Microwave Design

1
CHAPTER I
DISCUSSION
II
2
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. ABSORPTION LOSS loss of energy in one circuit caused by conversion into

another form of energy. The absorption of signal energy in the transmission
medium to the presence of raindrops, water vapor, and molecular oxygen in the
atmosphere.
2. ANTENNA- is an electrical device which converts electrical power into radio
waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver.
3. ANTENNA GAIN - refers to the directivity gain of an antenna compared to a
reference antenna (isotropic antenna).
4. COORDINATES two magnitude (longitude and latitude) that describe and
determine the position or location of any place on the earth`s surface.
5. EARTH BULGE (EB) refers to the ideal of the earth curve as a circle.
6. EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER (EIRP) output power on the
transmitted side.
7. FREQUENCY (F) number of cycles per second.
8. FADE MARGIN is the measure of how much attenuation due to multipath and
rain fading can be accommodation by the radio system without exceeding a
minimum level performance.
9. FADING it is the variation in signal strength due to some factors.
10. FREE SPACE LOSS (FSL) the signal attenuation that would result if all
obstructing, scattering or reflecting influences were sufficiently removed so as to
have no effect on propagation.
11. FRESNEL CLEARANCE (H) is the criterion to determine whether the earth is
sufficiency removed from the radio horizon of signal to free space propagation.
12. FRESNEL ZONE sense of concentric ellipsoid surface which surrounds the
straight line path between the antennas.
13. ISOTROPIC RECEIVE LEVEL (ISL) output on the receive side.
14. LINK BUDGET is accounting of all the gains and losses from the transmitter,
through the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in a
telecommunication system.
3
15. MICROWAVES are radio waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one
meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between
300MHz (0.3GHz) and 300 GHz.
16. MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION high radio frequency link specially designed
to provide signal connection between two specific points.
17. NET PATH LOSS (NPL) the sum of all gains and losses within the path length.
18. PATH ANALYSIS refers to the means of determining the system performance
as a function of the desired path length, required configuration, and prevailing
climate and terrain characteristic.
19. PATH LOSS is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an
electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major
component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication
system.
20. PATH PROFILE a graph showing the path of the beam relative to the earth`s
surface indicating the high and low contours take a set of a topographical maps.
21. RADOME is a structural, weather proof enclosure that protects a microwave
antenna. The radome is constructed of material that minimally attenuates the
electromagnetic signal transmitted or receive by the antenna.
22. RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL it is the amount of input signal into the receiver from
the waveguide. It is also refers to the sum of all losses and gains on the transmitter
output.
23. RECEIVER SENSITIVITY refers to the minimum signal level required for proper
receiver operation.
24. REFLECTION LOSS it occurs in a line which results in part of energy being
reflected back to the source.
25. RELIABILITY the ability of the system or subsystem to perform within the
prescribed parameters of quality of service.
26. TRANSMISSION LINE LOSS it is the actual power that is loss in transmitting a
signal from one point to another through a medium or along the line.
27. TRANSMITTED POWER (PT) it is the amount of microwave carrier output,
usually expressed in dBm.
4
28. TRANSMITTER a set of equipment used to generate and transmit

electromagnetic waves carrying messages or signals.
29. WATER VAPOR LOSS it is the attenuation due to the absorption of radio
frequency energy by water vapor in the atmosphere.
30. WAVEGUIDE LOSS it is the amount of loss, usually expressed in dB per unit
length (dB or dB/m) of signal it travels in the waveguide.
5
FORMULAS
COORDINATES
Find a reference point nearest to the site namely
Xref and Yref
Then use,

=
5

=
5
Where:
A and A is in millimeters (mm)
B and B is in millimeters (mm)
X is in minute
Y is in minute
SITE COORDINATES
Longitude= Yref+Y
Latitude= Xref+X
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE
A= |Longitudesite2- Longitudesite1|
B=90- Latitudesite1
C=90- Latitudesite2
cos = (cos ) (cos ) + [(sin )(sin )(cos )]
60 1.151 1.609
= = () ( )( )( )
1 1 1
EARTH BULGE ( ):
1 2
=
12.75()
where: d1 = distance of less elevated site to obstruction, (km)

d2 = distance of more elevated site to obstruction, (km)
4
k = effective earth radius factor ( 3 )
6
GROUND ELEVATION ( )
= +
where: e0 = elevation of the considered obstruction, (m)
eb = earth bulge, (m)
OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT( )
= + +
where: e0 = elevation of the considered obstruction, (m)
eb= earth bulge, (m)
TG= Tree Growth (15m)
CENTER FREQUENCY ( )
+
() =
2
where: F = Transmit Frequency, (GHz)
F= Receive Frequency, (GHz)
FIRST FRESNEL ZONE (f1):

1 2
f1=17.3


D = great circle distance, (km)
Fc= center frequency, (GHz)
FRESNEL CLEARANCE (H):

H= 0.6 x f1
1 (21)
H= - h0 + h1

h1 = a 1 + e 1
h2 = a 2 + e 2
7

H = Fresnel Clearance, (m)
h0 = total height of the obstruction, (m)
h1 = total height elevation at the lower site, (m)
h2 = total height elevation at the higher site, (m)
a1 = antenna height of less elevated site, (km)
a2 = antenna height of more elevated site, (km)
e1 = elevation of the less elevated site, (m)
e2 = elevation of the more elevated site, (m)
f1 = radius of first Fresnel zone, (m)
ANTENNA HEIGHT
an = h n + e n
ANTENNA ORIENTATION
2 1
sin( 2 )
tan = [cot( )][
2 2 2 + 1)
cos( 2
2 1
+ cos( 2 )
tan = [cot( )] [
2 2 2 + 1)
sin( 2
+
=( )( )
2 2
+
=( )( )
2 2
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DIRECTION OF ANTENNA
N or S (90-X) E or W
N or S (Y-90) E or W
ANTENNA PANNING
2 - h1
1=2=tan1 ( )

where:h1 = total height elevation at the lower site, (m)

1=2= Vertical Planning Angle
COEFFICIENT OF REFLECTION
1 2
= 1 = 2
1
=
1+

where:h1 = total height elevation at the lower site, (m)

d1 = distance of less elevated site to obstruction, (km)
=coefficient of reflection
POINT OF REFLECTION
dR1 =
dR2 = D dR1
where: =coefficient of reflection
REFLECTION ANGLE
1
A =tan1 ( )
1
2
B =tan1 ( )
2
9
CONSIDERED LOSSES
ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES (AL)
AL = A0 + + AR
2
Where: AL= Atmospheric Loss

Ao= Oxygen Absorption Loss, (dB)
Ah2o= Water Vapor Loss, (dB)
AR= Rain Loss, (dB)
OXYGEN ABSORPTION LOSS (AO)

6.09 4.81
AO = [7.19x103 + 2 +0.227 + ] ( 2 )(103 )()
( 57)2 +1.5
Where: Ao= Oxygen Absorption Loss, (dB)

Fc = Center Frequency, (GHz)
D = Distance, (km)
WATER VAPOR LOSS ( )

3 9
= [0.067 + +
( 22.3) + 7.3 ( 183.3)2 + 6
2
4.3
+ ] ( 2 )(12104 )()
( 323.8)2 + 10
Where: Ah2o= Water Vapor Loss, (dB)
D = Distance, (km)
RAINFALL ATTENUATION (M)
log( 1 ) log( )
=
log( 1 ) log( 2 )
10
NOTE:
F1 < FC < F2
k1 < k < k2
a1 < a < a2
= log 1 [log(1 ) [] [log 1 ) log( 2 )]
a = a1 M (a1 a2)
where: M= Rain Attenuation
a1 = antenna height of less elevated site, (km)
a2 = antenna height of more elevated site, (km)
EFFECTIVE RAIN PATH LENGTH
DO = 35e(-0.015)(R)
Y = (K) (R)

Where: R= Rainfall Amount, ( )
RAIN LOSS (AR)

DE =
1+

AR = (DE)(Y)
MISCELLANEOUS PATH LOSS(MPL)

= + +
Where: RL= Reflection Loss, (dB)
DL= Diffraction Loss, (dB)
AL= Absorption Loss, (dB)
11
FREE PATH SPACE LOSS (FSL)

= 92.44 + 20 log + 20 log
COUPLING LOSS
ODU: There is typically a 3 dB in the coupler
TOTAL FIXED LOSS (TFL)

= 2 () + () + 2 ( )
where: TFL= Total Fixed Loss, (dB)
RL= Radome Loss, (dB)*radome specification
AML= Antenna Misalignment Loss, (dB)*0.25
IL= Insertion Loss, (dB) *connector specification
TOTAL LOSS (TL)

= + +
Where: TL= Total Loss, (dB)
FSL= Free Space Loss, dB)
TFL= Total Fixed Loss, (dB)
ANTENNA GAIN (AG)

= 17.8 + 20 log + 20 log
Where: Bm= antenna Diameter, (m) *antenna specification
TOTAL GAIN (TG)

= ( )(2)
Where: AG= Antenna Gain, (dB)
TG = Total Gain (dB)
12
NET PATH LOSS

= | |
Where: NPL= Net Path Loss, (dB)
TG = Total Gain (dB)
TL= Total Loss, (dB)
RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL (RSL)

=
Where: NPL= Net Path Loss, (dB)
RSL= Received Signal Level, (dBm)
Pt= transmitter Power, (dBm) *radio specification
FADE MARGIN (FM)

=
Where: RSL= Received Signal Level, (dBm)
FM= Fade Margin. (dB)
IT= Improvement threshold, (dBm) *radio specification
NON-DIVERSITY ANNUAL OUTAGE

( )
= ()()(1.5 )(3 )(1.25106 ) [10 10 ]
= 1
Where: a= Roughness factor/terrain characteristics
b= Climate factor/characteristics

R = Rainfall Amount, ( )
RELIABILITY
= 100%(1 )
= 100%(1 )
13
IMPROVEMENT FACTOR OF FREQUENCY DIVERSITY

7105 2 10 10
=

=

where: UNDP = Non-diversity probability for a given Path
OR= Over Reliability
OVERALL RELIABILITY
= 1 2
where: R = Reliability
OR= Over Reliability

14
CHAPTER II
LOCATION OF SITE
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Site Description
Cotabato City is the regional center of the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM) but the city is administratively part of the Soccsksargen region, which
is composed of the provinces of South Cotabato, (North) Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,
and Saranggani, as well as the highly urbanized city of General Santos. The name
Cotabato was derived from the Maguindanao word kuta wato and the Malay Bruneian
word of Kota Batu, or City of Stone; kota mean city or fortress, and batu mean rock or
stone. Cotabato City has a total land area of 176.0 square kilometers with 17
municipalities and one city consisting of: Alamada, Aleosan, Antipas, Arakan, Banisilan,
Carmen, Kabacan, Kidapawan, Libungan, Mlang, Magpet, Makilala, Matalam, Midsayap,
Pigcawayan, Pikit, President Roxas, and Tulunan.
The Province of Cotabato through COTELCO will intensify its electrification
projects to serve those unenergized barangays for as long as its settlement areas are not
encroaching over protection lands. Upgrading and expansion of the existing power lines
will be prioritized to minimize frequent power interruption. The operation of the Mt. Apo
Geothermal project will augment the service electricity.
Telecommunications facilities in the province are not a problem considering that
Cellular Mobile Phones or cellphones are popularly used nowadays both in rural and
urban areas. Postal services are still in place in all municipalities though not all have
permanent postal office buildings. There are also existing private companies which are
engage in mail and package delivery such as LBC, JRS, and FedEx. The province has
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access to the internet services serving almost all municipalities/city. Radio stations are
also established in several municipality/city in the province.
The development of other potential sources of energy shall be explored and
promoted. Among the options that could be considered are mini-hydro, windmill, and
solar. Household level generation of bio-gas may be developed. The Pulangi V HEP
(hydro-electric plant) project located in the Municipality of Pres.Roxas is expected to
generate 300MW of electricity. Field survey and preparatory civil works could commence
when favorable situation is attained in the project area.
Targeted to augment the supply of power in the province is the promotion of small
hydro-electric plants. Identified for build-operate-transfer (BOT) scheme is the
construction of HEP located in Arakan Valley Complex. This is expected to generate 11.9
MW of electricity. COTELCO is also vigorously exploring the potential of Kabacan River
in Pangoan, Magpet for their own hydro-electric power plant.

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SITE A
Pigcawayan,Cotabato
HISTORY
Before its creation as a separate and independent Political Unit, Pigcawayan
together with Alamada and Libungan were component barangays of
Midsayap. Pigcawayan, however at that time was more progressive than the two
mentioned.
How Pigcawayan got its name remains undocumented, however two version had
been given by the early settlers which was passed on from one generation to another.
The first version was that, the place now known as Pigcawayan was considered as a
battle ground for the Iranons and the Maguindanaoans. Due to this fighting the inhabitants
would abandon the place to be occupied by the victors. From this evolved the Muslim
word Pighawaan which meant an abandoned place.
The second version, refers to an incident when an American School
Superintendent visited the place. By coincidence it was also the time when folks were
roasting a pig with the use of bamboo pole rotated over live charcoal. The word pig
bamboo as said by the superintendent was translated into the local dialect Pigcawayan
the present name of the municipality.

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MAP AND LOCATION
Country: Philippines
Region: SOCCSKARGEN (Region XII)
Province: Cotabato
District: 2nd District of Cotabato
Land Area: 340.1 km

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CLIMATE
Pigcawayan is the last municipality of Cotabato Province coming from Davao City
to Cotabato City. It is 26 kilometres (16 mi) from Cotabato City, 32 kilometres (20 mi)
from Awang Airport and 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the nearest seaport which is the Polloc
Port of Parang, Maguindanao. The coldest months are December and January. The
hottest are April and May.
POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
Pigcawayan is politically subdivided into 40 barangays:
Anick (Upper Balogo) Libungan Torreta Payong-payong
Upper Baguer (Baguer) Lower Baguer Poblacion I
Balacayon Lower Pangangkal Poblacion II
Balogo Malagakit Poblacion III
Banucagon Maluao Poblacion IV
Bulucaon North Manuangan Presbitero
Buluan Matilac Renibon
Buricain Midpapan I Simsiman
Capayuran Mulok South Manuangan
Central Panatan New Culasi Tigbawan
Datu Binasing New Igbaras Tubon
Datu Mantil New Panay Midpapan II
Kadingilan Upper Pangangkal Cabpangi

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Kimarayag Patot
POPULATIONS
Based on the 2010 census, the city has a total population of 59,975 people. The
religion is predominantly Christian, although there are many Muslims residing in the city
as well. The main languages are Cebuano and Hiligaynon, while Tagalog
and English are the secondary languages.
Cebuanos and Hiligaynons are the major ethnic groups in the city. Other ethnic
groups residing in the area are the Ilocanos, Maguindanaons and Manobos. Cebuano is
the most widely spoken language, especially in the city proper. English is considered as
the medium of instruction in schools and other learning institutions; it is also
predominantly used in major government agencies in their transactions and reports. Laws
and ordinances in the city are all written in English. Most of the inhabitants can also speak
Filipino.
ECONOMY
The Municipality of Pigcawayan is purely an agricultural area. Common Industrial
activities are rice and corn mills. There are 11 Ricemills (electric operated) found in
Poblacion (2), Tubon (4), North and South Manuangan (2), Upper Baguer (10), Balogo
(1), and Capayuran (1). Aside from these, there are also Twenty 20 Baby Cono/Kiskisan
that can be found in (13) barangays.

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Processed milled rice by Rice Mills are usually brought/sold to Cotabato City,
Davao City and in some parts of South Cotabato. Milled rice produced by "Kiskisan/Baby
Cono" were usually for households consumption by residents of barangays.
There are three cottage industries such as furniture shops using wood, bamboo
and rattan. Other industries are Rice grinder, mini sawmill and machine shops .
POWER AND ELECTRICITY
Power utility in the province comes from two energy sources the NAPOCOR Agus
Grid in Iligan transmitted through its Tacurong Substations and the Mindanao 1
Geothermal Power Plant at the foot of Mt. Apo in Ilomavis, Kidapawan City which
produces 97MW of electricity power distribution handled by COTELCO.

22
SITE B
Barangay Sudapin, Kidapawan City, Cotabato
HISTORY
Sudapin is one of the barangays of Kidapawan City. Kidapawan City is in the
Province of North Cotabato.
Kidapawan, the city hailed as A Spring in the Highland, comes from the words
tida which means spring and pawan meaning highland. The city is found at the bottom
of the majestic Mt. Apo, the countrys tallest mountain making it a great spot and first-rate
tourist attraction. Kidapawan is situated at the southeastern section of Cotabato province,
placed in the middle of three other major cities of Davao, Cotabato,General Santos and
Koronadal city.
Its first settlers were predominantly Manobos. The influx of Christian settlers from
Luzon and the Visayas has resulted in the evolution of the word Tidapawan
to Kidapawan.
Strategically located at the foot of Mount Apo, the Philippines' tallest peak at
10,311 feet above sea level, Kidapawan City bustles with renewed energy as it opens its
doors to the world. Mount Apo and its other scenic attractions make the province of
Cotabato a potential world-class tourist destination.

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MAP AND LOCATION
Country: Philippines
Region: SOCCSKARGEN (Region XII)
Province: Cotabato
District: 2nd District of Cotabato
Land Area: 358.47 km2
CLIMATE
Kidapawan is located at the foot of Mount Apo in the south-eastern section of
Cotabato province, placed in the middle of other major cities of General Santos, Davao
24
City, and Cagayan de Oro. Kidapawan lies outside the typhoon belt and has a mild climate
characterized by wet and dry seasons. The coldest months are December and January.
The hottest are April and May.
POLITICAL SUBDIVISION
Kidapawan City is politically subdivided into 40 barangays.
Amas - (Urban) Lanao - (Urban) Paco - (Rural)

Amazion - (Rural) Linangcob - (Rural) Patadon East
Balabag - (Rural) Luvimin - (Rural) Perez - (Rural)
Balindog - (Urban) Macebolig - (Rural) Poblacion - (Urban)
Binoligan - (Rural) Magsaysay - (Rural) San Isidro - (Rural)
Birada - (Urban) Malinan - (Rural) San Roque - (Rural)
Gayola - (Rural) Manongol - (Rural) Santo Nio - (Rural)
Ginatilan - (Rural) Marbel(Embac) - (Rural) Sibawan - (Rural)
Ilomavis - (Rural) Mateo - (Rural) Sikitan - (Rural)
Indangan - (Rural) Meohao - (Rural) Singao - (Rural)
Junction - (Rural) Mua-an - (Rural) Sudapin - (Urban)
Kalaisan - (Rural) New Bohol - (Rural) Sumbac - (Rural)
Kalasuyan - (Rural) Nuangan - (Urban)
Katipunan - (Rural) Onica - (Rural)
POPULATIONS
Based on the 2010 census, the city has a total population of 125,447 people, up
from 117,610 in 2007. The religion is predominantly Christian, although there are many
Muslims residing in the city as well. The main languages are Cebuano and Hiligaynon,
while Tagalog and English are the secondary languages.
Cebuanos and Hiligaynons are the major ethnic groups in the city. Other ethnic
groups residing in the area are the Ilocanos, Maguindanaons and Manobos. Cebuano is
25
the most widely spoken language, especially in the city proper. English is considered as
the medium of instruction in schools and other learning institutions; it is also
predominantly used in major government agencies in their transactions and reports. Laws
and ordinances in the city are all written in English. Most of the inhabitants can also speak
Filipino.
ECONOMY
Kidapawan City is classified as a 2nd-class component city in accordance to
Department of Finance order No.23-08. In 2006, it yielded an income of Php268.94
million, of which 73.8 percent constituted the Internal Revenue Allotment. Of its
Php314.22 million total expenditures for the year, 25.9 percent were expended on
economic services.
The City is considered as the provinces industrial hub. It plays a pivotal role in the
economic development of the province and its adjacent areas. It is the commercial and
trading hub of six neighboring municipalities. It lies at the heart of two large domestic
markets: General Santos City, Davao City and Cotabato City.
The flower-cutting industry is a primary source of livelihood among Cotabateos,
especially those residing in Kidapawan City. In addition to ornamental and forest tree
seedlings, flowers such as roses, anthuriums and orchids are abundantly grown locally
providing a very promising and highly profitable source of livelihood and business in the
area.
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Crops abundantly grown in the area include abaca, rubber, corn, rice, coconut,
and vegetables.
POWER AND ELECTRICITY
Kidapawan City, which is the capital of North Cotabato, and the gateway to Mt.
Apo, is host to two large geothermal plants, whose private operator is the Energy
Development Corporation, only supplies power to large-scale buyers outside of Central
Mindanao, and not to residents. Cotabato Electric Cooperative is the electric cooperative
which also extend electric utilities in some Barangays.

27
Repeater 1: Aleosan, Cotabato
Physical
Aleosan is within the political boundary of Cotabato Province. It is approximately
65 kilometres (40 mi) from the capital town of Amas which is barely two (2) hours ride
from the seat of its municipal government. It is bounded on the west by Midsayap; on the
north by Libungan and on the east and south by Pikit. It is accessible to land transportation
from Cotabato City traversing the municipalities of Maguindanao to Kidapawan up to
Davao City, as it is located along the major transport route linking the provinces of
Maguindanao, Cotabato and Davao del Sur.
Economy
The municipality is endowed with abundant agricultural raw materials suitable for
processing. These include coconut, banana, rubber, mango and coffee. There are small-
scale enterprises but these are not sustainable due to inadequate capital. A cassava
processing plant was shut down due to insufficient supply of raw materials and low quality
of starch produced. The area however, is best suited for mango production and there is
a need to develop the industry to cater the growing needs of the locality. The
municipality's livestock industry has great potentials being one of the top producers and
supplier of livestock in the province.
Climate
Aleosan area belongs to the fourth type of climate or the intermediate "E" with no
distinct dry season. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year with heavier rains
from May to September. This type of climate conditions is suitable for the production of
28
crops like rice, corn, mangoes, jackfruit, vegetables and root crops, which are considered
seasonal crops and permanent crops like coconut, rubber, coffee, cacao and orchard
crops.
Population
As of 2015 census, the population is 39,405

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Repeater 2: Kabacan, Cotabato
Physical
Kabacan is centrally located in Cotabato Province, bounded on the north by Pres.
Roxas, on the east by the Mun. of Matalam, Mlang on the south and on the west by the
municipalities of Carmen and Datu Montawal, Maguindanao. It is approximately 94
kilometres (58 mi) from Cotabato airport, 194 kilometres (121 mi) to Davao airport and
188 kilometres (117 mi) to General Santos International Airport.
The landscape is characterized by almost regular landscape of flat terrain. The
high mountains and rolling hills leaping close to the river plus the narrow plains have
varied topographical features. Other features are moderately sloping and strongly sloping.
Economy
Commercial activities are in the Public Market and along the National Highway and
USM Avenue. Kabacan serve as a business and trading center for the adjacent
municipalities of Carmen, Pagagawan, Pikit and Matalam. The majority of the commercial
establishments are engaged in general merchandizing, sari-sari and dry goods. One big
shopping center and drug store owned by a big company are along the National Highway.
There are four banks and three gasoline stations.
Climate
Type B climate prevails in the municipality. It is characterized by dry season for
one to three months with less than 76 millimeters or more rainfall per month throughout
the year. The wettest month has more than three times the rainfall of the driest month.
30
This type of climate is conducive to intensive rice cultivation and plantings of bananas
and other fruit trees.
Population
In the 2015 census, the population of Kabacan, Cotabato, was 89,161 people.
31
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
SITE SELECTION
Before the construction of transmitting and receiving stations, one must conduct
feasibility studies on the site where it should rise. There are factors to be
considered in the selection of site.
1. Geographical coordinates of the proposed sites, political subdivisions,
access roads and physical objects with which the sites can be identified.
2. Mean sea level elevation of the sites.
3. Access roads from the nearest improved roads to the proposed
locations.
4. Nearest location where commercial electrical power may be obtained.
5. Any unusual weather conditions to be expected in the area, including the
maximum expected wind velocity and range of temperatures.
MICROWAVE ANTENNA SELECTION
1. Operating frequency band. To be approved by NTC.
2. Gain. For a given frequency band, gain is primarily a function of antenna
size.
3. Wind load.
32
RADIO SYSTEM CONSIDERATION
1. The amount of radio gain available, as determined by transmitter power
output and receiver noise characteristics.
2. Operating frequency band and required frequency spacing between radio
channels, as determined by transmitter deviation, receiver selectivity, and
frequency stability.
3. Primary power requirements and options available.
4. The receiver threshold or receiver sensitivity should always be considered.
5. The data capacity of the radio equipment to determine how much
information it can carry.
RADOME
A radome is a protective covering used to prevent snow, ice, water, or debris
from accumulating on a microwave antenna. Heated radomes are available for
use in areas where severe ice and snow conditions exist. The use of a radome
results in lower antenna gain.
TRANSMISSION LINE
Transmission lines provide the means of coupling the transmitter and receiver
to the antenna. The radiated output power of the transmitter will be substantially
reduced if the transmission line is incorrectly used or if length is too long, so
precautions should be taken to use the correct type of line for the radio equipment
used, and to keep all transmission line length is short.Tower Consideration

33
1. Size and weight of the antenna and transmission line system.
2. The anticipated wind loading.
3. The required antenna beam stability.
4. The height necessary to permit the antenna to clear all surrounding and
path obstacles.
5. The amount of land available in the erection of the tower.
6. Soil conditions where the tower to be built.
7. Proximity to airports or airlines, which brings possibility of government
restriction on permissible.
8. Color coding of the tower is considered.

9. Provided with beacon light and lightning protection system.
34
CHAPTER III
PATH PROFILE
35
HOP 1
36
COORDINATES CALCULATION
SITE A
Latitude: (1min=37.2mm)
1
1.1842 = 0.03183333 = 01 54.6" + 715 00"
37.2
= 716 54.6"
Longitude: (1min=36.6mm)
1
0.1139 = 0.003112021 = 00 11.2" + 12425 00"
36.6
= 12425 11.2"
REPEATER 1
1
1.426 = 0.3833333 = 02 18" + 710 00"
37.2
= 712 18"
1
0.1139 = 0.0366667 = 02 12" + 12435 00"
36.6
= 12437 12"
37
@HOP1 (Site A to Repeater 1)

Site A:
Longitude : 124 25 11.2
Latitude : 7 1654. 6
Repeater 1:
Longitude : 124 37 12
Latitude : 7 12 18
= |124 37 12- 124 25 11.2 |
= 0 12 0.8 = 0.2
B= 90- Latitudesite1
= 90-7 1654. 6
= 82.71816667
C=90- Latitudesite2
= 90-7 1218
= 82.795

cos = (cos 82.71816667) (cos 82.795)
+ [(sin 82.71816667)(sin 82.795)(cos 0.2)]
cos = 0.9999931054
= 0.2127615022
60 1.151 1.609
= = () ( )( )( )
1 1 1
60 1.151 1.609
= = (0.2127615022) ( )( )( )
1 1 1
= 23.64
38
EARTH BULGE AND OBSTRUCTION

HOP1
SITE A: Pigcawayan, Cotabato REPEATER 1: Aleosan, Cotabato
Longitude : 124 25 11.2 Longitude : 124 37 12
Latitude : 7 1654. 6 Latitude : 7 12 18
d1 d2
=
4
12.75
3
203.5
= 4 H= 0.6xF
12.75
3
1 2
= . f1=17.3

,
= + +
, = 98 + 4.117647059 + 15
, = .
TOTAL DISTANCE: 23.5km
Path Path Distance Distance Earth Buldge Ground Type of Tree Obstruction First Fresnel Clearance
Profil Elevatio from from (E.B) Elevation (EO Terrain Growt Height (H'O)
e No. n (E.O.) Site A Site B + EB) h (TG) (f1) (H)
(d1) (d2)
0 13 0 23.5 0 13 Rice Paddy, 15 28 0 0
Settlements
1 13 0.5 23 0.676470588 13.67647059 Rice Paddy 0 13.67647059 3.359774278 2.015864567
2 13 1 22.5 1.323529412 14.32352941 Rice Paddy 15 29.32352941 4.699508504 2.819705102
3 13 1.5 22 1.941176471 14.94117647 Rice Paddy 15 29.94117647 5.691387434 3.41483246
4 13 2 21.5 2.529411765 15.52941176 Rice Paddy 0 15.52941176 6.496738832 3.898043299
5 13 2.5 21 3.088235294 16.08823529 Rice Paddy 0 16.08823529 7.178617816 4.307170689
6 13 3 20.5 3.617647059 16.61764706 Rice Paddy 0 16.61764706 7.769601393 4.661760836
7 13 3.5 20 4.117647059 17.11764706 Rice Paddy 0 17.11764706 8.289153857 4.973492314
8 15 4 19.5 4.588235294 19.58823529 Rice Paddy 0 19.58823529 8.750008644 5.250005187
39
9 15 4.5 19 5.029411765 20.02941176 Rice Paddy 0 20.02941176 9.161028581 5.496617149

10 15 5 18.5 5.441176471 20.44117647 Rice Paddy 0 20.44117647 9.528664746 5.717198847
11 13 5.5 18 5.823529412 18.82352941 Rice Paddy 0 18.82352941 9.857772201 5.914663321
12 13 6 17.5 6.176470588 19.17647059 Rice Paddy 0 19.17647059 10.15209867 6.091259204
13 13 6.5 17 6.5 19.5 Rice Paddy 0 19.5 10.41459341 6.248756048
14 10 7 16.5 6.794117647 16.79411765 Rice Paddy 0 16.79411765 10.64761092 6.38856655
15 10 7.5 16 7.058823529 17.05882353 Rice Paddy 0 17.05882353 10.85305 6.511829999
16 10 8 15.5 7.294117647 17.29411765 Rice Paddy 0 17.29411765 11.03245141 6.619470845
17 10 8.5 15 7.5 17.5 Rice Paddy 0 17.5 11.18706788 6.712240726
18 10 9 14.5 7.676470588 17.67647059 Rice Paddy 0 17.67647059 11.31791522 6.790749134
19 10 9.5 14 7.823529412 17.82352941 Rice Paddy 0 17.82352941 11.42581009 6.855486052
20 10 10 13.5 7.941176471 17.94117647 Plantation 0 17.94117647 11.51139788 6.906838725
21 20 10.5 13 8.029411765 28.02941176 Plantation 0 28.02941176 11.57517342 6.945104053
22 20 11 12.5 8.088235294 28.08823529 Plantation 0 28.08823529 11.61749595 6.970497571
23 23 11.5 12 8.117647059 31.11764706 Plantation 0 31.11764706 11.6385995 6.983159702
24 23 12 11.5 8.117647059 31.11764706 Plantation, 20 51.11764706 11.6385995 6.983159702
Levee
25 23 12.5 11 8.088235294 31.08823529 Rice Paddy 0 31.08823529 11.61749595 6.970497571
26 30 13 10.5 8.029411765 38.02941176 Rice Paddy 0 38.02941176 11.57517342 6.945104053
27 30 13.5 10 7.941176471 37.94117647 Rice Paddy 0 37.94117647 11.51139788 6.906838725
28 30 14 9.5 7.823529412 37.82352941 Woods 15 52.82352941 11.42581009 6.855486052
29 30 14.5 9 7.676470588 37.67647059 Woods 15 52.67647059 11.31791522 6.790749134
30 30 15 8.5 7.5 37.5 Woods 15 52.5 11.18706788 6.712240726
31 63 15.5 8 7.294117647 70.29411765 Woods 15 85.29411765 11.03245141 6.619470845
32 63 16 7.5 7.058823529 70.05882353 Woods 15 85.05882353 10.85305 6.511829999
33 63 16.5 7 6.794117647 69.79411765 Reservoir 0 69.79411765 10.64761092 6.38856655
34 50 17 6.5 6.5 56.5 Reservoir 0 56.5 10.41459341 6.248756048
35 50 17.5 6 6.176470588 56.17647059 Woods 15 71.17647059 10.15209867 6.091259204
36 85 18 5.5 5.823529412 90.82352941 Woods 15 105.8235294 9.857772201 5.914663321
37 85 18.5 5 5.441176471 90.44117647 Woods 15 105.4411765 9.528664746 5.717198847
40
38 98 19 4.5 5.029411765 103.0294118 Woods 15 118.0294118 9.161028581 5.496617149

39 70 19.5 4 4.588235294 74.58823529 Woods 15 89.58823529 8.750008644 5.250005187
40 98 20 3.5 4.117647059 102.1176471 Woods 15 117.1176471 8.289153857 4.973492314
41 90 20.5 3 3.617647059 93.61764706 Woods 15 108.6176471 7.769601393 4.661760836
42 70 21 2.5 3.088235294 73.08823529 Woods 15 88.08823529 7.178617816 4.307170689
43 70 21.5 2 2.529411765 72.52941176 Woods 15 87.52941176 6.496738832 3.898043299
44 70 22 1.5 1.941176471 71.94117647 Woods 15 86.94117647 5.691387434 3.41483246
45 70 22.5 1 1.323529412 71.32352941 Woods 15 86.32352941 4.699508504 2.819705102
46 120 23 0.5 0.676470588 120.6764706 Woods 15 135.6764706 3.359774278 2.015864567
47 140 23.5 0 0 140 Woods 15 155 0 0
41
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Obstructions Ground Elevation Earth Buldge
Graphical Representation
Path Profile for Hop 1

42
HOP 2
43
REPEATER 1
1
1.426 = 0.3833333 = 02 18" + 710 00"
37.2
= 712 18"
1
0.1139 = 0.0366667 = 02 12" + 12435 00"
36.6
= 12437 12"
REPEATER 2
1
1.333 = 0.03583333 = 02 9" + 705 00"
37.2
= 77 9"
1
0.1139 = 0.266667 = 01 36" + 12450 00"
36.6
= 12451 36"
44
@HOP2 (Repeater 1 to Repeater 2)
Repeater 1:
Latitude : 7 12 18
Repeater 2:
Latitude : 7 7 9
= |124 51 36- 124 37 12|
= 0 14 24 = 0.24
= 90-7 12 18
= 82.795
C=90- Latitudesite2
= 90-7 7 9
= 82.88083333

cos = (cos 82.795) (cos 82.88083333)
+ [(sin 82.795)(sin 82.88083333)(cos 0.24)]
cos = 0.99999902413
= 0.2531244731
60 1.151 1.609
= = () ( )( )( )
1 1 1
60 1.151 1.609
= = (0.2531244731) ( )( )( )
1 1 1
= 28.1266
45

HOP2
REPEATER 1: Aleosan, Cotabato REPEATER 2: Kabacan, Cotabato
Longitude : 124 37 12 Longitude: 124 51 36
Latitude : 7 12 18 Latitude: 7 7 9
d1 d2
=
4
12.75 3
1 27
=
4
12.75 3
H= 0.6xF
1 2
= . f1=17.3

,
= + +
, = 1.588235294 + 120 + 15
, = .
TOTAL DISTANCE: 28km
Path Path Distance Distance Earth Buldge Ground Type of Tree Obstruction First Fresnel Clearance
Profile Elevation from from (E.B) Elevation Terrain Growth Height (H'O)
No. (E.O.) Site A Site B (EO + EB) (TG) (f1) (H)
(d1) (d2)
47 140 0 28 0 140 Woods 15 155 0 0
48 120 0.5 27.5 0.808823529 120.8088235 Woods 15 135.8088235 3.368043154 2.020825893
49 120 1 27 1.588235294 121.5882353 Woods 15 136.5882353 4.719632471 2.831779483
50 100 1.5 26.5 2.338235294 102.3382353 Woods 15 117.3382353 5.726573838 3.435944303
51 100 2 26 3.058823529 103.0588235 Woods 15 118.0588235 6.549798964 3.929879378
52 0 2.5 25.5 3.75 3.75 Water 0 3.75 7.252143565 4.351286139
53 90 3 25 4.411764706 94.41176471 Woods 15 109.4117647 7.866054119 4.719632471
54 90 3.5 24.5 5.044117647 95.04411765 Woods 15 110.0441176 8.410917298 5.046550379
55 70 4 24 5.647058824 75.64705882 Woods 15 90.64705882 8.899424334 5.3396546
56 70 4.5 23.5 6.220588235 76.22058824 Woods 15 91.22058824 9.340421748 5.604253049
46
57 70 5 23 6.764705882 76.76470588 Woods 15 91.76470588 9.74036471 5.844218826

58 70 5.5 22.5 7.279411765 77.27941176 Woods 15 92.27941176 10.10412946 6.062477678
59 70 6 22 7.764705882 77.76470588 Woods 15 92.76470588 10.43550004 6.261300022
60 63 6.5 21.5 8.220588235 71.22058824 Woods 15 86.22058824 10.73747601 6.442485608
61 50 7 21 8.647058824 58.64705882 Woods 15 73.64705882 11.01247577 6.60748546
62 44 7.5 20.5 9.044117647 53.04411765 Woods 15 68.04411765 11.26247553 6.757485321
63 44 8 20 9.411764706 53.41176471 Woods 15 68.41176471 11.48910741 6.893464447
64 34 8.5 19.5 9.75 43.75 Woods 15 58.75 11.69373013 7.016238078
65 34 9 19 10.05882353 44.05882353 Woods 15 59.05882353 11.87748125 7.126488751
66 34 9.5 18.5 10.33823529 44.33823529 Woods 15 59.33823529 12.04131632 7.224789791
67 34 10 18 10.58823529 44.58823529 Woods 15 59.58823529 12.18603864 7.311623185
68 36 10.5 17.5 10.80882353 46.80882353 Woods 15 61.80882353 12.31232221 7.387393324
69 36 11 17 11 47 Woods 15 62 12.42072944 7.452437663
70 36 11.5 16.5 11.16176471 47.16176471 Woods 15 62.16176471 12.51172501 7.507035006
71 35 12 16 11.29411765 46.29411765 Woods 15 61.29411765 12.58568659 7.551411954
72 35 12.5 15.5 11.39705882 46.39705882 Woods 15 61.39705882 12.64291313 7.585747879
73 35 13 15 11.47058824 46.47058824 Woods 15 61.47058824 12.68363115 7.610178692
74 31 13.5 14.5 11.51470588 42.51470588 Woods 15 57.51470588 12.70799934 7.624799606
75 30 14 14 11.52941176 41.52941176 Woods 15 56.52941176 12.7161117 7.629667018
76 30 14.5 13.5 11.51470588 41.51470588 Woods 15 56.51470588 12.70799934 7.624799606
77 30 15 13 11.47058824 41.47058824 Woods 15 56.47058824 12.68363115 7.610178692
78 30 15.5 12.5 11.39705882 41.39705882 Woods 15 56.39705882 12.64291313 7.585747879
79 24 16 12 11.29411765 35.29411765 Woods 15 50.29411765 12.58568659 7.551411954
80 20 16.5 11.5 11.16176471 31.16176471 Woods 15 46.16176471 12.51172501 7.507035006
81 20 17 11 11 31 Woods, 15 46 12.42072944 7.452437663
Rice Paddy
82 20 17.5 10.5 10.80882353 30.80882353 Woods, 15 45.80882353 12.31232221 7.387393324
Rice Paddy
83 19 18 10 10.58823529 29.58823529 Woods, 15 44.58823529 12.18603864 7.311623185
Rice Paddy
47
84 19 18.5 9.5 10.33823529 29.33823529 Woods, 15 44.33823529 12.04131632 7.224789791

Rice Paddy
85 19 19 9 10.05882353 29.05882353 Woods, 15 44.05882353 11.87748125 7.126488751
Rice Paddy
86 19 19.5 8.5 9.75 28.75 Woods, 15 43.75 11.69373013 7.016238078
Marsh
87 19 20 8 9.411764706 28.41176471 Woods, 15 43.41176471 11.48910741 6.893464447
Reservoir
88 0 20.5 7.5 9.044117647 9.044117647 Reservoir 0 9.044117647 11.26247553 6.757485321
89 20 21 7 8.647058824 28.64705882 Woods, 15 43.64705882 11.01247577 6.60748546
Reservoir
90 20 21.5 6.5 8.220588235 28.22058824 Woods, 15 43.22058824 10.73747601 6.442485608
Levee
91 20 22 6 7.764705882 27.76470588 Woods, 15 42.76470588 10.43550004 6.261300022
Levee
92 20 22.5 5.5 7.279411765 27.27941176 Woods, 15 42.27941176 10.10412946 6.062477678
Levee,
Plantation
93 20 23 5 6.764705882 26.76470588 Woods, 15 41.76470588 9.74036471 5.844218826
Levee
94 0 23.5 4.5 6.220588235 6.220588235 Levee 0 6.220588235 9.340421748 5.604253049
95 18 24 4 5.647058824 23.64705882 Woods, 15 38.64705882 8.899424334 5.3396546
Reservoir
96 18 24.5 3.5 5.044117647 23.04411765 Woods, 15 38.04411765 8.410917298 5.046550379
Reservoir
97 18 25 3 4.411764706 22.41176471 Woods, 15 37.41176471 7.866054119 4.719632471
Reservoir
98 18 25.5 2.5 3.75 21.75 Rice Paddy, 0 21.75 7.252143565 4.351286139
Plantation
99 21 26 2 3.058823529 24.05882353 Rice Paddy, 0 24.05882353 6.549798964 3.929879378
Plantation
100 20 26.5 1.5 2.338235294 22.33823529 Rice Paddy, 0 22.33823529 5.726573838 3.435944303
Plantation
48
101 24 27 1 1.588235294 25.58823529 Woods, 15 40.58823529 4.719632471 2.831779483

Plantation
102 24 27.5 0.5 0.808823529 24.80882353 Woods 15 39.80882353 3.368043154 2.020825893
103 24 28 0 0 24 Woods 15 39 0 0
49
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 103
Obstructions Ground Elevation Earth Buldge

50
HOP 3
51
REPEATER 2
1
1.333 = 0.03583333 = 02 9" + 705 00"
37.2
= 77 9"
1
0.1139 = 0.266667 = 01 36" + 12450 00"
36.6
= 12451 36"
SITE B
1
0.40 = 0.01080555556 = 00 38.9" + 71
37.2
= 71 38.9"
1
0.61 = 0.01666666667 = 01 + 1255 00"
36.6
= 1256
52
@HOP3 (Repeater 2 to Site B)

Repeater 2:
Latitude : 7 7 9
Site B:
Longitude : 1256
Latitude : 7 1 38.9
= |125 6 - 124 51 36 |
= 0 14 24 = 0.24
= 90-7 7 9
= 82.88083333
C=90- Latitudesite2
= 90-7 1 38.9
= 82.87252778

cos = (cos 82.88083333) (cos 82.87252778)
+ [(sin 82.88083333)(sin 82.87252778)(cos 0.2401666667)]
cos = 0.9999900795
= 0.2552145205
60 1.151 1.609
= = () ( )( )( )
1 1 1
60 1.151 1.609
= = ( )( )( )
1 1 1
= 28.5388
53

HOP 3
REPEATER 2: Kabacan, Cotabato REPEATER 2: Kidapawan City, Cotabato
Longitude : 124 51 36 Longitude: 125 6 00.6
Latitude : 7 7 9 Latitude: 7 7 38.9
d1 d2
=
4
12.75 3
0.528
= 4
12.75
3
= . H= 0.6xF
1 2
f1=17.3

,
= + +
, = 0.8235294118 + 300 + 15
, = .
TOTAL DISTANCE: 28.5km
Distance Distance
Path Path Ground First Fresnel Clearance
from from Type of Tree Obstruction
Profile Elevation Elevation
Site A Site B Earth Buldge Terrain Growth Height (H'O)
No. (E.O.) (EO + EB) (f1) (H)
(d1) (d2) (E.B) (TG)
103 24 0 28.5 0 24 Woods 15 39 0 0
104 0 0.5 28 0.823529412 0.823529412 Reservoir 0 0.823529412 3.501484602 2.100890761
105 0 1 27.5 1.617647059 1.617647059 Reservoir 0 1.617647059 4.907434931 2.944460959
106 30 1.5 27 2.382352941 32.38235294 Woods 15 47.38235294 5.95546552 3.573279312
107 30 2 26.5 3.117647059 33.11764706 Woods 15 48.11764706 6.812807813 4.087684688
108 33 2.5 26 3.823529412 36.82352941 Woods 15 51.82352941 7.544750479 4.526850288
109 33 3 25.5 4.5 37.5 Woods 15 52.5 8.185004463 4.911002678
110 33 3.5 25 5.147058824 38.14705882 Woods 15 53.14705882 8.753711505 5.252226903
111 33 4 24.5 5.764705882 38.76470588 Woods 15 53.76470588 9.264057476 5.558434486
112 33 4.5 24 6.352941176 39.35294118 Woods 15 54.35294118 9.72523447 5.835140682
113 42 5 23.5 6.911764706 48.91176471 Woods 15 63.91176471 10.14395085 6.08637051
54
114 42 5.5 23 7.441176471 49.44117647 Woods 15 64.44117647 10.52527534 6.315165204

115 42 6 22.5 7.941176471 49.94117647 Woods 15 64.94117647 10.87314269 6.523885612
116 42 6.5 22 8.411764706 50.41176471 Woods 15 65.41176471 11.19067342 6.714404051
117 40 7 21.5 8.852941176 48.85294118 Woods 15 63.85294118 11.48038501 6.888231006
118 40 7.5 21 9.264705882 49.26470588 Woods 15 64.26470588 11.74433639 7.046601833
119 50 8 20.5 9.647058824 59.64705882 Woods 15 74.64705882 11.98422977 7.190537862
120 50 8.5 20 10 60 Woods 15 75 12.20148425 7.32089055
121 50 9 19.5 10.32352941 60.32352941 Woods 15 75.32352941 12.39729008 7.438374051
122 50 9.5 19 10.61764706 60.61764706 Woods 15 75.61764706 12.57264943 7.543589659
123 60 10 18.5 10.88235294 70.88235294 Woods 15 85.88235294 12.72840739 7.637044437
124 60 10.5 18 11.11764706 71.11764706 Woods 15 86.11764706 12.86527593 7.719165555
125 90 11 17.5 11.32352941 101.3235294 Woods 15 116.3235294 12.9838524 7.790311442
126 90 11.5 17 11.5 101.5 Woods 15 116.5 13.08463414 7.850780485
127 90 12 16.5 11.64705882 101.6470588 Woods 15 116.6470588 13.16802972 7.900817833
128 90 12.5 16 11.76470588 101.7647059 Woods 15 116.7647059 13.23436782 7.940620694
129 90 13 15.5 11.85294118 101.8529412 Woods 15 116.8529412 13.283904 7.970342397
130 90 13.5 15 11.91176471 101.9117647 Woods 15 116.9117647 13.31682574 7.990095445
131 90 14 14.5 11.94117647 101.9411765 Woods 15 116.9411765 13.33325613 7.999953678
132 90 14.5 14 11.94117647 101.9411765 Woods 15 116.9411765 13.33325613 7.999953678
133 95 15 13.5 11.91176471 106.9117647 Woods 15 121.9117647 13.31682574 7.990095445
134 90 15.5 13 11.85294118 101.8529412 Woods 15 116.8529412 13.283904 7.970342397
135 100 16 12.5 11.76470588 111.7647059 Woods 15 126.7647059 13.23436782 7.940620694
136 100 16.5 12 11.64705882 111.6470588 Woods 15 126.6470588 13.16802972 7.900817833
137 100 17 11.5 11.5 111.5 Woods 15 126.5 13.08463414 7.850780485
138 100 17.5 11 11.32352941 111.3235294 Woods 15 126.3235294 12.9838524 7.790311442
139 113 18 10.5 11.11764706 124.1176471 Woods 15 139.1176471 12.86527593 7.719165555
140 113 18.5 10 10.88235294 123.8823529 Woods 15 138.8823529 12.72840739 7.637044437
141 113 19 9.5 10.61764706 123.6176471 Woods 15 138.6176471 12.57264943 7.543589659
142 113 19.5 9 10.32352941 123.3235294 Woods 15 138.3235294 12.39729008 7.438374051
143 125 20 8.5 10 135 Woods 15 150 12.20148425 7.32089055
144 125 20.5 8 9.647058824 134.6470588 Woods 15 149.6470588 11.98422977 7.190537862
55
145 125 21 7.5 9.264705882 134.2647059 Woods 15 149.2647059 11.74433639 7.046601833

146 125 21.5 7 8.852941176 133.8529412 Woods 15 148.8529412 11.48038501 6.888231006
147 125 22 6.5 8.411764706 133.4117647 Woods 15 148.4117647 11.19067342 6.714404051
148 125 22.5 6 7.941176471 132.9411765 Woods 15 147.9411765 10.87314269 6.523885612
149 125 23 5.5 7.441176471 132.4411765 Woods 15 147.4411765 10.52527534 6.315165204
Woods,
125 23.5
150 5 6.911764706 131.9117647 Plantation 15 146.9117647 10.14395085 6.08637051
151 180 24 4.5 6.352941176 186.3529412 Woods 15 201.3529412 9.72523447 5.835140682
152 180 24.5 4 5.764705882 185.7647059 Woods 15 200.7647059 9.264057476 5.558434486
153 200 25 3.5 5.147058824 205.1470588 Woods 15 220.1470588 8.753711505 5.252226903
154 220 25.5 3 4.5 224.5 Woods 15 239.5 8.185004463 4.911002678
155 240 26 2.5 3.823529412 243.8235294 Woods 15 258.8235294 7.544750479 4.526850288
156 240 26.5 2 3.117647059 243.1176471 Woods 15 258.1176471 6.812807813 4.087684688
157 260 27 1.5 2.382352941 262.3823529 Woods 15 277.3823529 5.95546552 3.573279312
158 280 27.5 1 1.617647059 281.6176471 Woods 15 296.6176471 4.907434931 2.944460959
Woods,
300 28
159 0.5 0.823529412 300.8235294 Plantation 15 315.8235294 3.501484602 2.100890761
Woods,
320 28.5
160 0 0 320 Plantation 15 335 0 0
56
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
103 105 107 109 111 113 115 117 119 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 143 145 147 149 151 153 155 157 159
obstruction height Ground Elavation Earth Buldge

57
CHAPTER IV
TRANSMISSION
CALCULATION
58
HOP 1
59
ANTENNA COMPUTATION
ANTENNA HEIGHT
12.765+13.031
Fc = = .
2
1 = 20 d2 = 3.5 km
eo = 98m
d1 d2 203.5
eb= 4 = 4 = .
12.75 12.75
3 3
, = + + = 98 + 4.117647059 + 15 = .
d d (20 3.5)
f1= 17.3 F1 D2 = 17.3(12.898 23.64)= 8.289153857m
c
H = 0.6 x 8.079267793= 4.973492314m
20 (13+a1 )(140+a1 )
4.973492314= [ ] 117.1176471+ (140 + a1)
23.64
a1 = a2 = -12.7430m
NOTE: 20 meters minimum height of antenna
ANTENNA ORIENTATION
HOP 1 (Site A to Repeater 1)
Site A:
Longitude : 124 25 11.2
Latitude : 7 1654. 6
Repeater 1:
Latitude : 7 12 18
C = Longitude 1 Longitude 2
C =124 25 11.2- 124 37 12
C = 0 12 0.8
60
Latitude2 Latitude1
YX C sin ( )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ 2 ]
2 2 cos (Latitude1 + LatitudeA)
2
7 12 18 7 1654. 6
YX 0 12 0.8 sin ( )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ 2 ]
2 2 7 12 18 + 7 1654. 6
cos ( )
2
YX
tan ( ) = (572.3212995)(6.758912591x10 4)
2
YX
tan ( ) = 0.3868269637
2
YX
= 21.14781416=21 8 52.13
2
Latitude2 Latitude1
Y+X C cos ( 2 )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ ]
2 2 Latitude2 + Latitude1
sin ( )
2
7 12 18 7 1654. 6
Y+X 0 12 0.8 cos ( )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ 2 ]
2 2 7 12 18 + 7 1654. 6
sin ( )
2
Y+X
tan ( ) = (572.3212995))(7.931156644)
2
Y+X
tan ( ) = 4539.169877
2
Y+X
= 89.98737748 = 89 59 14.56
2
Y+X YX
X=( )( )
2 2
X = 89.98737748 21.14781416 = 68.83956332

X = 6850 22.43
Y+X YX
Y=( )+( )
2 2
Y = 89.98737748 + 21.14781416 = 111.1351917

Y = 1118 6.69
61
@ Site A:
N(90 x)E
S(90 x)W
90 x = 90 (6850 22.43)
= 393627.55
N(21937.57)W
S(219 37.57)E
@ Repeater 1:
N(Y 90)E
S(Y 90)W
Y 90 = 1118 6.69 90
= 218 6.69
N(218 6.69)W
S(218 6.69)E
ANTENNA PANNING
h2 h1
= = tan1 ( )
D
h1 = 33m
h2 = 160m
D = 23.64 km
160 33
= = tan1 ( ) = 0.3078043146
23.64 x 1000
= = 0 18 28.1
62
CALCULATION FOR REFLECTION

REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
1 = 2 = 20
1 = 13
2 = 140
h1 = 1 + 1
h1 = 20 + 13 ; h1 = 33m = 108.2677ft
h2 = 2 + 2
h2 = 20 + 140 ; h2 = 160m = 524.9344ft
= 23.64 = 14.6892
h1 108.2677ft
= = 2 = 0.5018
2 (14.6892) 2
h2 524.9344ft
= = = 2.4328
2 (14.6892)2 2
1 1
= = 2.4328
= 0.3123193683
Y
1+ 1+
0.5018
X
POINT OF REFLECTION
dR1 = D = (0.3123193683)(23.64)
dR1 = 7.3832km
dR2 = D dR1 = 23.64 7.3832
dR2 = 16.2568km
63
ANGLE OF REFLECTION
h1 = 33 m dR1 = 7.3832km eo = 98m

h2 = 160 m dR2 = 16.2568km eb = 4.117647059m
h1 e0 eb
A = tan1 ( )
dR1
33 98 4.117647059
= tan1 ( )
7.3832
h1 = 83.9027 + 360 = 276.0973
= . "
h2 e0 eb
B = tan1 ( )
dR2
160 98 4.117647059
= tan1 ( )
16.2568
B = 74.3121
= . "
A is not equal to B ()
64
POINT OF REFLECTION
(From Pigcawayan, Cotabato to Aleosan, Cotabato)
PATH PROFILE
65
200
PATH PROFILE
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Obstructions Ground Elevation
Earth Buldge X
-FRESNEL +FRESNEL
66
MICROWAVE PATH CALCULATION

MISCELLANEOUS PATH LOSS
6.09 4.81
= [7.19x103 + 2 + ] (F 2 )(103 )(D)
F + 0.227 (F 57)2 + 1.5
6.09 4.81
= [7.19x103 + + ] (12.898)(103 )(23.64)
(12.898) + 0.227 (12.898 57)2 + 1.5
2
= .
WATER VAPOR LOSS (AH2O)
3 9
= [0.067 + +
(12.898 22.3)2 + 7.3 (12.898 183.3)2 + 6
4.3
+ ] (12.8982 )(12 x 104 ) (23.64)
(12.898 323.8)2 + 10
= .
RAINFALL LOSS
Based on Regression Coefficient Table:
K2 = 0.0168 a1 = 1.154
K1 = 0.0335 a2 = 1.217
log(1 ) log(F )
=
log(F1 ) log(F2 )
log(12) log(12.898)
= log(12)log(15)
= .
=
1700+2250
2
= 1975

1
365
1
24
= . /
D 23.64
= = 23.64 = .
1+ 1+
350.015xR 350.015x .
= log 1 [log(k1 ) ()(log(k1 ) log(k 2 )]

67
= log 1 [log(0.0335) (0.32340442)(log(0.0335) log(0.0168)]

= .
= 1 (1 2)
= 1.154 0.32340442(1.154 1.217)
= .
= ()()( )
= (14.09057972)(0.02679840914)(0.2254566211.174374478 )
= .

AL = A0 + + AR
2
AL = 0.01409255904 + 0.4658051914+ 0.06565859201
= .
MISCELLANEOUS LOSS
= +
= 0.5455563424 + 0.02
= .
FREESPACE PATH LOSS

FSLdB = 92.44 + 20 log F + 20 log D
FSLdB = 92.44 + 20 log 12.898 + 20 log 23.64
FSLdB = 142.1234 dB
68
TRANSMISSION LINE LOSS
COUPLING LOSS
There is typically a 3dB in the coupler (ODU)
=
=
FIXED LOSS
= 2 () + () + 2 () + /
= 2 (0.7) + (0.25) + 3 + 3
= .
TOTAL LOSSES
= + +
= 0.5655563424 + 142.1234dB + 2.8985 + 7.65
= .
TOTAL GAIN
= 17.8 + 20 log + 20 log
= 17.8 + 20 log(12.898) + 20 log(1.2)
= .
= ( )(2)
= (41.5941)(2)
= .
NET PATH LOSS

= | |
= |83.1882 150.3389|
69
= .
RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL

=
= 23 67.15
= .
FADE MARGIN
=
= (44.15) (92 )
= .

( )
= ()()(1.5 )(3 )(1.25106 ) [10 10 ]
.
( )
= (0.25)(0.125)(12.8981.5 )(14.68923 )(1.25106 ) [10 10 ]
= .
RELIABILITY
= 100%(1 )
= 100%(1 . )
= . %
70
HOP 2
71
ANTENNA COMPUTATION
ANTENNA HEIGHT
12.765+13.031
Fc = = .
2
1 = 1 d2 = 27km
eo = 120m
d1 d2 127
eb= 4 = 4 = .
12.75 12.75
3 3
, = + + = 1.588235294 + 120 + 15 = .
d d (1 27)
f1= 17.3 F1 D2 = 17.3(12.898 28.1266)= 4.719632471m
c
H = 0.6 x 4.719632471= 2.831779483m
1 (24+a1 )(140+a1 )
2.831779483= [ ] 136.5882353+ (140 + a1)
28.1266
a1 = a2 = 23.5442m =24m
NOTE: 24 meters height of antenna
ANTENNA ORIENTATION
HOP 2 (Repeater 1 to Repeater 2)
Repeater 1:
Latitude : 7 12 18
Repeater 2:
Latitude : 7 7 9
C = |Longitude1 Longitude2|
C = 124 37 12- 124 51 36
C = 0 14 24
72
Latitude2 Latitude1
YX C sin ( )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ 2 ]
2 2 cos (Latitude2 + Latitude1)
2
7 7 9 7 12 18
YX 0 14 24 sin ( )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ 2 ]
2 2 7 7 9 + 7 12 18
cos ( )
2
YX
tan ( ) = (477.4641311)(7.549274446x10 4)
2
YX
tan ( ) = 0.3605
2
YX
= 19.82173743=19 49 18.25
2
Latitude2 Latitude1
Y+X C cos ( 2 )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ ]
sin ( )
2
7 7 9 7 12 18
Y+X 0 14 24 cos ( )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ 2 ]
2 2 7 7 9 + 7 12 18
sin ( )
2
Y+X
tan ( ) = (477.4641311))(8.02074558)
2
Y+X
tan ( ) = 3829.6183
2
Y+X
= 89.98503878 = 89 59 6.14
2
Y+X YX
X=( )( )
2 2
X = 89.98503878 19.82173743 = 70.1633

X = 709 47.88
Y+X YX
Y=( )+( )
2 2
Y = 89.98503878 + 19.82173743 = 109.8068

Y = 10948 24.39
73
@ Repeater 1:
N(90 x)E
S(90 x)W
90 x = 90 (709 47.88)
= 195012.12
N(195012.12)W
S(195012.12)E
@ Repeater 2:
N(Y 90)E
S(Y 90)W
Y 90 = 10948 24.39 90
= 1948 24.39
N(1948 24.39)W
S(1948 24.39)E
ANTENNA PANNING
h2 h1
= = tan1 ( )
D
h1 = 164m
h2 = 48m
D = 28.1266 km
48 164
= = tan1 ( ) = 0.2362984769
28.1266 x 1000
= = 0 14 10.67
74

1 = 2 = 24
1 = 140
2 = 24
h1 = 1 + 1
h1 = 24 + 140 ; h1 = 164m = 538.0577ft
h2 = 2 + 2
h2 = 24 + 24 ; h2 = 48m = 157.4803ft
= 28.1266 = 17.4771
h1 538.0577ft
= = 2 = 1.7615
2 (17.4771) 2
h2 157.4803ft
= = = 0.5156
2 (17.4771)2 2
1 1
= = 0.5156
= 0.6489198949
Y
1+ 1+
1.7615
X
POINT OF REFLECTION
dR1 = D = (0.6489198949)(28.1266)
dR1 = 18.2519km
dR2 = D dR1 = 28.1266 18.2519
dR2 = 9.8747km
75
ANGLE OF REFLECTION
h1 = 164m dR1 = 18.2519km eo = 120m

h2 = 48m dR2 = 9.8747km eb = 1.5882353m
h1 e0 eb
A = tan1 ( )
dR1
164 120 1.5882353

= tan1 ( )
18.2519
A = 66.7154
= . "
h2 e0 eb
B = tan1 ( )
dR2
48 120 1.5882353
= tan1 ( )
9.8747
B = 82.3572 + 360 = 277.6428
= . "
76
POINT OF REFLECTION
(From Aleosan, Cotabato to Kabacan, Cotabato)
PATH PROFILE
77
PATH PROFILE
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 103
Obstructions Ground Elevation Earth Buldge X x-fresnel x+fresnel

78

6.09 4.81
= [7.19x103 + 2 + ] (F 2 )(103 )(D)
F + 0.227 (F 57)2 + 1.5
6.09 4.81
= [7.19x103 + + ] (12.898)(103 )(28.1266)
(12.898) + 0.227 (12.898 57)2 + 1.5
2
= .
3 9
= [0.067 + +
(12.898 22.3) + 7.3 (12.898 183.3)2 + 6
2
4.3
+ ] (12.8982 )(12 x 104 ) (28.1266)
(12.898 323.8)2 + 10
= .
RAINFALL LOSS
K2 = 0.0168 a1 = 1.154
K1 = 0.0335 a2 = 1.217
log(1 ) log(F )
=
log(F1 ) log(F2 )
log(12) log(12.898)
= log(12)log(15)
= .
=
1700+2250
2
= 1975

1
365
1
24
= .
D 28.1266
= = = .
28.1266
1 + 1 +
35 0.015xR 35 0.015x .
79
= log 1 [log(k1 ) (M)((log(k1 ) log(k 2 )]

= log 1 [log(0.0335) 0.5025779647] x [log(0.0335) log(0.0168)]
= .
= 1 (1 2)
= 1.154 0.32340442(1.154 1.217)
= .
= ()()( )
= (15.5710489)(0.02679840914)(0.2254566211.174374478 )
= .

AL = A0 + + AR
2
AL = 0.04621894396 + 0.5687456864+ 0.07255720965
= .
MISCELLANEOUS LOSS
= +
= 0.68752184 + 0.02
= .
FREESPACE PATH LOSS

FSLdB = 92.44 + 20 log F + 20 log D
FSLdB = 92.44 + 20 log 12.898 + 20 log 28.1266
FSLdB = 143.6328 dB
80
COUPLING LOSS
=
=
FIXED LOSS
= 2 () + () + 2 () + /
= 2 (0.7) + (0.25) + 3 + 3
= .
TOTAL LOSSES
= + + +
= 0.70752184 + 143.6328 dB + 7.65
= .
TOTAL GAIN
= 17.8 + 20 log + 20 log
= 17.8 + 20 log(12.898) + 20 log(1.2)
= .
= ( )(2)
= (41.5941)(2)
= .
NET PATH LOSS

= | |
81
= |83.1882 151.9903218|
= .
=
= 23 68.80212184
= .
FADE MARGIN
=
= (45.80212184) (92 )
= .

( )
= ()()(1.5 )(3 )(1.25106 ) [10 10 ]
.
( )
= (0.25)(0.125)(12.8981.5 )(17.47713 )(1.25106 ) [10 10 ]
= .
RELIABILITY
= 100%(1 )
= 100%(1 . )
= . %
82
HOP 3
83
ANTENNA COMPUTATION
ANTENNA HEIGHT
12.765+13.031
Fc = = .
2
1 = 28 d2 = 0.5km
eo = 300m
d1 d2 0.528
eb= 4 = 4 = .
12.75 12.75
3 3
, = + + = 0.8235294118 + 300 + 15 = .
d d (0.5 28)
f1= 17.3 F1 D2 = 17.3(12.898 26.4968)= 3.501484602m
c
H = 0.6 x 4.719632471= 2.100890761m
28(320+a1 )(24+a1 )
2.100890761= [ ] 315.8235294+ (24 + a1)
26.4968
a1 = a2 = 21.4582m=22m
NOTE: 22 meters height of antenna
ANTENNA ORIENTATION
HOP 3 (Repeater 2 to Site B )
Repeater 2:
Latitude : 7 7 9
Site B:
Longitude : 125 6
Latitude : 7 1 38.9
C = |Longitude1 Longitude2|
C = 124 51 36- 125 6 00.6
C = 0 44 24.6
84
Latitude2 Latitude1
YX C sin ( )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ 2 ]
2 2 cos (Latitude2 + Latitude1)
2
7 1 38.9 7 7 9
YX 0 44 24.6 sin ( )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ 2 ]
2 2 7 1 38.9 + 7 7 9
cos ( )
2
YX
tan ( ) = (447.4641311)(8.063214961x10 4)
2
YX
tan ( ) = 0.3849895925
2
YX
= 0.6479=213 27"
2
Latitude2 Latitude1
Y+X C cos ( 2 )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ ]
sin ( )
2
7 1 38.9 7 7 9
Y+X 0 44 24.6 cos ( )
tan ( ) = [cot ( )] [ 2 ]
2 2 7 1 38.9 + 7 7 9
sin ( )
2
Y+X
tan ( ) = (154.816436)(8.0264168395)
2
Y+X
tan ( ) = 1248.46581
2
Y+X
= 89.95410706 = 89 57 14.79
2
Y+X YX
X=( )( )
2 2
X = 89.95410706 0.6479 = 89.3062

X = 8918 22.35
Y+X YX
Y=( )+( )
2 2
Y = 89.98503878 + 0.6479 = 90.6329

Y = 9037 58.58
85
@ Site B:
N(90 x)E
S(90 x)W
90 x = 90 (8918 22.35)
= 041 37.65
N(041 37.65)W
S(041 37.65)E
@ Repeater 2:
N(Y 90)E
S(Y 90)W
Y 90 = 9037 58.58 90
= 037 58.58
N(037 58.58)W
S(037 58.58)E
ANTENNA PANNING
h2 h1
= = tan1 ( )
D
h1 = 46m
h2 = 342m
D = 26.4968 km
342 46
= = tan1 ( ) = 0.595117376
26.4968x 1000
= = 0 35 42.42
86

1 = 2 = 22
1 = 24
2 = 320
h1 = 1 + 1
h1 = 22 + 24 ; h1 = 46m = 150.9186ft
h2 = 2 + 2
h2 = 22 + 320 ; h2 = 342m = 1122.0472ft
= 26.4968 = 16.4643
h1 150.9186ft
= = 2 = 0.5567
2 (16.4643) 2
h2 1122.0472ft
= = = 4.1393
2 (16.4643)2 2
1 1
= = 4.1393
= 0.2683269154
Y
1+ 1+
0.5567
X
POINT OF REFLECTION
dR1 = D = (0.2683269154)(26.4968)
dR1 = 7.1098km
dR2 = D dR1 = 26.4968 7.1098
dR2 = 19.387km
87
ANGLE OF REFLECTION
h1 = 46m dR1 = 7.1098km eo = 300m

h2 = 342m dR2 = 19.387km eb = 0.823529412m
h1 e0 eb
A = tan1 ( )
dR1
46 300 0.823529412
= tan1 ( )
7.1098
A = 88.4018 + 360 = 271.5982
A = . "
h2 e0 eb
B = tan1 ( )
dR2
342 300 0.823529412

= tan1 ( )
19.387
B = 64.7877
= . "
88
POINT OF REFLECTION
(From Kabacan, Cotabato to Kidapawan City, Cotabato)
PATH PROFILE
89
PATH PROFILE
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
103 105 107 109 111 113 115 117 119 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 143 145 147 149 151 153 155 157 159
obstruction height Ground Elavation Earth Buldge x x-fresnel x+fresnel

90

6.09 4.81
= [7.19x103 + 2 + ] (F 2 )(103 )(D)
F + 0.227 (F 57)2 + 1.5
6.09 4.81
= [7.19x103 + + ] (12.898)(103 )(26.4968)
(12.898) + 0.227 (12.898 57)2 + 1.5
2
= .
3 9
= [0.067 + +
(12.898 22.3) + 7.3 (12.898 183.3)2 + 6
2
4.3
+ ] (12.8982 )(12 x 104 ) (26.4968)
(12.898 323.8)2 + 10
= .
RAINFALL LOSS
K2 = 0.0168 a1 = 1.154
K1 = 0.0335 a2 = 1.217
log(1 ) log(F )
=
log(F1 ) log(F2 )
log(12) log(12.898)
= log(12)log(15)
= .
=
1700+2250
2
= 1975

1
365
1
24
= .
D 26.4968
= = = .
26.4968
1 + 1 +
35 0.015xR 35 0.015x .
91
= log 1 [log(k1 ) (M)((log(k1 ) log(k 2 )]

= log 1 [log(0.0335) 0.5025779647] x [log(0.0335) log(0.0168)]
= .
= 1 (1 2)
= 1.154 0.32340442(1.154 1.217)
= .
= ()()( )
= (15.05828547)(0.02679840914)(0.2254566211.174374478 )
= .

AL = A0 + + AR
2
AL = . + . + .
= .
MISCELLANEOUS LOSS
= +
= 0.7502196438 + 0.02
= .
FREESPACE PATH LOSS

FSLdB = 92.44 + 20 log F + 20 log D
FSLdB = 92.44 + 20 log 12.898 + 20 log 26.4968
FSLdB = 143.114316 dB
92
COUPLING LOSS
=
=
FIXED LOSS
= 2 () + () + 2 () + /
= 2 (0.7) + (0.25) + 3 + 3
= .
TOTAL LOSSES
= + + +
= 0.7702196438 + 143.114316 dB + 7.65
= .
TOTAL GAIN
= 17.8 + 20 log + 20 log

= 17.8 + 20 log(12.898) + 20 log(1.2)
= .
= ( )(2)
= (41.5941)(2)
= .
NET PATH LOSS

= | |
= |83.1882 151.5345356|
93
= .
=
= 23 68.34633564
= .
FADE MARGIN
=
= (45.34633564) (92 )
= .

( )
= ()()(1.5 )(3 )(1.25106 ) [10 10 ]
.
( )
= (0.25)(0.125)(12.8981.5 )(16.46433 )(1.25106 ) [10 10 ]
= .
RELIABILITY
= 100%(1 )
= 100%(1 . )
= . %
94
MICROWAVE DATA PATH CALCULATION

(PIGCAWAYAN, COTABATO TO ALEOSAN, COTABATO)
HOP1 SITE A REPEATER 1

SITE Pigcawayan, Aleosan, Cotabato
Cotabato
LATITUDE 7 1654. 6 7 12 18
LONGITUDE 124 25 11.2 124 37 12
SITE ELEVATION (m) 13 140
TOWER HEIGHT (m) 21.2 21.2
TOWER TYPE Self-Supported Self-Supported
CENTER FREQUENCY (GHz) 12.898
PATH LENGTH (km) 23.5
FREE SPACE LOSS (dB) 142.1234
COUPLING LOSS (dB) 3
RADOME LOSS (dB) 0.7
TOTAL FIXED LOSS (dB) 7.65
TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 150.3389563
ANTENNA HEIGHT (m) 20
ANTENNA DIAMETER (m) 1.2
ANTENNA GAIN (dB) 41.5941
TOTAL GAIN (dB) 83.1882
NET PATH LOSS (dB) 67.15
TRANSMITTER POWER (dBm) 23
PRACTICAL THRESHOLD (dBm) -92
FADE MARGIN 47.8492
RELIABILITY (w/o diversity) 99.99999059%
95

(ALEOSAN, COTABATO TO KABACAN, COTABATO)
HOP2 REPEATER 1 REPEATER 2

SITE Aleosan, Cotabato Kabacan, Cotabato
LATITUDE 7 12 18 7 7 9
LONGITUDE 124 37 12 124 51 36
PATH LENGTH (km) 28
COUPLING LOSS LOSS (dB) 3
FADE MARGIN 46.19787816
96

(ALEOSAN, COTABATO TO KABACAN, COTABATO)
HOP3 REPEATER 2 SITE B

SITE Kabacan, Cotabato Kidapawan City,
Cotabato
LATITUDE 7 7 9 7 1 38.9
LONGITUDE 124 51 36 125 6
PATH LENGTH (km) 28.5
WAVEGUIDE LOSS (dB/m) 0.1154
CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 0.01
FADE MARGIN 46.65366436
97
OVERALL RELIABILITY
= 1 2 3
= (0.9999999059)(0.9999997682)(0.9999999514)
= 0.9999996255100%
= 99.99996255%
98
SYSTEM LINK BUDGET
HOP 1
1 =
= 23
2 = 1
= 23 3 0.7
= 19.3
3 = 2 +
= 19.3 + 41.5941
= 60.8941
4 = 3
= 60.9856 142.1234 0.5655563424
= 81.7948
5 = 4 +
= 81.7948 + 41.5941
= 40.2007
6 = 5
= 40.6505 3 0.7
= 44.15 =
= 44.15 (92)
= 47.8492
99
SYSTEM LINK BUDGET
HOP 2
1 =
= 23
2 = 1
= 23 3 0.7
= 19.3
3 = 2 +
= 19.3 + 41.5941
= 60.8941
4 = 3
= 60.8941 143.6328 0.70752184
= 83.4462
5 = 4 +
= 83.4462 + 41.5941
= 41.8521
6 = 5
= 41.8521 3 0.7
= 45.55 =
= 45.55 (92)
= 46.45
100
SYSTEM LINK BUDGET
HOP 3
1 =
= 23
2 = 1
= 23 3 0.7
= 19.3
3 = 2 +
= 19.3 + 41.5941
= 60.8941
4 = 3
= 60.8941 143.1143 0.7702196438
= 82.9904
5 = 4 +
= 82.9904 + 41.5941
= 41.3963
6 = 5
= 41.3963 3 0.7
= 45.0963 =
= 45.0963 (92)
= 46.9037
101
TOWER HEIGHT
SITE A
= 1 +
= 20 + 1.2
= 21.2
REPEATER 1 and REPEATER 2
= 2 +
= 24 + 1.2
= 25.2
SITE B
= 1 +
= 22 + 1.2
= 23.2
102
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
103
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
The authors of this design think that design is feasible and can be
implemented in the proposed area. However, further studies should be made.
In this study, NTC licensing and other permits were not included. Radiation
emission clearance required by DOH was not discussed. Site was not personally
visited. Financial profit, manpower and civil works were not shown in this design.
Soil testing was not done to prove the integrity of the soil.
After carefully analyzing the design, the authors recommend that this study
be implemented. If the design needs improvement, the proponents would like to
request the next researchers who will use this as their reference to improve the
design as they see fit.

104
CHAPTER VI
SPECIFICATIONS
105
CHAPTER VII
APPENDICES
106
PATH PROFILE
HOP1
Terrain Type
Path Profile No. Path Elevation (E.O.)
0 13 Rice Paddy, Settlements
1 13 Rice Paddy
2 13 Rice Paddy
3 13 Rice Paddy
4 13 Rice Paddy
5 13 Rice Paddy
6 13 Rice Paddy
7 13 Rice Paddy
8 15 Rice Paddy
9 15 Rice Paddy
10 15 Rice Paddy
11 13 Rice Paddy
12 13 Rice Paddy
13 13 Rice Paddy
14 10 Rice Paddy
15 10 Rice Paddy
16 10 Rice Paddy
17 10 Rice Paddy
18 10 Rice Paddy
19 10 Rice Paddy
107
20 10 Plantation
21 20 Plantation
22 20 Plantation
23 23 Plantation
24 23 Plantation, Levee
25 23 Rice Paddy
26 30 Rice Paddy
27 30 Rice Paddy
28 30 Woods
29 30 Woods
30 30 Woods
31 63 Woods
32 63 Woods
33 63 Reservoir
34 50 Reservoir
35 50 Woods
36 85 Woods
37 85 Woods
38 98 Woods
39 70 Woods
40 98 Woods
41 90 Woods
42 70 Woods
43 70 Woods
44 70 Woods
108
45 70 Woods
46 120 Woods
47 140 Woods
109
PATH PROFILE
HOP2
Path Profile No. Path Elevation (E.O.) Terrain Type
47 140 Woods
48 120 Woods
49 120 Woods
50 100 Woods
51 100 Woods
52 0 Water
53 90 Woods
54 90 Woods
55 70 Woods
56 70 Woods
57 70 Woods
58 70 Woods
59 70 Woods
60 63 Woods
61 50 Woods
62 44 Woods
63 44 Woods
64 34 Woods
65 34 Woods
66 34 Woods
67 34 Woods
110
68 36 Woods
69 36 Woods
70 36 Woods
71 35 Woods
72 35 Woods
73 35 Woods
74 31 Woods
75 30 Woods
76 30 Woods
77 30 Woods
78 30 Woods
79 24 Woods
80 20 Woods
81 20 Woods, Rice Paddy
86 19 Woods, Marsh
87 19 Woods, Reservoir
88 0 Reservoir
90 20 Woods, Levee
91 20 Woods, Levee
92 20 Woods, Levee, Plantation

111
93 20 Woods, Levee
94 0 Levee
98 18 Rice Paddy, Plantation
101 24 Woods, Plantation
102 24 Woods
103 24 Woods
112
PATH PROFILE
HOP3
Path Profile No. Path Elevation (E.O.) Terrain Type
103 24 Woods
104 0 Reservoir
105 0 Reservoir
106 30 Woods
107 30 Woods
108 33 Woods
109 33 Woods
110 33 Woods
111 33 Woods
112 33 Woods
113 42 Woods
114 42 Woods
115 42 Woods
116 42 Woods
117 40 Woods
118 40 Woods
119 50 Woods
120 50 Woods
121 50 Woods
122 50 Woods
123 60 Woods
113
124 60 Woods
125 90 Woods
126 90 Woods
127 90 Woods
128 90 Woods
129 90 Woods
130 90 Woods
131 90 Woods
132 90 Woods
133 95 Woods
134 90 Woods
135 100 Woods
136 100 Woods
137 100 Woods
138 100 Woods
139 113 Woods
140 113 Woods
141 113 Woods
142 113 Woods
143 125 Woods
144 125 Woods
145 125 Woods
146 125 Woods
147 125 Woods
148 125 Woods

114
149 125 Woods
151 180 Woods
152 180 Woods
153 200 Woods
154 220 Woods
155 240 Woods
156 240 Woods
157 260 Woods
158 280 Woods

115
HOP1
VERTICAL PANNING
PATH PROFILE
0 18 28.1
0 18 28.1
116
ANTENNA ORIENTATION
S(219 37.57)E
N(218 6.69)W
117
HOP 2
VERTICAL PANNING
PATH PROFILE
0 14 10.67
0 14 10.67
118
ANTENNA ORIENTATION
S(195012.12)E
N(1948 24.39)W
119
HOP 3
VERTICAL PANNING
PATH PROFILE
0 35 42.42
0 35 42.42
120
ANTENNA ORIENTATION
S(037 58.58)E
N(041 37.65)W
121
DESIGN FREQUENCY PLAN
Channel No F F
Selected Channel 5 12765 Mhz 13031 Mhz
Site A Site B
Repeater 1 Repeater 2
12765 Mhz
13031 Mhz
13031 Mhz
12765 Mhz
12765 Mhz
13031 Mhz
122
SITE FLOOR PLAN
GENERATOR
ODU
IDU
TRANSMITTER
c
123
TOWER DESIGN
Tower Height
Hop1 Hop2 Hop3
24m
20m
22m
124
NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION COMMISSION FREQUENCY PLAN
Frequency Assignment : 12.898 Ghz
FREQUENCY BAND RF CHANNEL REMARKS

ARRANGEMENT
CH # F F ITU-R Rec 497-7
12750-13250 MHz 1 12765 13031
2 12779 13045
POINT-TO-POINT RADIO 3 12793 13059 Recommended RF

SYSTEM channel arrangements for
4 12807 13073
fixed wireless systems for
5 12821 13087 channel spacing of 14 Mhz
6 12835 13101
7 12849 13115 NOTE: 12700-12800 Mhz

and 13000-13100 Mhz are
8 12863 13129
also allocated to BC
9 12877 13143 Auxillary Service (STL)
and CARS
10 12891 13157
11 12905 13171
12 12919 13185
13 12933 13199
14 12947 13213
15 12961 13227
125
REGRESSION COEFFICIENT TABLE
FREQUENCY kh kv av ah
(GHz)
1 0.1111387 0.0000352 0.912 0.88
2 0.000154 0.000138 0.963 0.923
4 0.00065 0.000591 1.121 1.075
6 0.00175 0.00155 1.308 1.265
7 0.00301 0.00265 1.332 1.312
8 0.00454 0.00395 1.327 1.31
10 0.0101 0.00667 1S.276 1.264
12 0.188 0.0168 1.217 1.2
15 0.0367 0.0335 1.154 1.128
20 0.0751 0.0691 1.099 1.065
25 0.124 0.113 14.061 1.03
30 0.167 0.167 1.021 1
35 0.263 0.233 0.979 0.963
40 0.35 0.31 0.939 0.929

126
LINK BUDGET
Hop 1 dBm Level

80
60.8941
60
40 23 19.3
20
0
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
-20
-40.2007 -44.15
-40
-60
-81.7948
-80
-100
MICROWAVE RADIO LINK SIGNAL LEVELS RELATIVE TO SYSTEM GAIN AND

LOSSES FOR HOP 1
127
Hop2 dBm Level

80
60.8941
60
40 23 19.3
20
0
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
-20
41.8521 45.55
-40
-60
-80
83.4462
-100

LOSSES FOR HOP 2
128
Hop3 dBm Level

80
60.8941
60
40 23 19.3
20
0
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
-20
41.3963 45.0963
-40
-60
-80
82.9904
-100

LOSSES FOR HOP 3
129
Graphical Location (Map)
Hop 1
Hop 2
Hop 3
130
CHAPTER VIII
AUTHORS PROFILE
131
PERSONAL INFORMATION
NAME: CARMINA JASMIN A. BOCAR
BIRTHDAY: APRIL 23, 1996
AGE: 21
ADDRESS: BLK 61 LOT 8 CARISSA HOMES EAST 1 TERESA, RIZAL
EDUCATION
TERTIARY: UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM-MORONG
Sumulong Street, Morong, Rizal (SY 2012-Present)
SECONDARY: TOMAS CLAUDIO COLLEGES
Morong, Rizal (SY 2008-2012)
PRIMARY: PRINZA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Teresa, Rizal (SY 2002-2008)
WORKSHOP/SEMINARS/TRAININGS
September 19, 2012 Communication Technology and ECE

Board Examination Updates
IECEP-URSMSC
Ronnie O. Serfa Juan, PECE
Resource Speaker
December 14, 2012 ROBOTICS

IECEP-URSMSC
Allan R. Pangan, PECE
Resource Speaker
November 28, 2013 MATH AND CALCULATOR

TECHNIQUES
IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker
132
NAME: MARY EDLEEN P. CABOTAJE
BIRTHDAY: SEPTEMBER 10, 1996
AGE: 19
ADDRESS: 9405 A.PAZ STREET BAGUMBAYAN, PILILLA, RIZAL
EDUCATION
SECONDARY: PILILLA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Bagumbayan, Pililla, Rizal (SY 2008-2012)
PRIMARY: PILILLA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CENTRAL
Bagumbayan, Pililla, Rizal (SY 2002-2008)

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

TECHNIQUES
IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker
133
NAME: DAWN CHRISTINE O. DE DIOS
BIRTHDAY: MARCH 28, 1996
AGE: 19
ADDRESS: INT. G. TRINIDAD ST BRGY WAWA TANAY, RIZAL
EDUCATION
SECONDARY: SUNRISE DEVELOPMENT SCHOOL OF TANAY INC.
Tanay, Rizal (SY 2008-2012)
PRIMARY: LA IMMACULADA CONCEPTION SCHOOL
Pasig City (SY 2002-2008)

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

TECHNIQUES
IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker
134
NAME: JAN MARIE VEATRICE M. PACIA
BIRTHDAY: SEPTEMBER 13, 1995
AGE: 21
ADDRESS: 0750 SAPERIA STREET CALUMPANG, BINANGONAN, RIZAL
EDUCATION
SECONDARY: VICENTE MADRIGAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Binangonan, Rizal (SY 2008-2012)
PRIMARY: BINANGONAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

TECHNIQUES
IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker
135
NAME: TRIXIA MAJAL B. REOYAN
BIRTHDAY: MAY 14, 1996
AGE: 20
ADDRESS: BLK 7 LOT 1 PHASE 2B LOWER MABUHAY HOMES, PANTOK,
BINANGONAN, RIZAL
EDUCATION
SECONDARY: VICENTE MADRIGAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
PRIMARY: EARLY BIRD LEARNING ACADEMY

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

TECHNIQUES
IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker
136
NAME: MACY BLAYE L LUZONG
BIRTHDAY: FEB 26, 1996
AGE: 21
ADDRESS: BLK 44 LOT 11 PHASE 3A MABUHAY HOMES, DARANGAN,
BINANGONAN, RIZAL
EDUCATION
SECONDARY: GENESIS DE RIZAL SCHOOL
PRIMARY: GENESIS DE RIZAL SCHOOL

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker

TECHNIQUES
IECEP-URSMSC
Resource Speaker
137
NAME: RODESSA TORRES
BIRTHDAY: FEB 26, 1996
AGE: 21
ADDRESS: BLK 44 LOT 11 PHASE 3A MABUHAY HOMES, DARANGAN,
BINANGONAN, RIZAL
EDUCATION
SECONDARY: GENESIS DE RIZAL SCHOOL
PRIMARY: GENESIS DE RIZAL SCHOOL

IECEP-URSMSC
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IECEP-URSMSC
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TECHNIQUES
IECEP-URSMSC
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138
CHAPTER IX
TOPOGRAPHICAL
MAP

Microwave Design

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1

1. ABSORPTION LOSS loss of energy in one circuit caused by conversion into

28. TRANSMITTER a set of equipment used to generate and transmit

where: d1 = distance of less elevated site to obstruction, (km)

FIRST FRESNEL ZONE (f1):

where: d1 = distance of less elevated site to obstruction, (km)

FRESNEL CLEARANCE (H):

where: d1 = distance of less elevated site to obstruction, (km)

where:h1 = total height elevation at the lower site, (m)

D = great circle distance, (km)

1=2= Vertical Planning Angle

where:h1 = total height elevation at the lower site, (m)

Where: AL= Atmospheric Loss

OXYGEN ABSORPTION LOSS (AO)

Where: Ao= Oxygen Absorption Loss, (dB)

WATER VAPOR LOSS ( )

RAINFALL ATTENUATION (M)

= log 1 [log(1 ) [] [log 1 ) log( 2 )]

EFFECTIVE RAIN PATH LENGTH

RAIN LOSS (AR)

MISCELLANEOUS PATH LOSS(MPL)

FREE PATH SPACE LOSS (FSL)

TOTAL FIXED LOSS (TFL)

TOTAL LOSS (TL)

ANTENNA GAIN (AG)

TOTAL GAIN (TG)

NET PATH LOSS

RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL (RSL)

FADE MARGIN (FM)

NON-DIVERSITY ANNUAL OUTAGE

IMPROVEMENT FACTOR OF FREQUENCY DIVERSITY

OR= Over Reliability

Cotabato City is the regional center of the Autonomous Region in Muslim

is composed of the provinces of South Cotabato, (North) Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,

Carmen, Kabacan, Kidapawan, Libungan, Mlang, Magpet, Makilala, Matalam, Midsayap,

Pigcawayan, Pikit, President Roxas, and Tulunan.

The Province of Cotabato through COTELCO will intensify its electrification

Geothermal project will augment the service electricity.

Telecommunications facilities in the province are not a problem considering that

also established in several municipality/city in the province.

The development of other potential sources of energy shall be explored and

(hydro-electric plant) project located in the Municipality of Pres.Roxas is expected to

when favorable situation is attained in the project area.

hydro-electric plants. Identified for build-operate-transfer (BOT) scheme is the

MW of electricity. COTELCO is also vigorously exploring the potential of Kabacan River

in Pangoan, Magpet for their own hydro-electric power plant.

Before its creation as a separate and independent Political Unit, Pigcawayan

together with Alamada and Libungan were component barangays of

word Pighawaan which meant an abandoned place.

The second version, refers to an incident when an American School

the present name of the municipality.

MAP AND LOCATION

Region: SOCCSKARGEN (Region XII)

District: 2nd District of Cotabato

Land Area: 340.1 km

hottest are April and May.

Pigcawayan is politically subdivided into 40 barangays:

Anick (Upper Balogo) Libungan Torreta Payong-payong

Upper Baguer (Baguer) Lower Baguer Poblacion I

Balacayon Lower Pangangkal Poblacion II

Balogo Malagakit Poblacion III

Banucagon Maluao Poblacion IV

Bulucaon North Manuangan Presbitero

Buluan Matilac Renibon