DCS-Storage Training Material v1.2

[Storage]
Version 1.2
1
Course Outline
Introduction to Network Storage D-Link NAS (Network Attached
RAID Technologies Storage)
Storage Essentials D-Link Products for Network
Basic Terminologies and Concepts Attached Storage
Hard Drive Interface Technologies Market Analysis for D-Link NAS
Products
SAN Technologies
Fiber Channel Technology NAS Product Features Overview
iSCSI Technology Managing the Device
D-Link SAN (Storage Area Network) User and Group Management
D-Link Products for Storage Area Appliance Servers
Network Network Features
Market Analysis for D-Link SAM USB Port Applications
Products
Applications and Solutions for
D-Link SAN Implementation
Network Storage
SAN Product Features Overview
NAS Applications
Volume Management
SAN Applications
Device Management
iSCSI Features
Volume and RAID Support
2
DCS Storage
Introduction to
Network Storage
3
Introduction to Network Storage
After this section, you should gain more knowledge of the following:
1. Types of current storage solutions for computerized devices
2. Characteristics of DAS and the challenges of using it
3. Characteristics of NAS and the benefits/advantages that it offers
4. Characteristics of SAN and the benefits/advantages that it offers
5. Differences among each storage solution
4
Storage Evolutions
Evolutions of Storage Technology

1963 1982
1940 1951 1956 1962 1970 1978 1981 1984

1940s Data was mostly stored on punched card and punched paper tape.
1951 First computer to use magnetic tape for storage.
1956 IBM introduced the first commercial hard disk drive known as RAMAC
(Random Access Method of Accounting and Control).
1962 The laser diode was invented by IBM which became the fundamental
technology for read-write optical storage devices.
1963 IBM introduced the first storage unit with removable disks. This became
an end for punched-cards era.
1970 Portable storage was born with the invention of the floppy disk.
1978 The first patent for RAID technology was filed.
1981 The Intelligent interface for disk drive SASI was developed by Shugart
Associates and NCR Corporation. This interface is the predecessor to SCSI
interface.
1982 SCSI interface was born and developed based on its predecessor, SASI.
1984 Compaq and Western Digital Co. produced ST506 controller that was able
to be mounted on the hard disk drive and connected to the PC using a 40-pin
cable.
Page is Animated 5
Storage Evolutions
Evolutions of Storage Technology (contd)

1986 2001
1985 1994 1996 1998 2000 2003

1985 First IDE drive was built by integrating ST506 controller in the hard disk
drive.
1986 SCI specification was defined in a ANSI standard X3.131-1986.
1994 SCSI-2 became an ANSI standard X3.131-1994 and the IDE standard was
approved by the ANSI under the name ANSI X3.221-1994.
1996 The ATA-2 interface that complied with the ANSI X3.279-1996 standard
was the AT Attachment Interface with Extensions, and the ATA-2 interface that
complied with the ANSI X3.279-1996 standard was the AT Attachment Interface
with Extensions.
1998 The ATA/ATAPI-4 interface that complied with the ANSO NCITS 317-1998
was the AT Attachment Interface with Packet Interface Extension.
2000 The ATA/ATAPI-5 interface that complied with the ANSI NCITS 340-2000
was the AT Attachment Interface with Packet Interface-5.
2000 The Serial ATA 1.0 Working Group was established to specify Serial ATA
for desktop applications.
2001 Serial ATA 1.0 was released in August of 2001 (with subsequent revisions
1.0a and 1.1) which provided significant improvement over parallel ATA.
2003 Hitachi bought IBM Data Storage Division.
Page is Animated 6
Storage Solutions
Types of Storage Solution

Internal Storage External Storage
Memory (DDR) Direct Attached Storage (DAS)
IDE ATA Hard Disk / Optical Network Storage
Compact Disk Network Attached Storage (NAS)
SCSI Hard Disk Storage Area Network (SAN)
SATA Hard Disk USB Storage Enclosure
Firewire 1394 Storage Enclosure
Slim Disk Memory
7
Storage can be differentiated into two major types:
Internal Storage
Internal storage refers to storage media built inside a client device and is attached
directly to the backplane of the client device (Computer, notebook/ laptop, etc).
Examples for internal storage media are Internal Hard Disks (IDE/PATA, SATA, SCSI),
and DDR Memory.
Internal hard disks, such as IDE/PATA, SATA, and SCSI HDD, is often considered as a
very basic example of Direct Attached Storage (DAS) where the storage media is
directly attached to the client device. However, a most of the time the idea of internal
storage is that of a storage media built inside a client device, while most DAS refer to
an external storage enclosure directly attached to the client side.
If based on how a storage media is connected (Directly/ indirectly attached), the
internal hard disks are a type of DAS. But if based on location of the storage media,
the hard disk will still be a type of internal storage.
External Storage
External storage refers to storage media put outside the client device and usually is
an independent (external) storage enclosure.
When based on how the storage enclosure is connected to the client side, External
Storage can be separated into more categories, which may include:
Direct Attached Storage (DAS)
Network Storage
USB Storage Enclosure (Portable Hard Disk, USB Flash Disk/ Thumb Drive)
Firewire 1394 Storage Enclosure
Slim Disk Memory
Note:
The DAS that we are referring to in this material is more to an independent external
storage enclosure and may not be suitable for internal storage hard disk explanation.
7
Storage Solutions
Direct Attached Storage (DAS)

A storage system directly attached Oracle
to a client (commonly to a Database
computer or server), without a Server Host Bus Adapter
storage network in between.
Common example of DAS would be DAS #1
Local
a storage enclosure externally Area File Server
attached to a server, where clients Network
in the network must access the
DAS #2
server in order to connect to the
storage device.
Active Directory Server
Client
DAS #3
Network Application Server
DAS #4
DAS is the most basic level of storage solution in which storage devices
are part of the computer, as with drives; or directly attached to a single
server, as with RAID arrays, or tape libraries. Clients in the network must
therefore access the server in order to connect to the storage device.
DAS is ideal for localized file sharing in small environments with a single
server or few servers, such as small businesses or departments; or
workgroups that do not need to share the data resources across the
entire (enterprise) network.
8
Storage Solutions
Challenges of DAS
Difficulty managing servers and storage with slow backup causing
heavy LAN congestion
Limited number of drives supported
Limitation on storage size
Inability to share storage across multiple servers
Time-consuming and complex backup and management
Need for storage down time (off-line) when installing additional
drives
Direct Attached storage is generally how most SMBs start out, since
servers have drives built in. As the need for increased storage arises,
additional hard drives will often be installed directly into the servers. There
are a number of problems with this approach, the largest of which is that
the server generally has to be taken off-line while the new drives are
being installed. In addition, there is a limit to the number of drives that
can be supported by a given server. While Direct Attached Storage arrays
and servers with RAID support are available, they are more expensive
than standard servers, and still have limitations on overall storage
size, ability to share storage across multiple servers, and are time-
consuming to manage and backup.
With Direct Attached Storage, managing backup is quite difficult.

Storage devices are distributed throughout the company, often built into
servers and workstations/PCs with different operating systems and usage
requirements, making it nearly impossible to create a reliable, automated
backup solution. Another major disadvantage of Direct Attached Storage is
the difficulty in utilizing the storage efficiently across multiple servers and
users. Drives added to one server are generally not easily available to
other servers, so as a companys storage needs grow, management gets
increasingly complicated. If a user whose account is on Server1 needs
additional storage space, they may not be able to be assigned unused
space on Server2 without moving their account. This problem is solved
with storage virtualization provided by a network storage.
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Storage Solutions
Solution for DAS

Simplify storage management by separating the data from application
server.
DAS Network Storage
10
Storage Solutions
Why Do We Need Network Storage?

Volume of data keeps growing exponentially
Redundancy and backup necessity
Data availability and accessibility
Storage consolidation for centralized management*
Increase reliability and better performance (speed)
Storage virtualization*
Overall cost reduction
Data Protection
* Unique characteristics possessed by SAN only.
11
Advantages of network storage as compared to DAS are as the following:

Effective utilization of storage resources through centralized access
Simplified, centralized management of storage which reduces
administrative workload
Increased flexibility and scalability
Improved throughput performance to shorten data backup and recovery
time
Non-disruptive business operations when you add or redeploy storage
resources
Higher data availability for business continuance through a resilient
network design
11
Storage Solutions
Network Attached Storage (NAS) Overview

NAS is a file-level computer data storage device connected to a computer
network providing data access to heterogeneous network clients.
A NAS unit is essentially a self-contained computer connected to a network,
with the sole purpose of supplying file-based data storage services to other
devices on the network.
NAS are usually accessed by workstations and servers through a network
protocol such as TCP/IP and applications such as Network File System
(NFS) or Common Internet File System (CIFS) / Server Message
Block (SMB) for file access.
File Server Public Local Area Network
Application Server
NAS
Client
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NAS is a dedicated storage server based on client-server design, just like a file
server with storage internally attached to it. NAS can be analogous to a computer
but without a monitor, keyboard or mouse. It has its own embedded operating
system. One or more drives can be attached to NAS systems to increase its total
capacity, but clients will always connect to the NAS box/head, rather than to the
individual disk.
NAS provides file-sharing to clients and servers in a mix/heterogeneous
environment. With DAS, each server is running its own operating platform, so
there is no common storage in an environment that may include a mix of
Windows, Mac and Linux workstations. NAS systems can integrate into any
environment and serve files across all operating platforms.
Unlike SAN which connect to a Fiber Channel network, NAS enclosures connect to
a TCP/IP network which also include servers and workstation clients. NAS
solutions are typically configured as file-serving appliances accessed by
workstations and servers through a network protocol such as TCP/IP and
applications such as Network File System (NFS) or Common Internet File System
(CIFS) for file access.
NAS storage scalability is often limited by the size of the self-contained NAS
appliance enclosure. Adding another appliance is relatively easy, but sharing the
combined contents is not. Because of these constraints, data backups in NAS
environments typically are not centralized, and therefore are limited to direct
attached devices (such as dedicated tape drives or libraries) or a network-based
strategy where the appliance data is backed up to facilities over a corporate or
dedicated LAN. Increasingly, NAS appliances are using SANs to solve problems
associated with storage expansion, as well as data backup and recovery.
NAS does work well for organizations needing to deliver file data to multiple
clients over a network. Because most NAS requests are for smaller amounts of
data, data can be transferred over long distances efficiently.
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Storage Solutions
Storage Area Network (SAN) Overview

A high performance storage network that transfers block-level data between
servers and storage devices, separate from the local area network (LAN) traffic.
In a SAN environment, storage devices, such as DAS, RAID arrays, or tape
libraries are connected to servers using fiber channel or iSCSI.
Characteristics of SAN:
Virtualization
Storage Consolidation
Scalable
Block data transfer uses encapsulated SCSI
File Server High performance

private storage network
Public
SAN
Local Area Network
Application Server
Client
13
SAN is a high performance storage network which transfers block-level

data between servers and storage devices, separate from the public
local area network traffic.
In a SAN environment, storage devices, such as DAS, RAID Arrays, or tape
libraries are connected to servers using fiber channel or iSCSI methods.
The unique characteristic of SAN is that it moves large blocks of data
rather than on the file level (i.e. on as file basis).
Characteristics of SAN:
Virtualization refers to the process of grouping together independent
storage devices found across a network to create what seems (to the user)
to be a single large storage entity that can be centrally managed.
Storage Consolidation Businesses that seek to move beyond Direct
Attached Storage (DAS) and are looking for the benefits offered by SAN
will appreciate the xStack Storage solution and its ability to support
multiple servers and efficiently pool storage. IP interfaces can be tied
together using existing fast Ethernet equipment. This reduces costs related
to equipment and staff in comparison with direct-attached storage.
Companies can also better utilize storage capacity by pooling more servers
together in the storage network.
Scalable Additional storage enclosures can be added to the SAN to
increase the overall storage capacity.
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Storage Solutions
Differences of NAS and SAN

Network Attached Storage (NAS) Storage Area Network (SAN)
Clients sees the NAS box as an Client sees the SAN as a part of a server
independent device (as a file server), thus (the SAN is connected behind the server in
the architecture is client-server based its own network), thus client should
where client requests are sent directly send the request to server connected to
to the NAS. the SAN.
Clients connect to a NAS and share files Clients connected to the SAN through the
through the use of NFS, CIFS/SMB, or use of iSCSI or Fiber Channel,
HTTP protocol. depending on which is supported by the
SAN.
File-based data transfer (data is Block-level data transfer along long
identified by file name and other distances (data is addressed by disk block
parameters, such as the file meta-data number and without file system
(files owner, permissions, etc) formatting).
Backups and mirrors are done on files, not Backups and mirrors require a block by
blocks, which provides savings in block copy, even if blocks are empty. A
bandwidth and time. mirror machine must be equal to or
greater in capacity than the source
volume.
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Storage Solutions
Comparison for each of the Storage Solutions

DAS Enclosure NAS Enclosure SAN Enclosure
Directly connected to a client Connected to servers and Connected to servers over
workstations via a pubic the private storage
network network
Slower data access Fast data access (depends Fastest data access
compared to network on the LAN speed) (depends on which protocol
storage is used)
Direct data transfer File level data transfer Block level data transfer
Data transfer using SCSI Data transfer using NFS / Fiber Channel or iSCSI is
protocol CIFS / SMB protocol used for data transfer
protocol
High performance
File private storage
Server network
Public LAN
SAN
Appliance
Client Application
Server
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Summary
Summary: Introduction to Network Storage

Clients can choose from three types of storage systems to keep
their data on: Direct Attached Storage (DAS), Network Attached
Storage (NAS), and Storage Area Network (SAN).
Direct Attached Storage (DAS) is the most commonly used data
storage solution for end user level client devices (computers,
servers). It attaches the storage enclosure directly to the client
device.
Network Attached Storage (NAS) is mainly targeted for home and
SMB users, and offers the benefits of network storage with ease of
sharing files and centralized data storage over the IP network.
Storage Area Network (SAN) is mainly targeted for Server Farms or
Special Applications, e.g. IP Surveillance, and offers high
performance network storage solutions for data transfers over
enterprise network, with benefits include virtualization, storage
consolidation, etc.
D-Link supports data transfer over the iSCSI protocol for SAN
devices.
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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers:

1. What is the characteristic of Direct Attached Storage?
A. Storage is connected to the server without being separated with TCP/IP
network
B. Storage consolidation capability
C. Data transfer using Network File System (NFS) protocol
D. Link multiple storage repositories to multiple clients and servers
2. What is the characteristic of D-Link Network Attached Storage?

A. Provide slow data access
B. Block data transfer along long distance is possible
C. Data transfer using CIFS/SMB protocol
D. Support server virtualization
3. What are the characteristics of D-Link Storage Area Network? (Choose

Two)
A. File-level data transfer along long distance
B. Storage is connected directly to the server using iSCSI protocol
C. Block data transfer
D. Support storage virtualization and consolidation
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1. A
2. C
3. C, D
17
DCS Storage
RAID Technologies
18
RAID Technologies
RAID Technologies
1. RAID mechanisms overview
2. RAID types supported by D-Link network storage appliances
3. Characteristics of each RAID type supported by D-Link as well as
the advantages and disadvantages for each (RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID
5, RAID 10, and JBOD)
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RAID Technologies
Introduction to RAID
RAID Technology Overview

Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID) is a data storage mechanism
for dividing and/or replicating data over multiple hard drives, thus which
may provide better performance, reliability, and/or larger data volume sizes.
Depending on the type of RAID applied, different benefits can be achieved.
D-Link network storage supports several RAID technologies as described
below:
RAID Level Type Definition Redundant Striped
RAID 0 Striped Distributes each block of data among several No Yes
drives to improve the speed of access
RAID 1 Mirrored Two copies of all data are written to Yes No
independent disks
RAID 10 Mirrored Stripes the data among several drives and then Yes Yes
Striped mirrors the data to another set of disks
RAID 5 Parity Distributes one copy of the data among several Yes Yes
drives and adds parity blocks spread
throughout the volume to protect against the
loss of any single drive
N/A JBOD All the disks are grouped together to form one No No
large volume. The data is written to the disks
in sequential order
20
RAID Technologies
RAID 0
RAID 0 Technology Overview

Characteristics of RAID 0
RAID 0 works by striping the data (Data-striping) across the hard drives
At least two hard drives must be provided
Improved performance (high speed data transfer)
No fault-tolerance
No error-checking
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Speed enhancement and improve I/O No data redundancy or fault-tolerance
performance Failure occurring in any disk of an array
Maximum utilization of storage capacity* will result in all data in that array being
Very simple design and easy to implement lost
* Each physical disk must be of the same capacity to achieve 100% storage capacity utilization
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Characteristics of RAID 0:
Minimum 2 hard drives is needed for RAID 0.
Improved performance with high speed data transfer
The greater the number of disks provided in an array, the higher the bandwidth and
the faster data transfer rate.
I/O performance is also greatly improved by spreading the I/O load across many
channels and drives
No additional overhead, such as parity calculation, which can cause lower
performance
Storage capacity
In RAID 0, the total storage capacity is equal to the sum of the storage capacity of all
the disks in the RAID 0 array group. This means that if you have two disks in a RAID
0 array, with the size of 80GB for each disk, then the total storage capacity in the
RAID 0 array available to store data is 160GB.
Notice that RAID 0 can be created with disks of different sizes, but if the capacity for
each disk in the RAID 0 array is different, then the total storage capacity available for
that array equals to the number of available disk in the array multiplied by the
smallest sized disk in that array. For example, if a 120 GB disk is striped together
with a 100GB disk, the size of the array will be 200GB (Number of available disk *
smallest size of the disks = 2 * 100GB).
No fault-tolerance
If a failure occurs in any of the disks in an array, the entire array is destroyed which
will result in data loss. This is due to the fact that the data is distributed in equally
sized blocks to all the drives in the array, and therefore is no data redundancy or data
backup on RAID 0, unless data backup is manually configured by the administrator.
No error-checking
RAID 0 does not implement any error-checking so data error is unrecoverable.
When RAID 0 is suitable?

RAID 0 is recommended for deployment in an environment where data transfer is a
priority but downtime because of disk failure is not a big issue. An example of a
recommended application would be for video production or editing, multimedia
applications, or all applications requiring high bandwidth.
RAID 0 should NEVER be used in a mission critical environment, where fault-tolerance
becomes a very important issue.
21
RAID Technologies
RAID 0
Illustration of RAID 0
Data
1 2 3 4 5 6
Primary Disk
Disk-0 Disk-1
Network Storage
Disk 0
1 2 Disk 1
3 4
5 6
If RAID 0 is in use and one of

the disks in the array crashes,
the rest of disks in the array will
also not work. This will result is
total data loss.
Page is Animated 22
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RAID Technologies
RAID 1

Characteristics of RAID 1
RAID 1 works by mirroring the data
At least two hard drives must be provided
Fault-tolerance
Advantages and disadvantages
100% data redundancy Highest disk overhead of all RAID
types
Inefficient because only 50% of the
physical drive storages capacity is
used
23
Characteristics of RAID 1:
Minimum of two hard drives or even number of disks must be provided in
order to do data mirroring.
Fault-tolerance
RAID 1 provides fault-tolerance from disk errors and failures of any
drives in the array.

RAID 1 is recommended for environments which use applications that
require high availability and immediate access to the disk is still possible if
any disk failure occurs. Those applications are, such as, financial related
applications (accounting, payroll, taxation, etc).
23
RAID Technologies
RAID 1
If RAID 1 is in use and the primary disk

Disk-0 Disk-1
crashes, the mirrored disk will
1 1 automatically replace the primary disk.
2
3
2
3
Network Storage Primary Disk
4 4
Mirrored Disk
100% Redundancy!!!
Page is Animated 24
RAID Technologies
RAID 5

Characteristics of RAID 5 technology:
Striped set with distributed parity
Minimum three disks must be provided to implement RAID 5
Offers data protection and increases throughput
Advantages and Disadvantages

100% data protection Extra time needed to calculate the
Offer more physical drive storage parity
capacity than RAID 1 Disk failure has a medium impact on
Highest read data transaction rate throughput
Distributing the parity over all of the Difficult to rebuild volume in the
disks rather than putting all the event of a disk failure (as compared
parity on one disk to RAID level 1)
25
Striped set with distributed parity. Distributed parity requires all drives but
one to be present to operate. Drive failure requires replacement, but the array is
not destroyed by a single drive failure. Upon drive failure, any subsequent reads
can be calculated from the distributed parity such that the drive failure is masked
from the end user. The array will have data loss in the event of a second drive
failure and is vulnerable until the data that was on the failed drive is rebuilt onto
a replacement drive.
Parity is a calculated value that can be used to reconstruct data after a failure.
While data is being written to a RAID-5 volume, parity is calculated by performing
an exclusive OR (XOR) procedure on the data. The resulting parity is then written
to the volume. If a portion of a RAID-5 volume fails, the data that was on that
portion of the failed volume can be recreated from the remaining data and the
parity.

When users require acceptable tradeoffs between availability, capacity, data
protection and performance when compared to other RAID configurations, RAID 5
is the best solution that provides those advantages. RAID 5 provides acceptable
levels of data protection, disk utilization and performance for most applications.
With RAID 5, users can enjoy high productivity when doing performance-
demanding tasks and use it as a repository of precious artwork and digital assets.
Recommended application for RAID 5 deployment are, for example, File and
Application servers, Database servers, Web, E-mail, and News servers, Intranet
servers.
Mostly, the above applications require a balance of availability, capacity, data
protection and performance.
25
RAID Technologies
RAID 5
Data to be written: 101110011010
Using RAID 5, if one of the disks in the array fails,
data in the failed disk can be recovered
Data is fully recovered!!! Disk-2 fails, data cannot be accessed!!!

New Disk to replace
Disk-0 Disk-1 Disk-2 the failed disk
1 0 P=1 (1 XOR 0) 1 XOR 0 = 1

1 P=0 (1 XOR 1) 1 1 XOR 0 = 1
P=1 (1 XOR 0) 1 0 1 XOR 1 = 0
0 P=1 (0 XOR 1) 1 1 XOR 0 = 1
1 0 P=1 (1 XOR 0) 1 XOR 0 = 1
1 P=1 (1 XOR 0) 0 1 XOR 1 = 0
Rebuilt process started!
Data can be rebuilt to the new disk using XOR calculations by

P: parity recalculating the two bits retrieved from the existing drives
Page is Animated 26
Each parity volume in the RAID 5 configuration is produced from the XOR
calculation. XOR calculation compares two binary digits and calculates the
result from the comparison. The result will be as follows from any given
two bits:
1 XOR 1 = 0
1 XOR 0 = 1
0 XOR 0 = 0
0 XOR 1 = 1
In a RAID 5 implementation, bit per bit of data on one disk will be

compared to each bit of data on the next available disk. The result, which
is the parity data, will be written to the defined space in the other disk.
The way RAID 5 writes the data is in the distributed/striped manner as
illustrated above.
From the above illustration, when any drive in an array fails, data in the
failed drive can be rebuilt through the XOR calculation process.
26
RAID Technologies
RAID 10

RAID 10 provides mirroring and striping at the same time
Minimum four disks or even number of disks is required
Provides fault-tolerance and improves performance
Provide fault tolerance to prevent Expensive, many disks are required
data loss to implement this RAID technology
Provide high performance for I/O Only 50% of the physical drive
operation (read and write) storages capacity is used, if
implements mirroring mechanism
27

RAID 10: The volume is first mirrored, and then both mirrors are striped.
This provides fault tolerance and improves performance but increases
complexity. The key difference from RAID 0+1 is that RAID 10 creates a
striped set from a series of mirrored drives. In a failed disk situation, RAID
10 performs better because all the remaining disks continue to be used.
The array can sustain multiple drive losses so long as no mirror loses both
its drives.

RAID 10 is an excellent solution for sites that would have otherwise gone
with RAID 1 but need some additional performance boost.
This RAID type is highly recommended for applications that require high
performance and fault tolerance.
27
RAID Technologies
RAID 10
RAID 0 - Stripe
RAID 1 - Mirror RAID 1 - Mirror
Disk-0 Disk-1 Disk-2 Disk-3
1 1 2 2
3 3 4 4
5 5 6 6
Very high reliability combined

with high performance!!!
28
Characteristic
RAID 10 combines RAID 1 and RAID 0 together. Its implementation first
mirrors the data from one disk to another disk, then it stripes the data to
multiple disk drives in an array. RAID 10 mirrors data across half of the
disk drives in an array (which is the first set of disk drives), while on the
other half of the array, the data is then striped across the rest of the
remaining disk drives in the RAID 10 configuration.
Fault-Tolerance
By combining the features of RAID 0 and RAID 1, RAID 10 provides robust
fault tolerance. Access to data is preserved if one disk in each mirrored
pair remains available. Referring to the above diagram, for example, if
Disk-0 fails, the group will still work properly and be able to respond to
read/write requests from the client. The same condition applies if Disk-2
fails, but if Disk-1 or Disk-3 fails, the data will be lost and will be
unrecoverable because there is no backup data left.
Performance
RAID 10 performance is similar to the performance of RAID 0 while
providing disk redundancy and at higher performance if compared to RAID
1.
28
RAID Technologies
JBOD
JBOD Technology Overview

Characteristics of JBOD (Just a Bunch Of Disks):
No Data redundancy, which means no fault-tolerance
Bigger array capacity
Two or more hard disks are required to create one logical drive
Provide 100% storage capacity No data redundancy or fault-
utilization tolerance provided
29
As the name implies, disks are merely concatenated together, end to

beginning, so they appear to be a single large disk. This mode is
sometimes called JBOD, or "Just a Bunch Of Disks". Concatenation may be
thought of as the reverse of partitioning. While partitioning takes one
physical drive and creates two or more logical drives, JBOD uses two or
more physical drives to create one logical drive. As it consists of an array
of independent disks, it can be thought of as a distant relation to RAID.
Concatenation is sometimes used for turning several odd-sized drives into
one larger useful drive, which cannot be done with RAID 0. For example,
JBOD can combine 3 GB, 15 GB, 5.5 GB, and 12 GB drives into a logical
drive at 35.5 GB, which is often more useful than the individual drives
separately.
29
RAID Technologies
JBOD
Illustration of JBOD
JBOD is usually known as concatenation where the total storage capacity
equals to the sum of each separate disk.
Logically seen as one big storage

Disk-0 Disk-1
1 65
Total storage capacity () =

capacity of Disk-0 + capacity of Disk-1
67
.
64
30
Note that JBOD is different with RAID 0 and it cannot be categorized under
any RAID level. JBOD does not perform any data striping. It only enlarges
the storage capacity by combining multiple physical drives with different
storage capacity into one large virtual storage.
JBOD will write data to the first disk drive in the JBOD group until the drive
is out of space and then will continue to write the data to the next drive in
the group, and so on.
30
RAID Technologies
Summary for Each RAID Type
Summary for Each RAID Technology

Data Read Write Min. Number
RAID Level
Redundancy Performance Performance of Drives
RAID-0 No Superior Superior 2
RAID-1 Yes Very High High 2
RAID-5 Yes Superior Good 3
RAID-10 Yes Very High High 4
JBOD No Superior Superior 2
D-Link Storage Area Network allows migration between RAID levels, but
this is dependent on number of HDD drives available.
The performance of each RAID level may vary depending on the hardware
platform used.
31
RAID Technologies
Summary
Summary: RAID Technologies

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is a data storage mechanism that
provides better performance and/or data reliability.
D-Link network storage appliances support RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10, RAID 5,
RAID 6 and JBOD to offer greater performance and reliability for D-Link users.
Which types of RAID supported is dependent on the models.
RAID 0 provides the best performance with the fastest data transfer speed by
striping all the data to multiple disks.
RAID 1 provides data redundancy by mirroring/duplicating the data from one disk
to another disk.
RAID 5 offers data protection and increases throughput by creating data parity
and distributing it to all the provided disks.
RAID 6 offers data protection and increases throughput by creating data parity
and distributing it to all the provided disks. Same as RAID 5, but with 2 parity
disks.
RAID 10 combines both RAID 0 and RAID 1 at once, thus providing greater
performance while also serving data redundancy to prevent single point of failure.
Just a Bunch of Disks (JBOD) is not a type of RAID mechanism and does not
provide data redundancy. It is used for achieving greater storage capacity among
all the hard disks, which may come in different sized capacity.
32
32
RAID Technologies
Questions and Answers: RAID Technologies

1. Which RAID level does not support fault-tolerance for the stored
data?
A. RAID 0
B. RAID 1
C. RAID 10
D. RAID 5
E. JBOD
2. Which RAID technology supports the consolidation of all disks with

different sizes thus enlarging the capacity of available storage
spaces?
A. RAID 0
B. RAID 5
C. JBOD
D. RAID 10
33
1. A, E
2. C
33
DCS Storage
Storage Essentials
34
Storage Essentials
Storage Essentials
1. Basic terminologies commonly used to explain storage technology
2. Different hard drive technologies and the characteristics of each
35
Storage Essentials
Basic Terminologies and Concepts
Basic Terminologies
Block A sequence of bytes or bits in which data is stored and retrieved on disk and
tape devices.
Array A set of physical disks grouped into one or more logical drives.
Logical drive - A set of actual physical disks that are grouped together and behave as if
it were a single drive as seen by the user.
Volume A set of blocks of storage that are organized and presented for use by the
server.
Logical Unit Number (LUN) number assigned to a logical unit.
It can be used to refer to an entire physical disk, or a subset of a larger physical disk or disk
volume. The physical disk or disk volume could be an entire single disk drive, a partition (subset)
of a single disk drive, or disk volume from a RAID controller comprising multiple disk drives
aggregated together for larger capacity and redundancy. LUNs represent a logical abstraction
between the physical disk device/volume and the applications. For example if you partition a disk
drive into smaller pieces for your application or system needs (perhaps your server's operating
system has a disk drive size limit) the sub-segments would share a common SCSI target ID
address with each partition being a unique LUN.
In an iSCSI environment, LUNs are essentially numbered disk drives. An initiator negotiates with
a target to establish connectivity to a LUN; the result is an iSCSI session that emulates a SCSI
hard disk. Initiators treat iSCSI LUNs the same way as if they were a raw SCSI or IDE hard
drive. For instance, rather than mounting remote directories as will be done in NFS or CIFS
environments, iSCSI systems format and directly manage file systems on iSCSI LUNs.
In enterprise deployments, LUNs usually represent slices of large RAID disk arrays, often
allocated one per client. iSCSI imposes no rules or restrictions on multiple computers sharing
individual LUNs; shared access to a single underlying file system is instead left as a task for the
operating system.
36
Storage Essentials
Basic Terminologies and Concepts
Spare Count
Definition of Spare
Spare is an drive (drive B) which is reserved for the purpose of substituting for
another drive (drive A) in case of a failure on drive A.
Definition of Hot Spare
Hot spare is a drive which has been flagged for use if another drive in the array
fails
Definition of Spare Count
Spare count is the number of drives to be kept available in case a drive which
contains a volume (with data) fails.
When one of the active drives fails, the hot spare drive will replace the failed drive
Active Drives
Hot Spare Drive
Spare Count = 1
Page is Animated 37
Storage Essentials
Hard Drive Interface Technologies
Hard Drive Interface Technologies Overview

ATA (Advanced Technology
Attachment)
Mostly used in desktops and
notebooks
Consist of two standards:
PATA (Parallel ATA)
SATA (Serial ATA)
SCSI
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)
Fiber Channel*
* Fiber channel is now commonly used for SAN solutions, but seldom used for end user computers.
Though there are Fiber Channel hard drives available in the market, they are hardly found these days.
38
Hard disk drives are accessed over one of a number of bus types, including
parallel ATA (PATA, which also called as IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI,
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and Fiber Channel.
At this point of time, the existing hard drive interfaces are SATA, SAS,
SCSI, and Fiber Channel.
SATA (Serial ATA) is a storage interface technology which introduces
several key advantages, such as full bandwidth to each connected device,
hot plug capability, smaller connector, standardized connector placement
and layout, simpler cabling, and longer cable length. It transfer data by
sending one bit of data at a time.
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) is a data transfer technology which replaces
the parallel SCSI bus technology. Its key advantages are similar to SATA.
SCSI is a hardware interface that allows for the connection of up to 15
peripheral devices to a single PCI board called a SCSI host adapter that
plugs into the motherboard.
Fiber Channel is a technology for transmitting data between computer
devices at data rates of up to 4 Gbps, and 10 Gbps in the near future. It
can be run on both copper cables and fiber optic media. It allows
concurrent communications among workstations, mainframes, servers,
data storage systems, and other peripherals using SCSI and IP Protocols.
* Fiber channel is now commonly used for SAN solutions, but seldom used
for end user computers. Though there are Fiber Channel hard drives
available in the market, they are hardly found.
38
Storage Essentials
Why SATA?
End-User Needs
More storage in limited space Serial ATA Value Proposition
Improved price/ performance
Narrower Cabling
Investment protection
Supports lower power requirements
Lower overall system cost
Lower pin counts
System Vendor Needs Higher performance (data rates up to
300MBps)
Dense boxes
Improved connectivity (no master/
Similar components slave)
Lower power consumption Longer cabling (reach up to one meter)
Increased air flow
More motherboard space
Serial ATA offers more features and better performance than parallel ATA
Page is Animated 39
Here are a few advantages to SATA over IDE:

SATA cables are thinner and can be longer, thus effectively improving
airflow and ease of handling/neatness/flexibility in the computer.
SATA drives do NOT have jumper cables, meaning no fussing with
Master/slave/cable select settings.
SATA transfer rates are generally higher (provides faster speed)
SATA handles RAID better
MOST important: SATA drives are supposedly Hot-pluggable (or Hot-
swappable), meaning that you can plug-and-unplug them while computer
is running. Most motherboards that support SATA provide you with
external connectors (Power and Data) so, if need be, you can use a SATA
drive on different computers just like any USB or other external drives
(provided it is not the main drive that has the system installed, of course).
39
Storage Essentials
Evolution of SATA
The Serial ATA (SATA) working group will deliver incremental specification
releases over the next several years. These enhancements will enable the
technology to support a variety of possible storage configurations.
Serial ATA II, Phase 2
Second-generation speed grade for desktops
and network storage systems (Targeted 300
MB/sec)
Improvements to address additional needs in
higher-end network storage segments
Serial ATA II, Phase 1 Topology support for dual host active failover
Improved use of SATA 1.0 technology in server and Efficient connectivity to larger number of
network storage devices
Backplane interconnect solution for racks of hot-swap
drives
Complete enclosure management solution (Fan control,
drive lights, temperature control, new device notifications,
etc)
Performance improvement to address industry needs
(firmware/ software, performance enhancements,
Serial ATA 1.0 including native queuing)
Primary inside-the-
box storage
connection to replace
parallel ATA
Page is Animated 40
The Serial ATA provides some enhancements which will enable the
technology to support a variety of possible storage configurations.
40
Storage Essentials
SCSI Technology Overview

SCSI (Small Computer System
Interface) is a set of standards for
physically connecting and
transferring data between
computers/ servers and peripheral
devices.
SCSI is commonly used for hard
disks and tape drives, but can also
be connected to a wide range of
other devices, including scanners
and CD drives.
41
Characteristics of SCSI:
Every device attaches to the SCSI bus in a similar manner.
SCSI is a peripheral interface where up to 16 devices (the host adapter
counts as one device) can be attached to a single bus (several peripherals
can be daisy chained to one host adapter, using only one slot in the bus).
There can be any number of hosts and peripheral devices but there should
be at least one host.
SCSI is a buffered interface: it uses hand shake signals between devices,
SCSI-1, SCSI-2 have the option of parity error checking. Starting with
SCSI-U160 (part of SCSI-3) all commands and data is error checked by a
CRC32 checksum.
SCSI is a peer to peer interface: the SCSI protocol defines communication
from host to host, host to a peripheral device, peripheral device to a
peripheral device. However most peripheral devices are exclusively SCSI
targets, incapable of acting as SCSI initiatorsunable to initiate SCSI
transactions themselves. Therefore peripheral-to-peripheral
communications are uncommon, but possible in most SCSI applications.
41
Storage Essentials
Summary
Summary: Storage Essentials

Hot spares are standby hard disk drives which are used as a backup
to automatically replace a disk when a failure occurs. Spare count is
the number of the hard disk drives provided as backup disks.
Currently, there are many hard drive technologies being provided in
the market which evolves from time to time. The most well known
technologies are SATA, SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and Fiber
Channel.
SATA is the most commonly used technology today, especially at
the end user level, e.g. computer device.
SCSI was commonly used for hard disks and tape drives, but can
also be connected to a wide range of other devices, including
scanners and CD drives. Currently, SCSI is widely used on servers
and not on the end user client devices.
42
42
Storage Essentials
Questions and Answers: Storage Essentials

1. What is the benefit of providing a spare disk?
A. To enlarge the storage capacity when all disks have been used to store data.
B. Ensure reliability by designating the spare disk as a standby/backup disk which will be used in
case of disk failure.
C. To serve as additional disk for use when scheduled downloading is configured.
D. To serve as part of a RAID when configured, for example, to save mirrored data for RAID 1.
2. Select the hard drive type(s) which offer the key advantages of full bandwidth to each
connected device, hot plug capability, smaller connector, standardized connector
placement and layout, simpler cabling, and longer cable length. (Choose all that apply)
A. SCSI
B. SATA
C. iSCSI
D. PATA
3. What are the benefits of using SATA hard disks when compared to IDE hard disks?
(Choose all that apply)
A. Master/Slave selection
B. Smaller cable connector
C. Speed
D. Hot-pluggable
43
1. B
2. B, D
3. B, C, D
43
DCS Storage
SAN Technologies
44
SAN Technologies
SAN Technologies
1. Technologies built for Storage Area Network
2. Details about FC SAN technologies and the required components to
implement it on the network
3. Details about iSCSI technologies as well as its advantages and the
required components to implement iSCSI on SAN
45
SAN Technologies
Technologies lies behind the SAN
SAN Technologies Overview

Technologies created for building a SAN are primarily based on either Fiber
Channel or iSCSI technology.
The next few pages explain each of these technologies in greater detail.
iSCSI Initiator TCP/IP Protocol iSCSI Target
iSCSI D-Link SAN
Technology
Ethernet Switch
Private
Local Network
D-Link SAN
SAN
Copper / Optical cabling for iSCSI connection
46
46
SAN Technologies
Fiber Channel Technology
Fiber Channel Technology Overview

Fiber Channel (FC) is a channel/network standard defined by the
Technical Committee T11, which is the committee within INCITS
(InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards)
responsible for Fiber Channel Interfaces
FC network contains network features that provide the required
connectivity, distance, and protocol multiplexing.
Advantages of Fiber Channel*:
Solutions leadership
Reliable
Fast data transfer providing gigabit bandwidth up to 4Gbps
Multiple topologies
Scalable
Congestion free
High Efficiency
Full suite of services
* The information is taken from Fiber Channel Industry Association

(http://www/fibrechannel.org)
47
Fiber Channel is a powerful, open ANSI standard, has a well-proven track record of
economically meeting the challenge with these advantages, to name only a few:
Solutions Leadership - Fiber Channel provides versatile connectivity with scalable
performance with the strength of a mature, full market of suppliers With over 100
companies, including all of the top 20 server and storage suppliers, product choices
ranging in the 1000s, more than 80 million ports installed to date with an overall market
annual revenues of more than a billion dollars [CHECK MATH ON EVERYTHING], you can
rest assured that your Fiber Channel investment is preserved, safe and secure.
Reliable - Fiber Channel, the most reliable form of storage communications, sustains an
enterprise with assured information delivery. Reliability was designed into Fiber Channel
standards and products right from the start.
4 Gigabit Bandwidth Now - Gigabit solutions are becoming the norm today. On the
horizon is 10 gigabit-per-second data delivery.
Multiple Topologies - Fiber Channel supports the most protocols with the most
published, open standards and released products for protocols such as SCSI, IP, ESCON,
VI, and AV. Fiber Channel was designed to be totally transparent and autonomous to the
protocol mapped over it. SCSI, TCP/IP, video, or raw data can all take advantage of high-
performance, reliable Fiber Channel network.
Scalable - From single point-to-point high-speed links to integrated enterprises with
hundreds of servers, Fiber Channel delivers unmatched performance.
Congestion Free - Fiber Channel's credit-based flow control delivers data as fast as the
destination buffer is able to receive it, without dropping frames or losing data and without
the need for upper-layer retries This is one of the exclusive features of Fiber Channel that
make it so well suited for block-level storage data networks and interconnects.
High Efficiency Fiber Channel has very little transmission overhead. Most important,
the Fiber Channel protocol is specifically designed for highly efficient operation using
hardware for protocol offload engines (POE's). Fiber Channel products and installations
have long used highly integrated POE's as necessitated by the high-end, high-
performance demands of the markets that were early to adopt Fiber Channel, first as an
interconnect, then as the key enabling factor to the advent of Storage Area Networking.
Fiber Channel simply, and easily, provides the best bang for the buck!
Full Suite of Services - Fiber Channel surpasses all interconnects when it comes to
already-released standards and products that are required to build a SAN; inside and out.
Fiber Channel pioneered and established throughout the market a mature set of storage
network services such as discovery, addressing, LUN zoning, fail-over, management, and
security.
47
SAN Technologies
Fiber Channel Technology
Basic Components of Fiber Channel SAN

Storage devices supporting Fiber Channel
Fiber Channel Switch (SAN fabric)
Fiber Channel Host Bus Adapter (HBA)
Cabling
FC Host Bus Adapter FC Storage Media
Public Local
Area Network
Fiber Channel
Switch
Private
Fiber Channel
SAN
Optical cabling for fiber channel connection

48
Basic hardware components of Fiber Channel SAN are comprised of several

physical components as in the following:
Storage devices which support Fiber Channel
Fiber channel switch to form a SAN fabric
Fiber Channel switch provides any-to-any connectivity for servers and
storage devices. Two or more interconnected switches will create a
SAN fabric. SAN fabric allows to improve the SAN performance while
also optimizing the scalability and availability.
Fiber Channel Host Bus Adapter (HBA)
HBAs are used to connect each host to the FC SAN. Host Bus Adapters
consists of hardware and drivers. It is intelligent, providing
negotiation with switches and devices attached to the network. It also
provides processing capabilities that minimize CPU overhead on the
host.
Cabling Copper and Fiber Optic cables are two types of cables used in
SANs.
48
SAN Technologies
iSCSI Technology Overview

Definition of iSCSI (Internet SCSI)
SCSI protocol which enables access to networked storage devices over
a TCP/IP network (Ethernet network, WAN, Wireless network, etc)
Why iSCSI? iSCSI Features
Error Handling
Error checking using CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) methodology
When iSCSI detects errors it will bring down the session (all TCP connections
within the session) and restart it
Boot
Discovery
Advantages of iSCSI
Connectivity over long distances
Lower costs
Easier implementation and management
Built-in security
49
iSCSI is Internet SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), an Internet

Protocol (IP)-based storage networking standard for linking data storage
facilities, developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). By
carrying SCSI commands over IP networks, iSCSI is used to facilitate data
transfers over intranets and to manage storage over long distances.
Advantages of iSCSI:
Connectivity over long distances.
iSCSI offers wide area network coverage providing a cost-effective
long distance connection that can be used as a bridge to existing Fiber
Channel SANs thus centralizing the administration of storage systems.
Lower costs
iSCSI SAN solutions capitalize on the preexisting LAN infrastructure
and make use of the much more ubiquitous IP expertise available in
most organizations.
Simpler implementation and management
Managing iSCSI devices for such operations as storage configuration,
provisioning, and backup can be handled by the administrator in the
same way that such operations for direct attached storage are
handled.
Built-in security
Currently, iSCSI implements CHAP to guarantee secure access to the
storage system.
49
SAN Technologies
Advantages of iSCSI over FC SAN

iSCSI is a better alternative to Fiber Channel SAN for the following reasons:
Built on stable and familiar standards providing easier implementation and
management
Ethernet transmissions can travel over the global IP network and therefore have no
practical distance limitation
Scalable Source : IDC 2006 Sept./Dec.
Creates a SAN with lower cost Growth Percentage of iSCSI SAN, FC SAN, and NAS
Interoperability issue
120 108.4
Security issue 100
80 72.8
Growth
60
Percentage Q2
40
17.3 16.2 16.7 Q3
20 10.3
0
iSCSI SAN FC SAN NAS
Product Category
According to IDC, iSCSI market grows with an

explosive record of about 108.4% every year.
According to IDC, by 2010, iSCSI products will
share more than 21% of the storage market.
50
Advantages of iSCSI over Fiber Channel SAN are as the following:
Simpler implementation and management
iSCSI solutions require little more than the installation of the Microsoft iSCSI initiator on the
client server, a target iSCSI storage device, and a Gigabit Ethernet switch in order to deliver
block storage over IP. Managing iSCSI devices for such operations as storage configuration,
provisioning, and backup can be handled by the system administrator in the same way that
such operations for direct attached storage are handled. Solutions, such as clustering, are
actually simpler with iSCSI than with Fiber Channel configurations.
No practical distance limitation even for MAN or WAN environment
SANs have delivered on the promise to centralize storage resourcesat least for
organizations with resources that are limited to a metropolitan area. Organizations with
divisions distributed over wide areas have a series of unlinked SAN islands that the current
Fiber Channel (FC) connectivity limitation of 10 km cannot bridge. There are new means of
extending Fiber Channel connectivity up to several hundred kilometers but these methods are
both complex and costly. iSCSI over wide area networks (WANs) provides a cost-effective
long distance connection that can be used as a bridge to existing Fiber Channel SANs (FC
SANs)or between native iSCSI SANsusing in-place metropolitan area networks (MANs)
and WANs.
Lower Cost
Unlike an FC SAN solution, which requires the deployment of a completely new network
infrastructure and usually requires specialized technical expertise and specialized hardware
for troubleshooting, iSCSI SAN solutions capitalize on the preexisting LAN infrastructure and
make use of the much more ubiquitous IP expertise available in most organizations.
Interoperability issue with Fiber Channel SAN.
While Fiber Channel storage networks currently have the advantage of high throughput,
interoperability among multi-vendor components remains a shortcoming. iSCSI networks,
which are based on the mature TCP/IP technology, are not only free of interoperability
barriers but also offer built-in gains such as security. And, as Gigabit Ethernet is increasingly
deployed, throughput using iSCSI is expected to increase, rivaling or even surpassing that of
Fiber Channel.
Security issue with Fiber Channel SAN
No security measures are built into the Fiber Channel protocol. Instead, security is
implemented primarily through limiting physical access to the SAN. While this is effective for
SANs that are restricted to locked data centers (where the wire cannot be sniffed as the
hardware design makes this difficult. To sniff the wire, a special analyzer will have to be
inserted between the host bus adapter and the storage), as the FC protocol becomes more
widely known and SANs begin to connect to the IP network, such security methods lose their
efficacy.
In contrast to Fiber Channel, the implementation of the iSCSI protocol provides security for
devices on the network by using the Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) for
authentication.
50
SAN Technologies
Drive Interface Technologies
iSCSI SAN Overview

iSCSI SAN components consist of:
Server
iSCSI Client/ Host (iSCSI initiator)
A client device, for example, a server
(or PC), which attaches to an IP iSCSI Initiator
network
iSCSI Client initiates requests and
receives responses from an iSCSI
target
iSCSI Target
A device that receives and processed TCP/IP Protocol
the iSCSI commands, for example, a
storage device
iSCSI Target
D-Link SAN
51
iSCSI solutions require little more than the installation of the Microsoft iSCSI
initiator on the client server, a target iSCSI storage device, and a Gigabit Ethernet
switch in order to deliver block storage over IP.
iSCSI SAN components are largely analogous to FC SAN components. These

components are as follows:
iSCSI Client/Host
The iSCSI client or host (also known as the iSCSI initiator) is a system, such
as a server (or PC), which attaches to an IP network and initiates requests
and receives responses from an iSCSI target. Each iSCSI host is identified by
a unique iSCSI qualified name (IQN).
To transport block-level (SCSI) commands over the IP network, an iSCSI
host must either attach an iSCSI Host Bus Adapter (HBA) or install an iSCSI
driver, for example the Microsoft iSCSI initiator.
To get the latest iSCSI initiator from Microsoft, please check on the following
URL: www.microsoft.com/windows/storage/iscsi.mspx . Or check and
download it from the Microsoft Download Center for the latest iSCSI initiator
driver.
A Gigabit Ethernet adapter (transmitting 1000 Megabits per second--Mbps)

is recommended for connecting to the iSCSI target. Like the standard
10/100 adapters, most Gigabit adapters use Category 5 or Category 6E
cabling that is already in place. Each port on the adapter is identified by a
unique IP address.
iSCSI Target
An iSCSI target is any device that receives iSCSI commands. The device can
be an end node, such as a storage device, or it can be an intermediate
device, such as a bridge between IP and Fiber Channel devices.
Each iSCSI target is identified by a unique IQN, and each Ethernet port on
the storage array (or on a bridge) is identified by one or more IP addresses.
51
SAN Technologies
Summary
Summary: SAN Technologies

iSCSI is a network protocol which enables access to storage devices
and network storage over TCP/IP networks.
D-Link adopts the iSCSI protocol to be used in its D-Link SAN.
iSCSI offers several benefits in comparison to Fiber Channel. These
include interoperability, scalability, security, cost, and distance
limitation.
To implement iSCSI on the SAN, all the components must be
provided: iSCSI initiator, iSCSI target, and Ethernet switch.
52
SAN Technologies
Questions and Answers: SAN Technologies

1. What are the components needed when deploying Fiber Channel
SAN? (Choose all that apply)
A. SCSI Storage
B. Switch
C. Fiber Channel Switch
D. FC Host Bus Adapter
2. What component s not needed when deploying iSCSI?

A. Server
B. iSCSI target
C. Switch
D. Fiber Channel Switch
53
1. C, D
2. D
53
DCS Storage
D-Link SAN
(Storage Area Network)
54
D-Link SAN
D-Link SAN (Storage Area Network)
1. Various D-Link SAN appliances and differences between each
2. Each part of the hardware in the SAN
3. Key selling points of D-Link SAN appliances
4. Product positioning of D-Link SANs
5. D-Link SAN product interoperability, caching behavior, and common
implementation architectures
55
D-Link SAN
D-Link Products for Storage Area Network
D-Link Storage Area Network

DSN-2100 Series xStack Storage with 4-port 1GE Copper
DSN-2100-10 for SATA-II Hard Drives in RAID Levels
0, 1, 1+0, and 5 (8 Trays)
DSN-3200 Series
xStack Storage with 8-port 1GE Copper
DSN-3200-20 0, 1, 1+0, and 5 (15 Trays)
DSN-3400 Series xStack Storage with 1-port 10 GE Fiber

0, 1, 1+0, and 5 (15 Trays)
DSN-3400-20
56
D-Link SAN
Components of D-Link SAN
Components of D-Link DSN-2100 Series

Front Panel Components
Front panel after the bezel has been removed
Key lock
Eight drive bays
Power LED Boot and Fault LED
Latch Removable Bezel
Drive power LED Drive and Activity Fault LED
Back Panel Components
Diagnostic Port Power Switch
Host network Power Supply

connections
Management Port Reset Switch
57
The xStack Storage unit back panel also has a 10/100 Mbps management
port and an RS-232-C DB9 diagnostic/console port.
The admin account cannot be deleted in firmware version 1.4.0.27 and

above. For security, please be sure to change the password for this
account. However, if you lose the password for the admin account, you
may use the diagnostic port to reset the password.
57
D-Link SAN

Removable Bezel
Key lock

Power Supply
Power Switch
Reset Switch
Host Network Connections
Diagnostic Port Management Port
58
58
D-Link SAN

Removable Bezel
Key lock

Power Supply
Power Switch
Reset Switch
Host Network Connections
Diagnostic Port Management Port

59
The main difference between the DSN-3400 series as compared to the
other DSN series (DSN-2100 series and DSN-3200 series) is from its type
of host network connection provided. The DSN-3400 series provides one
10-Gigabit Ethernet with XFP transceiver interface, while others provides
four or eight Gigabit Ethernet connections with RJ-45 interfaces.
Note that the XFP transceiver used to connect to the DSN-3400 series is
sold separately.
59
D-Link SAN
Management Port and Diagnostic Port

Management Port
The management port is used to configure and manage D-Links xStack
SAN from the PC, either directly connected to the SAN (using a
Crossover cable) or connected to the SAN through the use of a hub or
switch (using Straight-through cable).
By connecting to this management port, the administrator can configure
the D-Link SAN through the web GUI.
Diagnostic Port
The diagnostic port is a console port which uses a RS-232-to-DB-9 port
interface. This port can be used if you have direct physical access to the
box and is accessed during startup.
The diagnostic port performs all admin password resets, sets the
download configuration parameters, and accesses the Enclosure
Services Test Tool.
60
xStack Storage provides out-of-band management capabilities, which

means that management and data traffic are on separate lines. Therefore,
the administrator cannot connect the same NIC to the management and
host network connection ports. Instead, one NIC must connect to the
management port and a different NIC, either in the same PC or a different
PC, must connect to the host network connection port. Communication via
the management port is encrypted using SSL, without requiring
configuration by the user.
60
D-Link SAN
D-Link DSN-2100 Series
DSN-2100 Series
Volume and RAID support
Hardware Specification
Single RAID Controller (Integrated
in ASIC) Drive Bays: 8
Drive Interface support: SATA-II
RAID support (Level 0, 1, 1+0, 5)
Storage Capacity: 8TB capacity
Supports 1,024 Virtual Volumes
with 1TB hard drive
(256 accessible per initiator)
System Memory: 256MB to
1,024 target nodes
512MB (512MB standard)
Online capacity expansion
Cache Memory: 256MB to 4Gb
Hot swappable drives (512MB standard)
Instant volume access iSCSI Network Interface: four (4)
1GbE ports
Free space defragmentation
Auto-detection failed drive
iSCSI Network Interface
Auto-rebuild spare drive
Host Interface: iSCSI Draft 2.0
RAID level migration
compliant initiator
Drive roaming-in power off
Connections: 1,024 Hosts
Self-Monitoring Analysis and
Jumbo Frames support
Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T)
Link Aggregation support
Storage Management CHAP authentication
Embedded IP-based Access control of management

Management GUI iSCSI/TCP/IP Full HW Offload
SMI-S version 1.1 VLAN Support (Up to 8 VLANs)
61
D-Link SAN
DSN-3200 Series
Hardware Specification
Drive Bays: 15
Single RAID Controller (Integrated
in ASIC) Drive Interface support: SATA-II
RAID support (Level 0, 1, 1+0, 5) Storage Capacity: 15 TB capacity
with 1TB hard drive
Supports 1,024 Virtual Volumes
(256 accessible per initiator) System Memory: 512MB
1,024 target nodes Cache Memory: 4GB
Online capacity expansion iSCSI Network Interface: eight (8)
1GbE ports
Hot swappable drives
Instant volume access
Free space defragmentation iSCSI Network Interface
Auto-detection failed drive Host Interface: iSCSI Draft 2.0
compliant initiator
Auto-rebuild spare drive
Link Aggregation support
Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T) CHAP authentication
Access control of management
Storage Management iSCSI/TCP/IP Full HW Offload
Embedded IP-based VLAN Support (Up to 8 VLANs)
Management GUI
QoS support (IETF DiffServ and
SMI-S version 1.1 IEEE 802.1P tag)
62
D-Link SAN
DSN-3400 Series
Single RAID Controller (Integrated Hardware Specification
in ASIC) Drive Bays: 15
RAID support (Level 0, 1, 1+0, 5) Drive Interface support: SATA-II
Supports 1,024 Virtual Volumes Storage Capacity: 15 TB capacity
(256 accessible per initiator) with 1TB hard drive
1,024 target nodes System Memory: 512 MB
Online capacity expansion Cache Memory: 4GB
Hot swappable drives iSCSI Network Interface: one (1)
Instant volume access 10GbE ports
Free space defragmentation

Auto-detection failed drive iSCSI Network Interface
Auto-rebuild spare drive Host Interface: iSCSI Draft 2.0
compliant initiator
Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T) CHAP authentication
Access control of management
Storage Management iSCSI/TCP/IP Full HW Offload
Embedded IP-based VLAN Support (Up to 8 VLANs)

Management GUI QoS support (IETF DiffServ and
SMI-S version 1.1 IEEE 802.1P tag)
63 63
D-Link SAN
Market Analysis for D-Link SAN Products
Key Selling Points of D-Link SAN

Block data transfer over TCP/IP network using iSCSI
Highly integrated single chip solution
Built-in RAID controller
Built-in IP-SAN Device Manager (IDM)
SATA-II support for the hard drive interface
Various number of iSCSI interfaces which can be aggregated
Jumbo Frame support increases performance up to 20-50%*
* Based on information from Storage Networking Industry Association
64
Several key selling points for D-Links Storage Area Network:

Highly integrated single chip solution which allows the system to handle
speeds of over 65,000 inputs/ outputs (I/O) per second.
Built-in RAID Controllers provided (RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 1+0, RAID 5,
JBOD)
Built-in IP-SAN Device Manager (IDM) which can be accessed from the
Web
SATA-II support
Four (DSN-2100) and Eight (DSN-3200) 1GbE iSCSI network interfaces
which can be aggregated using LAG (Link Aggregation) feature to provide
higher throughput.
64
D-Link SAN
Market Analysis for D-Link SAN Products
Product Positioning for D-Link SAN

The D-Link xStack Storage product family of iSCSI SAN solutions
are designed to address the growing high performance storage
requirements brought about by the need for better application and
database performance, infrastructure consolidation, and robust
backup and disaster recovery solutions.
D-Link now aggressively addresses these storage requirements at
the SMB and enterprise level users by leveraging existing iSCSI and
Ethernet technologies and lowering the total cost of ownership for
storage area networking solutions over more complex legacy Fiber
Channel and slower Network Attached Storage (NAS) solutions.
DSN-2100/ DSN-3200 comes with Gigabit Copper interfaces and is
mainly targeted at SMB users.
DSN-3400 comes with 10-Gigabit Ethernet interfaces* and is mainly
targeted for enterprise users.
* DSN-3400 provides one 10GbE XFP transceiver interface (transceiver sold separately) accessed
via the back panel.
65
D-Link SAN
Storage Interoperability SMI-S Storage Device

Storage Management Initiative Specification (SMI-S) is a storage
standard developed and maintained by Storage Networking
Industry Association (SNIA).
The main objective of SMI-S is to guarantee interoperability of
storage devices among different vendors.
D-Links SAN series are all designed based on the standard SMI-S
version 1.1.
66
Basic concepts
SMI-S defines DMTF management profiles for storage systems. The
complete SMI Specification is categorized in profiles and sub-profiles. A
profile describes the behavioral aspects of an autonomous, self-contained
management domain. SMI-S includes profiles for Arrays, Switches, Storage
Virtualization, Volume Management and many other domains. In DMTF
parlance, a provider is an implementation for a specific profile. A sub-
profile describes part of the domain, which can be common part in many
profiles.
At a very basic level, SMI-S entities are divided into two categories:
Clients are management software applications that can reside virtually
anywhere within a network provided they have a physical link (either
within the data path or outside the data path) to providers.
Servers are the devices under management within the storage fabric.
Clients can be host-based management applications (e.g., storage

resource management, or SRM), enterprise management applications, or
SAN appliance-based management applications (e.g., virtualization
engines). Servers can be disk arrays, host bus adapters, switches, tape
drives, etc.
66
D-Link SAN
Caching Operation
The xStack storage unit contains cache memory for storing and
data.
The xStack storage unit is capable of caching write operations.
Write-back caching saves the system from performing many
unnecessary write cycles to the system RAM, so as to provide faster
execution.
67
The xStack Storage unit is capable of caching write operations. Write-back

caching saves the system from performing many unnecessary write cycles
to the system RAM, which can lead to noticeably faster execution.
However, when write-back caching is used, writes to cached memory
locations are only placed in cache and the data is not written to the disks
until the cache is flushed. When caching is disabled, all read and write
operations directly access the physical disks. By default, write-back cache
mode is always enabled and cannot be disabled.
67
D-Link SAN
Basic iSCSI SAN Implementation

In the most basic iSCSI SAN deployment, application servers (iSCSI hosts)
access their storage from an iSCSI target storage array.
iSCSI Host
iSCSI Target

Private LAN Public LAN
68
In the above scenario, clients on the public LAN attach to each server
through a network adapter (previously referred to as a network interface
card, or NIC). A second Gigabit adapter in each server provides access to a
private iSCSI SAN connecting to the iSCSI target storage array through an
Ethernet switch.
The above architecture is also known as Native SAN architecture/

Implementation.
The following are minimal hardware recommendations for all iSCSI

deployments:
Dual processors in all iSCSI hosts.
Two iSCSI network adapters or iSCSI HBA host adapters:
One standard 10/100 network adapter (previously known as a
network interface card or NIC) for connection to the public LAN
One Gigabit Ethernet network adapter for connecting to the target
storage array. (Gigabit adapters transmit data at 1000 Mbps and, like
standard adapters, connect to Category 5 cabling.)
Isolation of the target storage array onto a private network.
At a minimum, use of CHAP authentication between iSCSI host and
target.
68
D-Link SAN
Summary
Summary: D-Link SAN

D-Link provides three series for its SAN appliance product line which
include DSN-2100, DSN-3200, and DSN-3400 series.
D-Link DSN-2100 provides eight drive bays while D-Link DSN-3000
series provides 15 drive bays.
Generally, all D-Link SANs must have the following components built in:
host network connections, management port, diagnostic port, power
and reset switch button, power supply, and removable bezel.
D-Link SAN appliances are mainly targeted for SMB and enterprise level
users who need better application and database performance,
infrastructure consolidation, robust backup and disaster recovery
solutions.
D-Link SAN series is guaranteed to be interoperable with other storage
appliances from different vendors because of its achievement for SMI-S
standard.
By default, all D-Link SANs will cache all write operations to prevent the
storage from performing many unnecessary write cycles to the system
RAM.
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69
D-Link SAN
Questions and Answers: D-Link SAN

1. What standard is used to guarantee the interoperability of storage
devices among different vendors?
A. IEEE
B. iSCSI
C. SNIA
D. SMI-S
2. Which of the following statement describe D-Link SAN?

A. D-Link SAN supports PAP authentication to provide secure access to the
SAN.
B. With D-Link SAN, using diskless server is possible because it can be
booted form the iSCSI SAN.
C. D-Link xStack storage cache memory for storing data and writing
operations.
70
1. D
2. C
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DCS Storage
SAN Product Features

Overview*
* All features are explained based on DSN-3000 Series.
71
1. Tasks/activities that can be done by D-Link SAN
2. Link aggregation and VLAN features supported in D-Link SAN
3. TCP/IP offload engine
4. CHAP authentication
5. Volume virtualization
6. Auto-Detection failed drive and volume rebuild features
72
Volume Management
Task
The xStack Storage unit can automatically, or at the administrators
demand, perform activities that take time and consume the controllers
resources.
The administrator can control, to some degree, when tasks are to be
performed. Any task can be suspended and resumed by the
administrator. Some tasks can be cancelled and some can be scheduled
on a recurring, periodic interval.
All tasks can have their priority changed, which controls the amount of
resources the xStack storage unit devotes to a task.
The tasks/ activities that can be done by D-Links SAN are as follows:
Volume initialization
Volume rebuild*
Volume expansion
Media scanning
Parity scanning
* Volume rebuild will be explained later along with explanation of auto-detecting failed drive
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The xStack storage unit can perform the following tasks:
Initialize a volume: some volume organizations (e.g., parity) require
initialization. The initialization task performs this action. This task can be
performed while an initiator is accessing (reading and writing) data. An
initialization task can be suspended and resumed, but cannot be cancelled.
Rebuild a volume: when a drive fails, every redundant volume that occupies
space on that drive can be rebuilt.
For mirror protection, data can be copied from the remaining copy.
For parity protection, data can be recreated from the remaining data and
parity information.
In either case, when the xStack Storage unit finds replacement space on
another drive, it performs one rebuild task for each extent that used space
on the failed drive. If replacement space is not available on the drives in the
pool associated with the volume, and one or more drives exist in the
available pool, a drive is obtained from the available pool and automatically
moved to the volume's pool. A rebuild task can be suspended and resumed
but cannot be cancelled.
Expand volume: the administrator can expand the size of a volume. If the
volume's organization requires initialization, the initialization of the new space is
performed with a grow task. A grow task can be suspended and resumed, but
cannot be deleted. An initiator can access the new space while the grow task is
being performed.
Media scan: the administrator can scan a non-parity volume for media errors
by starting a media scan task. This task reads every block in the volume to
ensure there are no errors. If there are errors, this task fixes them if possible. A
media scan task can be cancelled, suspended and/or resumed by the
administrator. It can also be scheduled for a future time and/or at a recurring
interval.
Parity Scan: The Administrator can scan a parity volume for errors by starting a
Parity Scan task. This task reads every block in the volume looking for errors as
described for Media Scan to ensure that parity is correct. If parity errors are
found, this task corrects the errors. A parity scan task can be cancelled,
suspended, and/or resumed by the Administrator. It can also be scheduled for a
future time and/or at a recurring interval.
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Volume Management
Volume Initialization
Some volume organizations (e.g. parity) require initialization. The
initialization task performs this action. This task can be performed
while an initiator is accessing (reading and writing) data. An
initialization task can be suspended and resumed, but cannot be
cancelled.
Initialization task consists of:
Making the volume XOR consistent
Detecting a read error
Recovering from read error
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Some volume organizations (e.g. parity) require initialization. The

initialization task performs this action. This task can be performed while an
initiator is accessing (reading and writing) data. An initialization task can
be suspended and resumed, but cannot be cancelled.
Initialization task consists of:
Making the volume XOR consistent
Detecting a read error caused by a read operation caused by a read
operation on the storage wherein the read error is detected during the
making of the storage volume XOR consistent.
Recovering from the read error during the process of making the volume
XOR consistent without terminating the step of making the volume XOR
consistent.
74
Volume Management
Volume Expansion
All D-Link SAN product series provide volume expansion to flexibly resize a
logical drive.
The Volume-1 has been

resized to a bigger size
100GB
300GB Current size: 200GB

200GB
Expand to 300GB
Volume-1
Page is Animated 75
The administrator can expand the size of a volume. If the volume's

organization requires initialization, the initialization of the new space is
performed with a grow task. A grow task can be suspended and resumed,
but cannot be deleted. An initiator can access the new space while the
grow task is being performed.
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Volume Management
Parity Scanning
D-Link SAN provides parity volume scanning to check errors found in that
selected volume.
This task reads every block in the volume to ensure parity is correct. If
parity errors are found, this task corrects the errors.
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The Administrator can scan a parity volume for errors by starting a Parity
Scan task. This task reads every block in the volume looking for errors as
described to ensure that parity is correct. If parity errors are found, this
task corrects the errors. A parity scan task can be cancelled, suspended,
and/or resumed by the Administrator. It can also be scheduled for a future
time and/or at a recurring interval.
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Volume Management
Storage Volume Information

Storage volume information provides comprehensive information about the
storage volume allocation
Information that can be viewed in the storage volume information are:
Status of the attached drives (offline or online)
Volume Capacity
Volume type
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Device Management
Event Log
The event log tracks the xStack Storages information, warning, and error
messages.
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iSCSI Features
Link Aggregation
Definition of Link Aggregation:
Link aggregation is a way to achieve double data rates by aggregating multi
physical links as one logical link.
Key benefits of Link Aggregation (LAG):
Improved performance
High data rates
Increased availability
Load sharing
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Key benefits of Link Aggregation (LAG):

Combining multiple interfaces into one logical link improves performance
because the capacity of an aggregated link is higher than individual link.
Link aggregation provides high data rates.
If failure occurs to a link with an LAG, the traffic will not be disrupted
though the available bandwidth is reduced.
With link aggregation, traffics are distributed across multiple links,
minimizing the probability that a single link will be overwhelmed.
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iSCSI Features
Virtual LAN (VLAN)

All D-Link Storage Area Networks support 802.1Q VLAN tagging to
segregate traffic into isolated zone for more secure access and to
segment the broadcast domain.
D-Link SAN supports up to eight VLANs with 1-to-1 mapping
between IP subnet and VLAN. Multiple VLANs per physical port with
VLAN tag. All physical ports in LAG belong to same VLAN.
With this feature, a volume can be configured under a VLAN group
so that it will only be accessible by clients under the same VLAN.
80
All D-Link SAN series support IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tagging to segregate
traffic into isolated zones for secure access. All xStack Storage models
support eight VLANs, one for each IP address.
When you create LAGs, you can also indicate whether the LAG is to
support a virtual LAN (VLAN).
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iSCSI Features
TCP/IP Offload Engine (TOE)

The major issue of IP storage is the high TCP/IP processing overhead, which
constrains servers to performance levels that are unacceptable for block
storage transport.
TCP/IP Offload is used for reducing the amount of TCP/IP processing
handled by the microprocessor and I/O subsystem to help ease server
networking bottleneck.
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The major issue of IP storage is the high TCP/IP processing overhead,

which can constrain servers to performance levels that are unacceptable
for block storage transport. Only TCP/IP offload technology can provide
this level of performance. iSCSI is a good example of using TCP/IP offload
to achieve high-performance IP storage.
TCP/IP offload Engine (TOE) is one of the technologies that can reduce the
amount of TCP/IP processing handled by microprocessor and server I/O
subsystem, and thus ease server networking bottleneck. Deployment of
TCP/IP offload in conjunction with high-speed Ethernet technologies
enables applications to take full advantage of the networking capabilities.
Network performance improvements gained from TOE technology can be

determined by measuring either the increase in absolute network
throughput or the reduction in system resources such as CPU utilization.
TOE performance benefits vary with the type of applications being run.
Applications with a small network packet size may experience gains in
network throughput, while applications with a large network packet size
may not show significant network throughput improvements with TOE but
may experience a significant reduction in CPU utilizationthereby helping
to keep CPU processing cycles available for other business-critical
applications such as database, backup storage, media streaming, and file
server applications. Applications that require extensive network
utilizationsuch as network backups, network attached storage, file
servers, and media streamingtypically benefit the most from TOE
technology.
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iSCSI Features
CHAP Authentication
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is a protocol
for authenticating peer-to-peer connection based on the sharing of
a secret known only to the authenticator and that peer.
CHAP authentication is supported in all D-Link SAN product series
and is used when an initiator tries to connect to its target, and vice
versa.
Characteristics of CHAP authentication:
Unidirectional/ Bidirectional authentication
Secret key is encrypted/ hashed using MD5 algorithm
Three way handshake authentication
82
Characteristics of CHAP authentication in D-Link SAN:

Unidirectional/ Bidirectional Authentication
Unidirectional or One-way CHAP authentication. With this level
of security, only the target authenticates the initiator. The secret is
set just for the target and all initiators that want to access that target
need to use the same secret to start a logon session with the target.
Bidirectional or Mutual CHAP authentication. With this level of
security, both the initiator and the target needs to create a secret key
itself for authenticating each other. In CHAP implementation, the
target node (called party) must authenticate the initiator (calling
party) and the initiator can also verify the identity of the target node.
This results in a two-way authentication, thus providing a more secure
environment.
CHAP authentication provides three-way handshake authentication where
the called party will send a challenge packet to the calling party where the
packet is secret key which already hashed using MD5 algorithm. To pass
the authentication, the calling party must response back to the called party
with the correct answer.
To use Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

authentication, when connecting to an iSCSI target, type the password
that will be used during mutual CHAP authentication when an initiator
authenticates a target.
82
Volume Virtualization
D-Link xStack storage virtualizes disk storage for use by a
customer's host computer (servers).
Storage virtualization is the process of grouping together
independent storage devices found across a network to create what
seems to be a single large storage entity that can be centrally
managed.
Storage virtualization helps make the tasks of backup, archiving,
and recovery easier, and in lesser time, by disguising the actual
complexity of the SAN.
Benefits of virtualization:
High availability
Improve capacity utilization
Share resources between heterogeneous servers
83
Storage virtualization is the process of grouping together independent

storage devices found across a network to create what seems to be a
single large storage entity that can be centrally managed.
Benefits of virtualization:
High availability
Improve capacity utilization. Pooling storage
Resource sharing between heterogeneous servers (different platform of
operating systems, e.g. Windows OS vs Linux OS). A virtualization in a
SAN ensures that servers running different operating systems can safely
stored on the same SAN.
83
Auto-Detection of Failed Drive & Volume Rebuild

When a drive in the storage array fails, the xStack storage will
automatically detect the failed drive and substitutes it with the hot
spare drive.
A spare drive is normally kept in the available pool, so that the
drive will be available for use should another drive fails.
Volume rebuild is the activity that recovers data of a failed drive.
In this case, data can be rebuilt if the storage system is mirrored
(RAID 1) or set for parity (RAID 5).
If the storage is mirrored, data will be recovered from the mirrored data
in the mirror disk.
If parity is created, data inside the failed drive will be recovered using
the existing data from active disks and the parity information.
84
When a drive fails, every redundant volume that occupied space on that
drive can be rebuilt.
For mirror protection, data can be copied from the remaining copy.
For parity protection, data can be recreated from the remaining data and
parity information.
In either case, when the xStack Storage unit finds replacement space on
another drive, it performs a rebuild task for each extent that used space
on the failed drive. If replacement space is not available on the drives in
the pool associated with the volume, and one or more drives exist in the
available pool, a drive is obtained from the available pool and
automatically moved to the volume's pool. A rebuild task can be
suspended and resumed but cannot be cancelled.
NOTE:
When the D-Link SAN detects that failure occurred on a drive, it will send a
notification email to the administrator.
84
Drive Roaming
D-Link SAN provides feature for safely moving drive in an array .
If a drive in an array configured with RAID is accidentally removed, the
removed drive can still be recognized using this feature, as long as the drive
is configured with RAID that provides fault tolerance (RAID 1 and RAID 5).
This is known as drive roaming in power off.
Array configured with RAID 1
Drive-0 Drive-1 Steps to move the drives safely:

Turn off the array in which the removed drive belongs to
1 1 Plug the removed drive to any slot in the array
Reboot the array
2 2
3 3
Removed
Page is Animated 85
If a drive is accidentally removed in which it is part of a RAID redundant

array*, the removed drive still can be recognized when it is returned back
to the original array. Before returning the drive to any drive bay in an
array, the administrator must be shutting down the array and then
restarting the unit after the drive is returned back to the array. The drive
will be recognized once again and the unit should be functioning as it did
before it was accidentally removed.
Note that moving the drives safely around can only be done when the
system is powered off. "Drive Roaming in Power Off" simply means that
we can shut the unit down, move the drives to any slot we wish, reboot
the unit, and we will find that all of the volumes originally created are alive
and well functioning.
Notes:
* In the case of accidentally removing a drive and returning it back to the
array, please be aware that only fault-tolerance volumes like RAID 5 and
RAID 1 will be able to recover as described above. Any non fault-tolerance
RAID, such as RAID 0 will still be unrecoverable.
Clients will still need to save their configuration file that includes
information about LUNs, network portals, etc. This will be needed in the
case of replacement of the entire unit. The metadata on the drives will
provide volume information, but all other configuration information needed
are still checked from the configuration file that was saved. This is why it
is important a client must ensure this file is saved and kept in a safe
location.
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Self Monitoring and Reporting Technology

(S.M.A.R.T)
D-Link SAN Series support Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting
Technology (S.M.A.R.T.), a technology designed to monitor the
reliability of hard drives.
The purpose of S.M.A.R.T. is to warn a user or system administrator
of impending drive failure while time remains to take preventative
action such as copying the data to a replacement device.
Features of S.M.A.R.T. technology include a series of attributes, or
diagnostics, chosen specifically for each individual drive model.
Attribute individualism is important because drive architectures vary
from model to model.
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Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.) is a monitoring

system for hard disks to detect and report on various indicators of reliability, with
the hope of anticipating failures. With S.M.A.R.T., a hard disks integrated
controller works with various sensors to monitor various aspects of the drive's
performance, determines from this information if the drive is behaving normally
or not, and makes available status information to software that probes the drive
and look at it.
The xStack Storage Array collects the S.M.A.R.T. information and displays it on
the management console in two collections. This information consists of:
S.M.A.R.T. data that serves as a summary of the overall status.
S.M.A.R.T. attributes that are defined differently by each vendor.
When viewing the collected information, the administrator may notice a slight
delay, as the xStack Storage Array polls this information from the drive
(S.M.A.R.T. data is polled from the drive every 10 seconds).
How S.M.A.R.T generates report status?

In an ATA/IDE environment, software on the host interprets the alarm signal from
the drive generated by the report status command of S.M.A.R.T. The host polls
the drive on a regular basis to check the status of this command, and if it signals
imminent failure, sends an alarm to the end user or system administrator. This
allows downtime to be scheduled by the system administrator to allow for backup
of data and replacement of the drive. This structure also allows for future
enhancements, which might allow reporting of information other than drive
conditions, such as thermal alarms, CD-ROM, tape, or other I/O reporting. The
host system can evaluate the attributes and alarms reported, in addition to the
report status command from the disc.
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Summary
Summary: SAN Product Features Overview (1)

The xStack Storage unit can automatically, or at the administrators demand,
performs activities such as volume initialization, volume rebuild, volume
expansion, media scanning, and parity scanning.
Volume initialization is performed when an initiator (i.e. server) is reading or
writing data.
With D-Link SAN, the size of a volume can be flexibly expanded up to the
maximum capacity of a storage.
Media scanning provided in the management console of all D-Link SAN products
can be used to scan a JBOD, stripe, mirrored stripe, or mirrored stripe media
volume for errors.
D-Link SAN provides parity volume scanning to check errors found in the selected
volume.
Task Manager provides general information for all task activity running on the D-
Link SAN.
Storage pool information provides comprehensive information about the storage.
D-Link xStack Storage series accommodate a 6-cell shrink-wrapped battery pack
for backing up the buffer cache contents in case of power failure.
D-Link SAN provides an event log feature that tracks the xStack Storage
informational, warning, and error messages
To increase the data transfer performance and prevent bottleneck from occurring,
D-Link SAN is provided with link aggregation feature to double the speed
performance, depending on the number of the aggregated links.
87
Summary
Summary: SAN Product Features Overview (2)

All D-Link Storage Area Networks support 802.1Q VLAN tagging to
segregate traffic into isolated zone for more secure access.
TCP/IP Offload is used to reduce the amount of TCP/IP processing
handled by the microprocessor and I/O subsystem to ease server
networking bottleneck.
CHAP authentication provides secured and encrypted authentication
mechanism, and is supported in all D-Link SAN product series. It is used
when an initiator tries to connect to its target, and vice versa.
D-Link xStack storage virtualizes disk storage for use by a customer's
host computer (servers) by grouping all storage devices found across a
network to become a single large storage entity that can be centrally
managed.
When a drive in the storage array fails, xStack storage will
automatically detect the failed drive and substitute the failed drive with
the hot spare drive.
S.M.A.R.T. is a technology supported in D-Link SAN series to monitor
the reliability of hard drives and to warn a user or system administrator
of impending drive failure while time remains to take preventative
action
88

1. What tasks can be done by D-Link Storage Area Network? (Choose all that apply)
A. Volume Initialization
B. Media Scanning
C. Volume Rebuild
D. Error Correction
E. Volume Shrinkage
2. What cannot be done when an administrator expands a volume and initializes a

grow task?
A. Grow task deletion
B. Grow task suspension
C. Grow task resumption
D. All of the above can be done when a grow task is initialized
3. What is the function of TCP/IP Offload Engine in D-Link SAN

A. To bypass requests coming from the client over the network when the storages
CPU is high
B. To turn off the xStack storage when it detects the TCP/IP utilization is high
C. To safely move drive in an array by turning off the unit
D. To reduce the amount of TCP/IP processing handled by the microprocessor and
I/O subsystem
89
1. A, B, C
2. A
3. D
89

4. What is the function of disk virtualization provided by D-Link SAN?
A. To link multiple storage repositories to multiple clients and servers.
B. To group all storage devices found across a network to become a single large
storage entity that can be centrally managed
C. To create storage clustering that comprises master storage and slave
storage, where the slave serves as a backup of the master
D. To achieve double data rates by aggregating multi physical links as one
logical link.
5. What is the benefit of S.M.A.R.T.?

A. Repair failed disk automatically by doing some diagnoses, analyze the main
cause of the error, and perform reparation process depends on the analysis
result.
B. Provides 100% guarantee of disk failure prevention by regularly predicting
each disk condition and provides maintenance to keep each disk in a good
condition.
C. Failure anticipation by regularly monitor all hard disks and report on various
indicators of reliability, with the hope of anticipating failures.
D. All of the above.
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4. B
5. C
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DCS Storage
D-Link Network Attached

Storage (NAS)
91
D-Link Network Attached Storage (NAS)
Various D-Link NAS appliances and differences between each of
them
Key selling points of D-Link NAS appliances
Functions and applications of D-Link NAS
Product positioning of D-Link NAS
92
D-Link Products for Network Attached Storage

DNS-313 1 Bay SATA Network Storage Enclosure
Built-in iTunes, UPnP and FTP Server
May be used as USB 2.0 portable hard drive (become a DAS
enclosure)
DNS-321 2 Bays SATA Network Storage Enclosure

RAID 1 support
Built-in iTunes, UPnP and FTP Server
DNS-323 2 Bays SATA Network Storage Enclosure

RAID 1 support
Built-in iTunes, UPnP, and FTP Server
USB port for connecting to printer
DNS-343 4 Bays STA Network Storage Enclosure

RAID 1, 5 support
Multi-Functional USB port
93
The USB port provided at each D-Link NAS (except DNS-321) can be
used to connect to the printer server or UPS (Uninterruptible Power
Supply) or to make the NAS act as a DAS connected directly to a client.
93
D-Link DNS-313
Device Interface
1 Gigabit Ethernet port
1 USB 2.0 port*
Features
iTunes and UPnP AV server
Scandisk feature
Real-time backup
Email alerts Supported Hard Drive Type
Permission settings for user One 3.5-inches SATA
and group Standard Drive with capacity
Multi-language file name support up to 1.5 TB
support
Scheduled downloads from
web or FTP sites
Can be used as a USB 2.0
portable hard drive
Networking Features
DDNS
FTP
DHCP Server/ Client
NTP
HTTP/ HTTPS
CIFS/SMB
*USB port is used for connecting to a desktop or notebook as a USB2.0 portable drive.
94
File Sharing
Max. User Account: 64 users
Max. Group: 10 groups
Max. Shared Folder: 45 folders
Max. Concurrent Connection: 64 (Samba) / 10 (FTP)
94
D-Link DNS-321
Drive Management Device Interface
Multiple hard drive 1 Gigabit Ethernet port
configurations (RAID 0, RAID 1,
JBOD, Standard)
Scandisk feature
User/ group Quota Management
File Sharing Supported Hard Drive Type
Support RAID migration (non- Two 3.5-inches SATA
RAID to RAID 1) Standard Drive with capacity
support up to 1.5 TB
Networking Features
DDNS
Device Management
FTP / FTP over SSL/TLS
Email Alerts
DHCP Server/ Client
Power Management
NTP
Easy Search Utility
HTTP/ HTTPS
Multilingual support
CIFS/SMB
Jumbo Frames
95
File Sharing
95
D-Link DNS-323
Device Interface
1 Gigabit Ethernet port
USB port*
Features
4 different hard drive
configurations (Standard,
JBOD, RAID 0, RAID 1)
iTunes and UPnP AV server Supported Hard Drive Type
Scandisk feature Two 3.5-inches SATA
Email alerts Standard Drive with capacity
Power management support up to 1.5 TB
Supports BitTorrent
USB port supports UPS
monitoring and Print Server
Support RAID migration (non-
RAID to RAID 1) Networking Features
DDNS
DHCP Server/ Client
NTP
HTTP/ HTTPS
CIFS/SMB
Jumbo Frames
*The USB port provided on D-Link DNS-323 is used to connect to the print server only
96
File Sharing
Max. Shared Folder: 45 (without BitTorrent), 10 (with BitTorrent) folders
96
D-Link DNS-343
Drive Management Device Interface
Multiple hard drive 1 Gigabit Ethernet port
configurations (RAID 0, RAID 1 USB 2.0 port
1, RAID 5, JBOD, Standard)
Scandisk
User/ group Quota
Management
Supported Hard Drive Type
File Sharing
Four 3.5-inches SATA
Standard Drive with capacity
support up to 1.5 TB
Device Management
Networking Features
UPS Monitoring
Jumbo Frame
Email Alerts
DDNS
Power Management
Easy Search Utility
DHCP Server/ Client
Multilingual support
NTP
ADS support
HTTP/ HTTPS
Auto Power Recovery
CIFS/SMB
97
File Sharing
97
OLED Special Display on D-Link DNS-343

Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) is a LED screen that displays
information to enable the administrator to easily view and obtain the status
and basic information of the DNS-343
Information that can be viewed from the OLED include:
System Information
Hostname of the DNS-343
Firmware version
IP address of the DNS-343
Operating temperature
Hard Drive Status
Space percentage used on the hard disk
Server Status
Status of the printer server
Status of the UPnP AV server
Status of the iTunes server
Status of the FTP server
98
Market Analysis for D-Link NAS Products
Key Selling Point of D-Link NAS

File-sharing across the local network and Internet using FTP and
HTTPS
Flexible options for array capacity, supporting up to 1.5TB
Easy installation
Users and Groups/Folder with Quota and permission rights (read/
write) management
Appliance servers for network users (printer server, UPnP AV
server, etc)
iTunes automatic discovery of music stored on the NAS
Peer to Peer download client support
99
D-Link NAS Functions and Applications

Shares and backup files from Connects to UPS for monitoring
multiple clients function
Remote access via FTP Downloads shared files from the
Streams music, photos, and videos Internet using BitTorrent
from the NAS to a media player Stores recorded video surveillance
Shares printer on the LAN directly
(FTP: port 21) Obtains files stored in NAS

Remote Client
(P2P Connection)
(UPnP AV)
Connects through USB port
Download shared file using P2P connection
UPS
Printer
D-Link Multimedia Player 100
Product Positioning for D-Link NAS

D-Link NAS products are suitable for home user, SOHO and SMB
D-Link Network Storage Enclosures address the ever-growing data
storage requirements for multimedia and large data files for small
to medium business users
Need for data consolidation and data sharing make this enclosure
an ideal solution
Various RAID level support offers advanced data protection
This versatile enclosure supports the latest SATA technology and
Gigabit Ethernet connectivity for best-in-class performance
101
Summary
Summary: D-Link Network Attached Storage (NAS)

D-Link provides four main models for its NAS appliance product
line: DNS-313, DNS-323, DNS-321, and DNS-343.
All D-Link NAS appliances can be used to act as an iTunes server,
UPnP server, FTP server, printer server, and for certain models, D-
Link also supports added networking features such as a DHCP
server, and advanced features such as quota management and
DDNS, etc.
D-Link DNS-343 provides an added feature on the box, which is an
OLED screen to show certain status information, such as system
information, hard drive status, and the server appliance status.
D-Link NAS appliances are primarily targeted at home users, SOHO,
or SMB users who want the benefits of network storage that is cost
effective.
102

1. Which model of D-Link NAS provides OLED screen feature on the box?
A. DNS-313
B. DNS-323
C. DNS-321
D. DNS-343
2. What are the functions of D-Link NAS? (Choose all that apply)
A. Easy RAID migration and adaptability
B. Play music from iTunes software with the music stored in NAS
C. Stream music, photos and videos to a media server
D. Wireless access of data in the NAS via wireless client
3. Which RAID features are supported by D-Link DNS-323? (Choose all

that apply)
A. RAID 0
B. RAID 1
C. RAID 5
D. RAID 10
103
1. D
2. A, B, C
3. A, B
103
DCS Storage
NAS Product Features

Overview*
*All features are explained based on the DNS-343 product

104
104
NAS Product Features Overview

1. What is the Easy Search Utility and the functions supported in this
feature
2. What is the Configuration Wizard and what configuration tasks are
available to this wizard
3. What is Email Alerts
4. The characteristics of power management on D-Link NAS
5. Function of Disk Diagnostic feature
6. Purpose of user and group creation on D-Link NAS
7. The function of quota management
8. Appliance server roles with/without the use of USB port on D-Link NAS
9. Remote Backup
10.Peer-2-Peer (P2P) Downloads
11.Volume/File sharing on D-Link NAS and scheduled downloading
105
Managing the Device
Easy Search Utility

Easy Search Utility is provided to
help the users find the D-Link NAS
on the network.
What D-Link Easy Search Utility
can:
Discover and connect to D-Link
NAS products.
Map drives
Configure the IP of the NAS
106
Easy Search Utility is a software bundled in a package with the D-Link NAS
to help users in the network to easily find and access the D-Link NAS
around the network.
In order to access the Easy Search Utility software, each user must install
the software on their client device. With this software, the user can
discover the device, connect to the NAS, and configure and manage the D-
Link NAS. The user can also map volumes or folders created on the NAS
from this software as long as the user has the proper access rights.
106
Managing the Device
Configuration Wizard
107
The Configuration Wizard is available in all D-Link NAS products, providing

easy basic setup, including password setting, time zone setting, LAN
connection type setting, and other basic additional information, such as
workgroup name, domain name, device name, and description.
Password Setting
Set a new password for Admin user to access the web manager.
Time Zone Setting
Set the appropriate time zone for the proper location
LAN Connection Type Setting
Set the IP address of the device, either by using a static IP or a dynamic
IP from the DHCP server.
Additional Information Setting
Set the workgroup or domain information, name of the device, and its
description.
107
Managing the Device
Email Alerts
With the email alerts feature supported in the D-Link NAS product series,
alerts can be sent to a specified user if certain operational conditions occur,
such as the following:
Information about space status
A volume is full
A hard drive has failed
Administrator password has been
changed
Firmware has been upgraded
System temperature has exceeded
the specified temperature*
108
*If the system temperature exceeds the configured threshold, an email

alert will be sent. After the alert has been sent, the D-Link NAS will be
powered off for safety reasons.
108
Managing the Device
Power Management on D-Link NAS

Power management offers a green feature on D-Link NAS products.
With this feature, the administrator can configure the drives to shut down
after a specified idle time. The device will automatically power up when data
is being accessed by the client.
109
Managing the Device
Disk Diagnostic
Scandisk activity can be performed to check if any error has occurred on the
hard disk.
With this feature, all errors found will be listed with a description, along with
the option to repair each of these errors.
Scandisk can be performed over selected volume.
110
User and Group Management
User and Group Creation

User and groups can be created
and managed on the D-Link NAS
product series.
The purpose of creating users and
groups on the NAS product is to
control user access to the storage
and to control read/write privileges
for specified folders on the network
drives, or to setup FTP access
rights.
111
By default, all users have read and write access to all folders. Access rules
can be created in the Network Access menu.
111
Network Access
The Network Access feature is used to assign access rights to a user or a
group for specific folders or volumes.
112
This section allows you to assign the access rights for your users and groups to specific folders or volumes. By
default, all volumes are open to anyone on the local network with read/write access. Before specific user or
group rules can be created, the default rules must be deleted.
Oplocks
Opportunistic locks (Oplocks) are characteristics of the LAN Manager networking protocol implemented in the
32-bit Windows family.
Opportunistic locking (Oplock) is a mechanism that allows a server to tell a client process that a requested file is
only being used by that process. The client can safely do read-ahead and write-behind as well as local caching,
knowing that the file will not be accessed or changed in any way by another process while the opportunistic lock
is in effect. The server notifies the client when a second process attempts to open or modify the locked file.
If a client has oplocks disabled, all requests other than read must be sent to the server. Read operations may be
performed using cached or read-ahead data as long as the byte range has been locked by the client; otherwise,
they too must be sent to the server.
When a client opens a file, it may request that the server grant it an exclusive or batch oplock on the file. The
response from the server indicates the type of oplock granted to the client. If cached or read-ahead information
was retained after the file was last closed, the client must verify that the last modified time is unchanged when
the file is reopened before using the retained information.
In general, oplocks are guarantees made by a server to its clients for a shared logical volume. These guarantees
inform the client that a file's content will not be allowed to be changed by the server, or if some change is
imminent, the client will be notified before the change is allowed to proceed. Oplocks are designed to increase
network performance when it comes to network file sharing however when using file-based database
applications it is recommended to set the share oplocks to No (Off).
By default Windows Vista has Oplocks enabled and cannot be disabled. If you are having network performance
issues with applications sharing files from the NAS you may want to try to improve performance by setting
Oplocks to No (off).
To learn more about Opportunistic Locks, please refer to the following URL:http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/aa302210.aspx
Map Archive
The archive bit (on Windows file systems) is used to keep track of whether or not a file has been changed since
it was last backed up (archived). Enabling the Map Archive option will map the (Windows) archive bit to the
Linux (UNIX) owner execute bit, so as to preserve this part of the files attribute under a Linux file system. The
Linux (UNIX) file system lacks the concept of an archive bit. It is recommended that you enable this option if
you are performing backups on a Windows system or if you are using applications that require the archive bit.
Certain backup software will attach this attribute to files that are being stored as backups, and as such, archive
bits are used in incremental backups
112
Quota Management
The D-Link NAS product series supports quota management for groups,
folders, and individual users.
Assigning quotas to a groups, folders, or users will limit the amount of
storage capacity allocated for them.
113
By default users, groups, and folders do not have a quota and therefore
the storage space assigned for each user/group/folder is unlimited.
113
Quota Illustration
Volume-1
Current Saving
Data saved!!!
available Data available
Current
space Failed!!!
for Robertspace
is 1GB
for
Robert
Quota is 100MB
400MB
Exceeded!!!
D-Link NAS
Saves
200MB data
600MB
300MB
to volume-1
Robert
Quota limit for Robert is 1GB
Page is Animated 114
From the animation above, we can see that by using quotas, one user
space for storage capacity can be set and limited up to a certain number.
114
Appliance Servers
FTP Server
The D-Link NAS product series are equipped with a built-in FTP Server. With
this feature, data resources kept in the NAS can be accessed via FTP, both
from the inside and outside network.
115
The D-Link NAS product series are equipped with a built-in FTP Server. The
server is easy to configure and allows up to 10 users to access the server
locally or remotely at the same time.
If this feature is activated, the D-Link NAS will immediately act as an FTP
server and users or groups can access the NAS from the Internet. Users
and groups will only be allowed to access folders for which they have been
granted access rights to.
Note that each username or group name will only create one profile on the
FTP server.
115
Appliance Servers
UPnP AV Server
UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) is a set of network protocols that allows
devices to connect seamlessly and to simplify the implementation of
networks in the home digital environment (data sharing, communications,
and entertainment) and/or corporate environments.
UPnP AV (Audio and Video) servers store and share digital media, such as
photographs, movies, and music to provide hardware-based media
streaming services to UPnP AV compatible clients on the local network.
116
The D-Link NAS product series supports media streaming to UPnP AV

compatible clients on the local network. Use the UPnP AV server menu to
select the media content made available to such clients. By default the
UPnP server is enabled. The root checkbox specifies access to media
content on all volumes and folders on the drive.
Two main components of UPnP AV:

UPnP MediaServer DCP - which is the UPnP-server (a 'slave' device) that
shares/streams media data (like audio/video/picture/files) to UPnP-clients
on the network. In this case, D-Links NAS box is the UPnP Media Server
DCP.
UPnP MediaServer ControlPoint - which is the UPnP-client (a 'master'
device) that can auto-detect UPnP-servers on the network to browse and
stream media/data files from them.
When using this function, a UPnP MediaServer ControlPoint is able to auto-

detect UPnP-servers on the network to browse and stream media/data files
from them.
116
Appliance Servers
iTunes Server
D-Link NAS comes with a feature in which end users can listen to music
from iTunes at their own desk with the music files stored in the NAS.
With this feature, the iTunes software will automatically detect the folder
specified by the administrator. Therefore the administrator must specify a
folder that contains a collection of songs stored on the NAS.
117
The D-Link NAS product series feature an iTunes server. This server
provides the ability to share music and videos to all the available
computers within your local network. If the server is enabled, the folder
shared by the NAS will be automatically detected by the iTunes program,
and the music and videos contained in the specified directory will be
available for streaming over the network.
117
Appliance Servers
iTunes at the Client Side

Song library stored on the D-
Link NAS is automatically
detected using the iTunes
application on the client side
D-Link NAS
iTunes server
feature is activated
on the D-Link NAS
Play music from the

NAS with iTunes
118
Networking Features
DDNS
Dynamic DNS (DDNS) allows the hosting of a server using a domain name
assigned with a dynamic IP address.
DDNS helps to deal with servers publishing IP addresses that constantly change
due to the use of dynamic IP addresses.
In the D-Link NAS product series, the DDNS feature can be used to make the NAS
accessible from a public network.
D-Link provides a utility for

customers to use the DDNS service
provided by www.dlinkddns.com
(only 1 host may be created using
the D-Link DDNS service).
Free DDNS service can also be
obtained from www.dyndns.com.
119
The DDNS feature allows you to host a server (Web, FTP, Game Server,
etc) using a domain name that you have purchased
(www.whateveryournameis.com) with your dynamically assigned IP
address. Most broadband Internet Service Providers assign dynamic
(changing) IP addresses. Using a DDNS service provider, your friends can
use the domain name to connect to your server no matter what your IP
address is.
119
Networking Features
Remote Backup
The D-Link NAS Remote Backup allows you to backup the files stored on the
NAS to one or more remote NAS devices in order to prevent data loss in the
event of a failure.
120
D-Links NAS Remote Backup feature uses a Secure Shell (SSH) connection
that dynamically creates secure key pairs to encrypt the data, ensuring
that your data is reliably backed up or restored securely.
Supports 10 concurrent downloads to multiple destination devices,

providing efficient and comprehensive backups.
When configuring the NAS for backup, the user must decide whether to
configure the NAS as a Destination device or a Source device. As a
Destination device, the Remote Backup feature allows you to browse to the
shared backup folders setup on a Source device. The shared backup folder
located on the Source device is encrypted before being sent to the
Destination devices.
120
Networking Features
Peer-2-Peer (P2P) Download

The D-Link NAS P2P Downloads allows the user to share files and folders via
torrents. This is a great way to share files with friends, colleagues, and
family.
121
Networking Features
File Sharing
D-Link NAS provides two ways to share files to all users over the
network
Samba
Samba is an Open Source/Free Software suite that provides seamless
file and print services to SMB/CIFS clients and allows interoperability
between Linux/Unix servers and Windows-based clients.
FTP
For file sharing, D-Link also provides multilingual support for the
local user to easily share files without any difficulties.
Samba: Unicode
FTP Client:
Croatian, Cyrillic (Kyrgyz Republic), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish,
French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian,
Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Slovenian,
Spanish, Swedish, Traditional Chinese, Turkish.
122
Computers communicate in numbers. In texts, each number is translated

to a corresponding letter. The meaning that will be assigned to a certain
number depends on the character set (charset) that is used.
A charset can be seen as a table that is used to translate numbers to
letters. Not all computers use the same charset (there are charsets with
German umlauts, Japanese characters, and so on).
One standardized multibyte charset encoding scheme is known as Unicode.
A big advantage of using a multibyte charset is that you only need one.
There is no need to make sure two computers use the same charset when
they are communicating.
Old Windows clients use single-byte charsets, named codepages, by
Microsoft. However, there is no support for negotiating the charset to be
used in the SMB/CIFS protocol. Thus, you have to make sure you are using
the same charset when talking to an older client. Newer clients (Windows
NT, 200x, XP) use Unicode.
122
Networking Features
Scheduled Downloading
The D-Link NAS Download Scheduling feature allows the administrator to set
up a schedule for downloading folders or files, and backup sessions.
123
By default all local backups and file/folder downloads are in Overwrite

mode, meaning that identical files in the destination folder will be
overwritten by the source files regardless of which file is newer. Checking
Incremental Backup will have the D-Link NAS appliance compare identical
file names at the source and destination, and files will only be overwritten
if the source file is more recent.
123
USB Port Applications
Print Server
The D-Link NAS can be directly connected to a printer to make the NAS
become a print server.
Printer attached to the NAS can

be accessed from the client side
124
D-Link NAS features a built-in USB print server, giving users the ability to
share a printer on their local network. Connect a USB printer to the USB
port on the back of the D-Link NAS. It is important to ensure that all the
printers drivers have been installed on the computers you want to print
from.
124
USB Port Applications
UPS Monitoring
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) can be directly connected to a D-Link
NAS through the provided USB port.
The purpose of attaching the UPS to the NAS is to provide a way to safely
shutdown the NAS in case of a power failure.
When a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) is connected to the NAS, the
Status screen hides the printer information and displays information about
the UPS (such as, the manufacturer, product type, battery power status,
and UPS status).
125
Status of the UPS:

OL indicates that the UPS is online
OB indicates that the UPS is running on battery, meaning that there has
been a power failure. In this case, the D-Link NAS will keep running by
consuming the battery power of the UPS. Any data should be save
immediately to prevent data loss before the battery power on the UPS runs
out.
LB indicates that the UPS has low battery power.
125
Summary
Summary: NAS Product Features Overview (1)

The Easy Search Utility is a feature in D-Link NAS that helps make the
administrator's task easier by displaying all the D-Link NAS products
found within the subnet. Besides providing NAS discovery, it can also be
used to map drives and configure IP addresses.
To make device configuration easier, D-Link NAS provides a
configuration wizard to perform the basic configuration of the device.
This is useful for some users who are unfamiliar with configuring the
device.
Email alerts is a feature which warns a specified user, usually the
administrator, when certain conditions, as specified by the
administrator, are encountered.
Power management is a feature designed to help cut down on the
energy used by the NAS. With this feature the D-Link NAS will
automatically shutdown after being idle for some specified amount of
time.
D-Link provides the Disk Diagnostic feature which can be used to
perform error checking on a disk. This is to ensure the integrity of the
data stored on the disk.
Users and groups can be created and managed on the D-Link NAS to
better control user access to the data stored on the NAS. Quotas can
also be applied to users/groups/folders.
126
Summary
Summary: NAS Product Features Overview (2)

All D-Link NAS can be set to act as application servers serving
added functionality to its clients, such as to act as an iTunes server,
UPnP server, FTP server, and print server.
Dynamic DNS (DDNS) is a feature which can be used to host a
server using a dynamic IP address by giving the host a domain
name so it is accessible by the public.
With a NAS appliance, file sharing over the network becomes much
easier by sharing a volume all at once using the drive mapping
feature. File sharing can also be done by using FTP or Samba.
The D-Link NAS appliance can be instructed to perform scheduled
downloading from a specified URL.
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) can be connected to a D-
Link NAS through the provided USB port to provide a safe shutdown
after a power failure.
127

1. What is the function of the Easy Search Utility feature?
A. To search for files stored in the D-Link NAS based on keywords or file extensions.
B. To find errors that have occurred on the D-Link NAS.
C. To discover D-Link NAS products over the network.
D. To search the activity history saved on the D-Link NAS.
2. What feature on D-Link NAS is used to check errors that have occurred in the hard
disk?
A. Scan Disk
B. Media Scanning
C. Parity Scanning
D. Disk Scanning
3. How many concurrent users are allowed to access FTP in D-Link NAS?
A. 1
B. 4
C. 10
D. Unlimited
4. What are the purposes of USB port provided in D-Link NAS? (Choose all that apply)
A. To make the NAS become a print server if connected to a printer from the USB port.
B. To connect to iPod to synchronize music from the iPod to the NAS.
C. To connect to a USB scanner so it can scan a file directly.
D. To connect to a UPS to enable a safe shut down upon power failure.
128
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. A, D
128

5. What feature must be used to publish a D-Link NAS for public access when it is
assigned a dynamic IP address rather than a static IP address?
A. DNS
B. FTP Server
C. D-Link UPnP AV Server
D. DDNS
6. What are the appliance server functions supported by D-Link NAS? (Choose all
that apply)
A. iTunes Server
B. DNS Server
C. FTP Server
D. Web Server
E. UPnP AV Server
7. What is the method used to share files on the D-Link NAS if using remote access?
A. DNS
B. FTP
C. Telnet
D. SSH
129
5. D
6. A, C, E
7. B
129
DCS Storage
Applications and Solutions

for Network Storage
130
Applications and Solutions for Network Storage
1. NAS application for sample reference
2. SAN application for sample reference
131
NAS Applications
NAS Application for SMB Environment
Wireless LAN
Wired LAN
Wireless
Router
Guest-1
Wireless Clients
Employee-1
Guest-2 DNS-343
Employee-2
Printer is shared by the NAS, therefore

can be accessed over the network
The USB port can be attached to a UPS or USB Printer
132
SAN Applications
SAN Application for Server Clustering

Server clustering is a group of servers running the same application as a
single virtual server.
Server clustering prevents a single point of failure. If a server is goes down,
another server will replace it and take the role of the primary server.
In this scenario, the clustered servers share the same disks in the SAN.
Goes to Public Network
Clustered Email Servers Clustered ERP Servers
Tape Libraries
iSCSI SAN
133
SAN Applications
SAN Application for Monitoring Purposes

Video Server with Recorded videos from all cameras are stored
iSCSI initiator directly into the SAN storage
Gigabit Ethernet Switch

SAN Storage
Wired Video Cameras Links are aggregated

Backup Storage
Gigabit Ethernet Switch
Wireless Camera
D-Link Wireless N Router

Video Post
Processing
Wireless Camera Server
134

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[Storage]

Introduction to Network Storage

Evolutions of Storage Technology

1940 1951 1956 1962 1970 1978 1981 1984

Evolutions of Storage Technology (contd)

1985 1994 1996 1998 2000 2003

Types of Storage Solution

Direct Attached Storage (DAS)

Network Application Server

With Direct Attached Storage, managing backup is quite difficult.

Solution for DAS

DAS Network Storage

Why Do We Need Network Storage?

* Unique characteristics possessed by SAN only.

Advantages of network storage as compared to DAS are as the following:

Network Attached Storage (NAS) Overview

File Server Public Local Area Network

Storage Area Network (SAN) Overview

File Server High performance

SAN is a high performance storage network which transfers block-level

Differences of NAS and SAN

Comparison for each of the Storage Solutions

Summary: Introduction to Network Storage

Questions and Answers:

2. What is the characteristic of D-Link Network Attached Storage?

3. What are the characteristics of D-Link Storage Area Network? (Choose

RAID Technology Overview

RAID 0 Technology Overview

When RAID 0 is suitable?

If RAID 0 is in use and one of

RAID 1 Technology Overview

When RAID 1 is suitable?

If RAID 1 is in use and the primary disk

RAID 5 Technology Overview

Advantages and Disadvantages

When RAID 5 is suitable?

Data is fully recovered!!! Disk-2 fails, data cannot be accessed!!!

1 0 P=1 (1 XOR 0) 1 XOR 0 = 1

Data can be rebuilt to the new disk using XOR calculations by

In a RAID 5 implementation, bit per bit of data on one disk will be

RAID 10 Technology Overview

Characteristics of RAID 10 technology:

When RAID 10 is suitable?

RAID 1 - Mirror RAID 1 - Mirror

Disk-0 Disk-1 Disk-2 Disk-3

Very high reliability combined

JBOD Technology Overview

As the name implies, disks are merely concatenated together, end to

Logically seen as one big storage

Total storage capacity () =

Summary for Each RAID Technology

RAID-0 No Superior Superior 2

RAID-1 Yes Very High High 2

RAID-5 Yes Superior Good 3

RAID-10 Yes Very High High 4

JBOD No Superior Superior 2

Summary: RAID Technologies

Questions and Answers: RAID Technologies

2. Which RAID technology supports the consolidation of all disks with

Hard Drive Interface Technologies Overview

Here are a few advantages to SATA over IDE:

SCSI Technology Overview

Summary: Storage Essentials

Questions and Answers: Storage Essentials