New SARP Series Anatomy

Contents CHAPTER 6 THORAX

Theoretical Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 192

Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 221
Answers and Explanations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 228

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL ANATOMY

CHAPTER 7 ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Theoretical Concepts ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Multiple Choice Questions............................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Theoretical Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 240

Answers and Explanations ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 302

Answers and Explanations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 316

CHAPTER 2 GENERAL HISTOLOGY

CHAPTER 8 HEADAND NECK
Theoretical Concepts .......................................................................................................................................................................................12

PREVIEW
Multiple Choice Questions.............................................................................................................................................................................40 Theoretical Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 334

Answers and Explanations .............................................................................................................................................................................44 Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 395

Answers and Explanations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 406

CHAPTER 3 GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

CHAPTER 9 NEUROANATOMY AND BACK
Theoretical Concepts .......................................................................................................................................................................................52 Theoretical Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 422
Multiple Choice Questions.............................................................................................................................................................................68 Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 457
Answers and Explanations .............................................................................................................................................................................71 Answers and Explanations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 463

CHAPTER 4 UPPER LIMB IMAGE-BASED QUESTIONS

Theoretical Concepts .......................................................................................................................................................................................76 Image-Based Questions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 471
Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 121 Answers and Explanations to Image-Based Questions .................................................................................................................... 492
Answers and Explanations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 130
AIIMS May 2017 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 499

CHAPTER 5 LOWER LIMB

Theoretical Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 142
Multiple Choice Questions.......................................................................................................................................................................... 177 xii
Answers and Explanations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 183
Chapter One New SARP Series Anatomy
Bones
Skeleton is divided into axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
q Axial Skeleton: Forms central axis of body. Includes skull, hyoid bone, vertebral bones and thoracic cage (Ribs
and sternum)
q Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of upper limb and lower limb

Classification of Bones Based on types of Development

q Cartilaginous bones: Bones are formed by cartilage which later ossify into bones, e.g. Long bones, skull base,

General Anatomy
vertebra
q Membranous bones: Bones are formed by membranes. These membranes are then transformed into bone.
Clavicle, Maxilla, Skull vault

According to shape
q Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones.

Long Bones
q Consists of two ends and intervening shaft
q Presence of medullary cavity
q Vertically placed

PREVIEW
q Ossify by means of cartilage

Types of epiphysis
q Pressure: Take part in joint formation. They transmit weight
Head of humerus
Lower end of radius etc
q Traction epiphysis: Non-articular and does not take part in
weight transmission e.g.
Greater and lesser trochanter of femur
Greater and lesser tubercle of humerus and mastoid process
q Atavastic: Phylogenetically independent but fused to nearest
bone for nutrition e.g.
Coracoid process of scapula
Ostrigonum Structure of bone
q Aberrant Epiphysis (Aberrant, Not usual): Not always present, e.g.
Head of 1st metacarpal bones
Base of other metacarpal bones

Short Bones
q Short in post and it can be in any shape. According to their shape, these bones are named. For example,
Trapezium, cuboid.

Flat
q Flat in appearance and so there are 2 surface in front and behind for these bones. For example, Bones of
2 thoracic cage, bones forming cranial vault.
 Chapter 1 General Anatomy New SARP Series Anatomy

Irregular Bones Age Occurs in

q Irregular and not fit into any category of shape. For example, Hip bone. 18 to 23 years Bones of lower limb and hip bones ossified completely
21 to 25 years Sternum, clavicle and vertebrae ossified completely
Macroscopic Classification of Bones
By 23 years (Females) Nearly all bones
Classified into compact and cancellous bone By 25 years (Males) Completely ossified
q Compact Bone: More bone tissue and less empty space. Dense in nature.
q Spongy (cancellous) bone: More space and less bone tissue.

Microscopic Classification of Bones Remember

q Lamellar bone: Collagens are arranged in orderly manner in form of concentric sheets. Hiltons Law
q Woven bone: Woven bones are arranged in random manner. The nerve supplying a muscle also gives a branch to joint and another branch to skin over the joint
e.g. Nerve to Quadratus femoris: Hip joint; axillary nerve; shoulder joint.

REMEMBE R Law of Ossification

q Haversian system: Osteon fundamental functional
High Yield unit of compact bone; consists of haversian canal and
Woven bones are formed during pathological surrounded by concentric lamellae
conditions, which are then replaced by lamellar q Volkmanns canal: Volkmanns canal connects haversian
bones. canal to each other and to surface of bone.
q The secondary center which appears first fuses last and that extremity of bone is growing end (growing end is
in opposite direction to nutrient foramen)
q In upper limb, nutrient foramina are directed towards elbow. In lower limb, they are directed away from knee
joint

PREVIEW
q Fibula violates law of ossification
other type of Bones
q Pneumatic bones: Bones with air cavities. e.g. maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and mastoid. Applied Anatomy
q Sesamoid bones: Bones formed in tendons. q TB and syphilis begin in the middle of shaft (Diaphysis).
q Metaphysis is the m/c site of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children. Metaphysis is prone to trumatic necrosis
Blood supply of Long Bones and avascular necrosis.
q Nutrient artery: Enters nutrient foramen, which is formed in middle of shaft q Epiphysis is involved in Perthes disease
q Direction towards growing end of bone (metaphysics) q Hematogenous infection of bone m/c involves metaphysis of long bones
q Long bones are also supplied by periosteal arteries, metaphyseal arteries, epiphyseal arteries.

Ossification Centers Joints in the Body

q Site of bone formation Primary cartilaginous joint Secondary Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphosis
q One primary ossification center appears before birth (Exception: Primary center of tarsal and carpal bones) cartilaginous joint
and one or more secondary ossification center appear after birth q 1st chondrosternal joint q Symphysis menti q Serrate: Sagittal q Inferior tibio- q Tooth fit in
(rest of chondrosternal q Symphysis pubis q Denticulate: lambdoid fibular joint the socket
Table 1: Ossification of various bones of body and the respective age joint are synovial) q Manubrio sterna q Squamous: Temporo-
q joint between epiphysis q joint between parietal
Age Occurs in and diaphysis vertebral bodies q Plane: between
Third month (fetus) Ossification begins in long bones q Between basiocciput and palatine process of
basisphenoid maxillae
Fourth month (fetus) Most 1 ossification centers appear in diaphysis of long bones
q Schindylesis: between
From birth till 5 years of age 2 ossification centers appear in epiphyses rostrum of sphenoid
5 to 14 years Rapid spreading of ossification from ossification centers and upper margin of
vomer
15 to 20 years Bones of upper limb and scapulae ossified completely 3 4
Contd....
 Chapter 1 General Anatomy
New SARP Series Anatomy
Primary Cartilagenous
Joints
q Space between bones are occupied by hyaline cartilage
Joints are junction between two or more bones. q It is then replaced by bone, hence it is temporary
q It is immovable, hence strong.

secondary Cartilagenous (symphysis)

q Articular surface covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage and bones are united by fibrocartilage
q These are permanent and present throughout the life
q These joints are found in midlines

Fibrous Joint
q Space between bones are joined together by fibrous tissue.
q Hence, these joints are immovable.
q Classified into: Sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses
Suture: Found in skull. Immovable according to shape of margins of bones, sutures are named in various
types
Syndesmoses: Bones are connected by interosseous ligaments
Gomphoses: Otherwise known as peg and socket

PREVIEW
synovial Joint
q Articular surface covered by Hyaline cartilage
q Synovial membrane lines entire joint except the articular surface
q Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
q Joint is covered by fibrous capsule

A. Syndesmosis (tibiofibular); B. Suture (skull), Cartilaginous; C. Symphysis (vertebral bodies); D. Synchondrosis (first rib Types
and sternum). Synovial; E. Condyloid (wrist); F. Gliding (radioulnar); G. Hinge or ginglymus (elbow); H. ball and socket
(hip); I. Saddle (carpometacarpal) of thumb); J. Pivot (atlantoaxial). q Plane: Articular surface are more or less plane. Permit gliding movement
q Hinge: Pulley shaped. Permit movement in one plane transverse axis
types of synovial Joints q Pivot: Formed by bony pivot surrounded by an osteoligamentous ring. Permit movement in one plane-vertical
axis
Hinge Pivot Condylar Ellipsoid q Condylar: Consists of 2 distinct condyles, in which one is reciprocally concave. Permit movement in transverse
q Interphalangeal q Atlanto-axial q Knee q Wrist joint, knuckle joint axis
q Joint of fingers and toes q Radioulnar q Temporomandibular and atlanto-occipital joint q Ellipsoid: Include convex male fitting into ellipsoid female. Permit movement in transverse axis, anteroposterior
q Elbow axis (not in vertical axis).
q Ankle q Saddle: Are reciprocally concavo convex
q Ball and Socket: Consists of globular head fitting into cup-shaped socket
Saddle Plane Ball and socket
q Carpometacarpal joint of thumb q Intercarpal joint q Shoulder joint Classification based on Function
q Sternoclavicular q Intertarsal joint q Hip joint q Immovable: No mobility
q Calcaneocuboid q Facet joint (between the q Talocalcaneo navicular joint q Slightly movable
q Joint between malleus and incus articular facet of adjacent q Articulation between incus and stapes 6 q Freely movable
vertebra)
5
 New SARP Series Anatomy Chapter 1 General Anatomy

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

1. Which of the following is multipennate muscle: 7. Bone which is pneumatic: (PGI May 2015) 1. Ans. c. Deltoid q Pneumatic bones: Bones with air cavities.
(Recent Question Dec. 2016) a. Maxillary b. Parietal e.g. maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and
a. FPL b. EPL c. Temporal d. Frontal [Ref: vishram singh general anatomy, 138] mastoid.
c. Deltoid d. FHL e. Ethmoidal q Deltoid middle fibers multipennate.
8. Ans. a. Long bones
2. In which of the following muscles, the muscle 8. Enchondral ossification is/are seen in:
fibers are not parallel: (AIIMS Nov. 2016) (PGI Nov. 2015) 2. Ans. d. Tibialis anterior
[Ref: langmens embryology 127]
a. Sartorius b. Sternohyoid a. Long bones b. Flat bones of skull The muscles with parallel fasciculi are sartorius, q Long bones show enchondral ossification.
c. Rectus abdominis d. Tibialis anterior c. Clavicle d. Mandible sternohyoid, rectus abdominis, digastric, thyrohyoid Skull base, vertebra
3. The Haversian system is found in: (AI 2000) e. Nasal bones
a. Diaphysis of long bones 9. Vomer-Sphenoidal rostrum junction is: 3. Ans. a. Diaphysis of long bones 9. Ans. c. Schindylesis
b. Cancellous bone (Recent Question Dec. 2013)
[Ref: vishram singh general anatomy, 75] [Ref: vishram singh general anatomy 95]
c. Epiphysis a. Syndesmosis b. Synostosis
d. Spongy bones of children c. Schindylesis d. Gomphosis q Diaphysis of long bones contains compact
bones, which contains osteon. 10. Ans. d. Synchondrosis
4. All of the following statements are true for 10. Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a long
bone is a type of: (AIIMS 2004) Joint between epiphysis and diaphysis: Primary
metaphysis of bone except: (AI 2003) 4. Ans. c. Growth activity is negligible here
a. Plane Synovial joint b. Fibrous joint cartilaginous.
a. It is the epiphyseal end of diaphysis
b. It is highly vascular c. Symphysis d. Synchondrosis [Ref: vishram singh general anatomy 80]
11. Ans. a. Symphysis
c. Growth activity is negligible here 11. The type of joint between the sacrum and the q Active growth occurs in metaphysis.

PREVIEW
d. Common site of osteomyelitis in children q Sacrococcygeal joint: mid line joint symphysis
coccyx is a: (AI 2005)
5. Ans. d. Base of 2nd metacarpal secondary cartilaginous joint.
5. Which of the following is aberrant epiphysis? a. Symphysis b. Synostosis
(Recent Question Dec. 2016) c. Synchondrosis d. Syndesmosis 12. Ans. d. Synovial joint
[Ref: BDC General anatomy 34]
a. Coracoid process 12. Median atlantoaxial joint is:
q Aberrant head of 1st metacarpal and base of [Ref: vishram singh general anatomy 47]
b. Greater tubercle of humerus (Recent Question Dec. 2016)
other metacarpal bones. Median atlantoaxial joint: Pivot type of synovial
c. Base of 1st metacarpal a. Condylar b. Cartilaginous
d. Base of 2nd metacarpal c. Fibrous d. Synovial Joint joint.
6. Ans. d. Coracoid process of scapula.
6. Which of the following is an example of atavistic 13. Intracapsular articular disc is present in which 13. Ans. a. Sternoclavicular joint
q Coracoid process atavistic
epiphysis? (Recent Question Dec. 2016) joint: (Recent Question Dec. 2016)
a. Greater trochanter a. Sternoclavicular joint [Ref: vishram singh general anatomy]
7. Ans. a. Maxillary, d. Frontal, e. Ethmoidal
b. Head of femur b. Elbow Articular disc is seen in temparomandibular joint,
c. Upper end of radius c. Hip joint [Ref: vishram singh general anatomy 74] sternoclavicular joint.
d. Coracoid process of scapula d. Knee joint

8 9
 PREVIEW
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