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Advanced Technologies
Edited by Kankesu Jayanthakumaran

ISBN 978-953-307-009-4
Hard cover, 698 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, October, 2009
Published in print edition October, 2009

This book, edited by the Intech committee, combines several hotly debated topics in science, engineering,
medicine, information technology, environment, economics and management, and provides a scholarly
contribution to its further development. In view of the topical importance of, and the great emphasis placed by
the emerging needs of the changing world, it was decided to have this special book publication comprise thirty
six chapters which focus on multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary topics. The inter-disciplinary works were
limited in their capacity so a more coherent and constructive alternative was needed. Our expectation is that
this book will help fill this gap because it has crossed the disciplinary divide to incorporate contributions from
scientists and other specialists. The Intech committee hopes that its book chapters, journal articles, and other
activities will help increase knowledge across disciplines and around the world. To that end the committee
invites readers to contribute ideas on how best this objective could be accomplished.

How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:

Nguyen Van Tuong and Premysl Pokorny (2009). A Case Study of Modelling Concave Globoidal Cam,
Advanced Technologies, Kankesu Jayanthakumaran (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-009-4, InTech, Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/advanced-technologies/a-case-study-of-modelling-concave-globoidal-cam

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