps i required to he 0.904% = 0.342, Therefore For N = 1, Pe = 0.202647; for N = 2, Pe = 0.253347, for N = 5, Py = 0.296584? for N 0.302224, which is greater than 0.342, Thus, N= 6. ‘The power of a rectified sine wave is the same as that of a sine wave, that is, 1/2. Thus Py = 0.5. Let the 2N +1 term truncated Fourier series be denoted by f(t). The power Py is required to be 0.9975P; = 0.49875. Using the Fourier series coeficients in Exercise E3.10, we have Pe . 24 S 1 yo Sit 3 aap tae Dian eng sh sun se y= 2 irs at ae ae rt Bee ee eG AO 0a pommel wre. Te power of the error in the approximation of f(t) by /(t) is only 0.21% of the signal power Py. ee 4053 for N= 0 (only de), Py = 0.49535 for and wo = 2, and 0.504 a T+ 34m and from Eq. (3.74) De ——_ rT $ mot = 31.08n Therefore, v(t) = > Duff nwo)” D wet 39