Chapter 15: Solutions

Chapter 15.1 What are Solutions?

Solutions
- Solute: the substance that ______________ (eg. water)

- Solvent: the ______________ medium (eg. salt)

- Solution: homogeneous ______________ containing ______________ or

more substances called the ______________ and ______________. When
you look at a solution, you cannot see the solute and solvent separately.
(eg. ______________)

Solutions may be _______________, _______________, or _______________.

- Soluble: describes a substance that ______________ in a solvent

(eg. ______________ in ______________)

- Insoluble: describes a substance that doesnt ______________ in a solvent

(eg. ______________ in ______________)

- Immiscible: two liquids that are ______________ in each other

(eg. ______________ & ______________)

- Miscible: two liquids that are ______________ in each other

(eg. ______________ & ______________)

Solvation in Aqueous Solutions

- Solvation: the process of surrounding ______________ molecules with
______________ molecules

In order for a solute to dissolve, the solvent particles must overcome the
attractive forces between the solute particles and pull them apart from each
other so the solvent can get in between them.

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Aqueous Solutions of Ionic Compounds
Use Figure 15-3 to help you draw a picture of what happens during solvation of an
ionic compound.

Using the last paragraph on page 455, describe why gypsum does not dissolve.

Aqueous Solutions of Molecular Compounds

When sugar dissolves in water, the multiple O-H bonds on the sugar molecules
become sites for ______________ bonds with water molecules.

Factors That Affect the Rate of Solvation

What are the 3 ways to increase the rate at which the solute dissolves?

1. _______________
- this moves ______________ ______________ ______________
away from the surfaces more quickly, which allows more collisions to
occur between the ______________ and ______________ particles.

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 2. _______________ _______________
- this allows more _______________ to occur. This is why a teaspoon
of granulated sugar dissolves more quickly than an equal amount of
sugar cube.

3. _______________
- this increases the _______________ _______________ of particles,
resulting in more frequent collisions

Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions

- Heat of solution:
1. _______________ is required to overcome the attractive forces within
the _______________ and within the _______________, so both are
endothermic.
2. When solute and solvent particles mix, the particles _______________
each other and energy is _______________. This step in the solvation
process is exothermic.

STEP 1 STEP 2
(requires (gives off
energy) energy)

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 - Endothermic reactions: (pg 247) occur when a ______________ amount of
_______________ is required to break existing bonds in the reactants than
is released when the new bonds form in the product molecules (ie. uses up
heat)
- Exothermic reactions: occur when ______________ ______________ is
released forming new bonds than is required to beak the bonds in the
initial reactants (ie. gives off heat)

Solubility
- Solubility: the _______________ amount of solute that will dissolve in a
given amount of solvent at a specific _______________ and
_______________.
o Solubility is expressed in g/100g of solvent.

- Saturated solution: contains the _______________ amount of

_______________ solute for a given solvent at a specific temperature and
pressure.

- Unsaturated solution: contains _______________ dissolved solute for a

given temperature and pressure than a saturated solution.

Which type of solution can dissolve more solute?

Factors That Affect Solubility

1. Temperature and solubility
- Describe how temperature and solubility are related for most
substances.

- Do all solubilities increase when temperature increases? Give 2

examples that do from Figure 15.7 and Table 15.2.

- What is a supersaturated solution? How does it occur?

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 2. Pressure and Solubility
- Pressure affects the solubility of ____________ solutions. Explain
and give an example.

Henrys Law
- At a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is
_______________ _______________ to the pressure of the gas above the
liquid.

Formula for Henrys Law =

eg. If 0.85g of a gas at 4.0 atm of pressure dissolves in 1.0L of water at 25C, how
much will dissolve in 1.0L of water at 1.0 atm of pressure and the same
temperature.

Example Problems: #1 & 2, page 461

Assessment Questions: #68, page 484

68. The partial pressure of CO2 inside a bottle of soft drink is 4.0 atm at 25C.
The solubility of CO2 is 0.12 mol/L. When the bottle is opened, the partial
pressure drops to 3.0 x 10-4 atm. What is the solubility of CO2 in the open
drink? Express your answer in grams per liter.

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 15.2 Solution Concentration

Definitions
- Concentration: a measure of how much solute is _______________ in a
specific amount of _______________ or _______________

- Concentrated: contains a _______________ amount of solute

- Dilute: contains a _______________ amount of solute

Expressing Concentration

Copy the concentration ratios from table 15.3

CONCENTRATION RATIOS
Concentration description Ratio

Using % to Describe Concentration

1. Percent by Mass REMEMBER, amount of solution = amount of solute +
the amount of solvent

Practice Problems: #8-10, page 463

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 2. Percent by Volume REMEMBER, amount of solution = amount of solute +
the amount of solvent

Practice Problems: #11-13, page 464

3. Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per

_______________ of solution. AKA molar concentration or moles/liter.
- Units = _____
o eg. 1M solution = 1 molar solution

Molarity (M) = moles of solute

Liters of solution

Practice Problems: #14-16, page 465

Preparing Molar Solutions

To go from Molarity(M) to grams you need to follow these steps:
1. Calculate ____________________

2. Calculate ____________________

mass = mL of solution x (molarity mol) x (molar mass g)

L mol

1000 mL/L

eg. How many grams of sucrose would you need to prepare 100mL of a 1.50M
aqueous solution of sucrose (Molar mass = 342g)?

Practice Problems #17-20 page 466

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Diluting Solutions

M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = molarity of _______________ solution
V1 = amount of _______________ solution
M2 = molarity of _______________ solution
V2 = add water to make this amount

eg. What volume, in mL of 2.00M CaCl2 stock solution would you use to make
0.50L of 0.300M CaCl2 solution.

Practice Problems #21-23, page 468

Molality
- Molality the ratio of the number of moles of solute dissolved in one
kilogram of solvent.
- Units = _____
o eg. 1m solution = 1 molal solution

Molality () =

eg. In the lab, a student adds 4.5g of sodium chloride (NaCl) to 100.0g of water.
Calculate the molality of the solution.

Practice Problems #24-25, page 469

Assessment Questions: #77a, #80 page 485

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 15.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions

Colligative properties: physical properties of solutions that are affected by the

number of _______________ but not the _______________ of dissolved
_______________ particles.

- Examples of Colligative Properties:

o _____________________________________________
o _____________________________________________
o _____________________________________________
o _____________________________________________

Vapour Pressure Lowering

- Vapor pressure lowering: at the same temperature, the vapour pressure of
a _______________ _______________ is _______________ than the
pressure of a solution made up with a _______________ solute.
- Volatile: it easily _______________

- What happens to the vapor pressure with a more concentrated solution

with a nonvolatile solute?

Boiling Point Elevation

- Boiling point elevation: the temperature difference between a solutions
_______________ _______________ and a pure solvents
_______________ _______________

- The higher the concentration of the solution, the _______________ the

boiling point elevation.

- Formula to calculate boiling point elevation:

(also, see table 15-4)

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Freezing Point Depression
- Freezing point depression: the difference in freezing points of a pure
substance and as a solution

- The larger the concentration of the solution, the _______________ the

freezing point depression.

- Formula to calculate freezing point depression:

(also, see table 15-5)

eg. What are the boiling point and freezing point of a 0.029m aqueous solution of
sodium chloride (NaCl)?

Practice Problems #33-36, page 475

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

- Osmosis: the movement of _______________ through a _______________
_______________ into a solution in an attempt to _______________ the
solution.

- The larger the concentration of the solution, the _______________ the

amount of water that will move through the membrane.

Assessment Questions: #89, page 485

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 15.4 Heterogeneous Mixtures
Definitions
- Suspension: a mixture containing particles that _______________
_______________ if left _______________. They are large compared to
_______________ particles. You can separate the mixture using
_______________.
o eg.

- Colloids: a heterogeneous mixture of _______________-sized particles.

They are smaller than particles in _______________, but larger than
particles in a _______________.
o eg.

- Brownian Motion: the _______________ _______________ of colloid

particles.

- The Tyndall Effect: dispersed colloid particles are large enough to

_______________ _______________. _______________ also exhibit the
Tyndall effect. _______________ never exhibit the Tyndall effect.
o eg.

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 Properties of
Solutions Colloids Suspensions

Appearance

Particle Size

Effect of
Tyndall Effect

Particle
settlement

Assessment Questions: #45, page 479

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