CHAPTER 15

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle,

Mitosis, and Meiosis

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 Cell division

A process in which one cell divides into two cells

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 Eukaryotic Cell cycle
Cell division

G1 : S : G2 : Interphase

Prepare for M Phase

M
G2 G1
S

For most of mammalian cells:

Completion of one cell cycle

Takes 24 hours
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 S phase

DNA replication

After the replication, 2 copies stay joined to each other

Chromatid
Duplicated
Sister Chromatids
chromosome Chromatid

Centromere : Region of DNA found near the

middle of chromosome where two sister
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chromatids come closest in contact
 S phase

DNA replication

After the replication, 2 copies stay joined to each other

Chromatid
Duplicated
Sister Chromatids
chromosome Chromatid

Centromere : Region of DNA found near the

middle of chromosome where two sister
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chromatids come closest in contact
 Eukaryotic Cell cycle
Cell division

G1 : S : G2 : Interphase

Prepare for M Phase

M
G2 G1
S

For most of mammalian cells:

Completion of one cell cycle

Takes 24 hours
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 M phase

- A cell divides to produce 2 new cells genetically identical to the original

Daughter cell

Mother cell

- Involves Mitosis and cytokinesis

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 M phase
Prometaphase -miotic spindle
Prophase
Composed of Microtubues

Responsible for organizing

and sorting the chromosomes
during mitosis

Organized by centrosomes
(=MT organiaing center)
1)Condensation 1)Formation of miotic spindle
: Centrosomes are duplicated
of sister chromatids
2)Attachment of mitotic spindle to during the interphase and
the kinetochore of move to the each end of cells
2) Dissociation
of nuclear membrane sister chromatids

kinetochore

protein structure
on the centromere of
Chromosomes

Mitotic spindle attaches

To kinetochore
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 M phase

Metaphase Telophase
Anaphase
&Cytokenesis

Metaphase

1) Chromosome
1) Sister chromtids decondensation
1) Sister chromtids
aligh along the
separate, individual
metaphase plate 2) Reformation of
chromosomes move
nuclear envelope
toward to the poles
(a plane halfway
between the poles) 3) Cytokenesis
(=segregation of nuclei)

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M phase
 Proteins responsible for cell cycle progression

Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (cdks )

1) Amount of cyclines varies throught the cell cycle

2) CDK and cycline form a complex to be active

CyclinA
CyclinE CyclinB

CyclinD

G1 S G2 Mitosis
 Proteins responsible for cell cycle progression

Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (cdks )

1) Amount of cyclines varies throught the cell cycle

2) CDK and cyclin form a complex to be active

3) Different cyclin-Cdk pair is involved in each step of the cell cycle

CDK2 Mitotic
cyclin
CyclinE
CDK4
CyclinD
 Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Cell cycle consists of several events:

Need a mechanisms to ensure accuracy of each step
=> Done by cell cycle checkpoint protein

3 major checkpoints

G1 checkpoint

Restriction point
Determine if conditions are
Favorable for cell division

Check whether DNA is damaged

if there are sufficient nutrients

=> Production of G1 cyclin
 Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Cell cycle consists of several events:

Need a mechanisms to ensure accuracy of each step
=> Done by cell cycle checkpoint protein

G2 checkpoint

Check whether all of the

DNA is replicated

Check for DNA damaged

Check whether cells have enough

Proteins required for the M phase
 Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Cell cycle consists of several events:

Need a mechanisms to ensure accuracy of each step
=> Done by cell cycle checkpoint protein

M checkpoint

Check whether all chromosomes

are attached by mitotic spindle
 Cell Cycle Checkpoint proteins

Proteins that prevent a cell from progressing to the cell cycle

e.g. p16
inhibit function of
CyclinD-cdk4 complex

e.g. Chk1 :inhibit function of

G2 Cyclin-cdk complex
e.g. securin

Inhibit separation of sisterchromatid

=>inhibit progression of metaphase
Cell Cycle Checkpoint proteins
 Meiosis

Sexual reproduction requires a fertilization event in which two haploid gametes

unite to create a diploid cell called a zygote

Meiosis is the process by which haploid cells are produced from a cell that was
originally diploid

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Meiosis

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 Basic concepts in eukaryotic chromosomes
Eukaryotic chromosomes occur in sets

Each set is composed of different types of chromosomes

e.g., human has 23 different types of chromosomes

1) Autosomes
- There is an equal no of the
copies both in males and
females

- Numbered by size
: the largest one -No 1
2) Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine
sex of the individual

e.g. females :2 copies of X chr

Male 1 copy of X and 1 copy of Y

 Basic concepts in eukaryotic chromosomes
Eukaryotic chromosomes occur in sets

Each set is composed of different types of chromosomes

e.g., human has 23 different types of chromosomes

Most eukaryotic cells contain two sets of chromosomes

: One set inherited from mother, the other from farther)

=> human cells have 46 chromosomes

Diploid cells: Cells that carry two sets of chromosomes

- Diploid cells are referred to as 2n (number of chromosomes in a set)

e.g. Human 2n= 46, total 46 chromosomes, each set contains 23 chr

- Most human cells are diploid excepts gametes including sperms and egg
(Only contain 23 chr => haploid)
 Meiosis

Production of haploid cells from a diploid cell

2n => n

Use in the production of gametes (sperms and eggs)

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 Basic concepts in eukaryotic chromosomes
Eukaryotic chromosomes occur in sets

Each set is composed of different types of chromosomes

e.g., human has 23 different types of chromosomes

Homologous Chromosomes
-nearly identical in size
-contain a very similar
Composition of genetic material

2) Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine
sex of the individual

e.g. females :2 copies of X chr

Male 1 copy of X and 1 copy of Y

 Meiosis
Interphase
DNA replication
and chromosome
condensation

Meiosis I

Separation of
homologous
chromosomes

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 Meiosis
Interphase
DNA replication
and chromosome
condensation

Meiosis I

1 diploid cell

Separation of
homologous
chromosomes

Meiosis II Separation of
Sister chromatids

4 haploid cells

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 Meiosis
Interphase
DNA replication
and chromosome
condensation

Meiosis I

1 diploid cell

Separation of
homologous
chromosomes

Meiosis II Separation of
Sister chromatids

4 haploid cells

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 Meiosis

-Key differences between mitosis and meiosis

1) In Mitosis: one diploid cell => two diploid cells

In Meiosis : one diploid cell => Four haploid cells

 Meiosis
-Key differences between mitosis and meiosis

1) In Mitosis: one diploid cell => two diploid cells

In Meiosis : one diploid cell => Four haploid cells

2) Two events that mostly happen in meiosis but not in mitosis

During meiosis 1

- Homologous pairs form a bivalent or tetrad by a process called synapsis

- Cross over

Chiasma

During
meiosis 1

Homologous They associate Form Crossing Over

Chr condense With each other a bivalent (physical
exchange of chr segments)
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 Meiosis
Meiosis I
Prophase I Prometaphase I Metaphase I

1) Homologous chrs 1) Complete dissociation 1) Bivalents randomly

associate with each other of nuclear envelop align along the metaphase
to form bivalens plane
2) Bivalents are attached
2) Crossing over happens to microtubules

3) Nuclear envelop starts to

dissociate
 Meiosis
Meiosis I
Anaphase Telophase I and cytokenesis

1) Separation of homologous
chro toward opposite 1) Nuclear env reforms
poles
2) Two daughter cells form
 Meiosis
Meiosis II

There is no DNA replication after Meiosis I

Prophase II Prometaphase II Metaphase II

Nuclear envelop starts to 1) Complete dissociation Sisterchomatids align

dissociate of nuclear envelop along the metaphase
plane
2) Sisterchromatids attach to
the spindle
 Meiosis
Meiosis II
Anaphase II Telophase II and cytokenesis

1) Separation of sisterchromatids 1) Chro decondensation

toward opposite poles
2) Nuclear env reforms

3) Two daughter cells form from each cell

(total 4 cells)
Meiosis

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Meiosis Vs Mitosis

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 Variation in Chromosomes
Chromosomes can undergo mutations

Simple
translocation
Deletions
One segment
Segment becomes
missing
Attached to another
chr

Duplication
Particular Reciprocal
section translocation
occurs 2
or more
Exahange pieces of 2
Diff chromosomes
Inversion
mutations in Chromosomes can cause
Change in direction Human diseases including cancer
along a single chr
e.g., Duplication of oncogenes
Deletion of tumor suppressor genes
Bcr-Abl be translocation in leukemia
 Variation in Chromosomes

Changes in the number of chromosomes

Aneuploidy

- Alteration in the number of particular chr

- Cause of aneuploidy
: Nondisjunction in Meiosis

N=2