,

.
 . .
Dipl-Eng, MSc, PhD, CEng

1996 , ,
Virginia Tech, Sheffield,
Sheffield Hallam, Monash. 158 ,
82 4 .
2010 International Journal
of Structural Integrity.
2001 ESIS
.
2000 (. ,
, , )
.
/20/3 (2016-)
(2017).

OVE Arup, Atkins, Saipem, Bechtel, Freyssinet, Harrison
Grierson, , , JP Avax, .
1600 .
e-mail: carodopoulos@gmail.com


 B
1. ....................................................................... 1
1.1 . ............................................................. 1
1.2 ............................................................................... 3
1.3 . ........................................................................................... 6
1.4 . ......................................................................................................... 7
1.5 . ...................................................... 8
1.6 . .......................................................................................... 9
1.7 . ............................................................................................. 9
1.8 - . ........................................ 13
1.9 .................... 15
1.10
. ............................................................................................ 17
2. ............................................................................ 19
2.1 .................................................................... 19
2.2 . ........................................................... 23
2.2 ............ 26
2.3 . ............................................... 28
. ........................................................................................................................ 31

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.

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.

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1.1

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.

( 2, 2).

2


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< 25 cm
.

2



.


!

B1
 EN 14630,
, (),
(freshly removed and sound concrete sample).

3
,

.


,
.
,
, "
" (contamination),

.

3

. ( 30% )
.

4
. 23,7 mm,
92,0 mm. .
Ca++.

4

.

B2
' 5
. ,
12 mm 50 mm.
2-3 ( 5).

5 Hilti DD-BI HWC .

8-10 mm,
( 6).
. .

6 Carbontest.

1.2
(C20H14O4)
.
70% + 30% 1%.

pH 8 10.
pH 9,5
St I pH 8,5,
.
ASTM F 710-05.

B3
 7

.
" ",

pH < 2

8 pH
.

,
. Ca
. pH 10 ,
.

,
1272/2008/, T: (toxic), Xn: (harmful) R68:
(possible risk of irreversible effects)
..

(C21H20O6), ,
0,5% . pH
. pH > 10 / ,
pH < 8,4 [Chinchn-Pay, 2016].

9 0,5% 0,1%.

B4

.
, pH = 1 pH = 2.
(), ()
(strips),
-
.

-


. pH 8,2
( 11, 11).

10
, pH = 2,
Germann

11

,
pH =1,
MicroEssentiallab.

11


pH=1

MicroEssentiallab..

11


.

B5

,
Flat Surface Electrode Meters.

( ),
> 60 mm .
pH (0 - 14)
2 !

12
pH 150C
ExTech.

1.3

13

, ()
2-3 ml.


.

14

B6
 4 .
5 mm ( 15).

15 , > 5 mm

16 Carbontest.

.
.

1.4

. ' ,
( ) :

Fick (
/),
,
. 17, CO2
.
, .

B7
 17

1.5

, , pH 9,5.

. ,
pH, 12,5,
""
.

(
) ,
( ). (
) (
), . ,
,
,
.

pH = 9,5
, hmax = Cnom. ,
Hong-Kong, hmax = Cnom - 5 mm
.
13670 ( 18).

18 CEB/FiB Model Code 2010.

B8
1.6
,
( ) .
,
.

, ( 19).

19 (pacometers or rebar locators)

1.7
,
( Fib/CEB):

:
: .
h :

,

.

.

, ,
, , ,
.

(, , , ..),
, ,
. (.
), ,
( 20).

B9
 20 24

(normal distribution).
, ' 20 cm
( 21).

21 .
.

( 22).

B 10
 22 18,2 mm
2,82 mm

( 23).
61,2%,
86% ( min) 92,7% ( !).

23 .

((

,
(, ),
( 24 25).

B 11
 24 1970
2013, 43 .
2004 ( 8,96 , )

25

,
.

.. ,
.

.
(),
( 26).

B 12
 26

1.8 -

ASTM C 876,
( ).
( ).

.
, -200 -350 mV
( 27).

27 ASTM C 876
(CSE: Copper Sulfate Electrode, )

.
:

1 --
1,2 m.
.

B 13
 .

150 mV ( ).
,
100 mV.

ASTM C 876
28, ,
.
/,
.

28 ASTM C 876

29

40x40 cm

.

,

.

.
(cm)

B 14
 29 ,
-350 mV, .
ASTM C 876,
-200 -350 mV ,

-200 mV.

10 cm 0,12 m2,
1,6 m2.

200 ( ), 2.000 ,

( 30).
ASTM C 876 .

30
.

1.9


. 206-1
. 31

(corrosion induced by carbonation), 85-99%
65-85%.

B 15
 31

,
(Equilibrium Moisture Content - EMC).
( ), ,
( ),
.

32 . y-y
( )

>4% ,
60%,
. 4,5% .

4,5 %, .

EMC > 4%, ,

, 31 (
1 ).

( 28), 33.

B 16
 33
EMC
29.
(>4%)


+1,20.


( )


,
.
(cm)

34 ( )
250 .
10 mm
100 mm / ..

1.10

,
. ,
, ,
.

B 17
 35






13%
.
50%
!

.

.

.

,
,
"" .

36 ,
/ .
, , , ,
75.000 !

B 18
 37
,
80 cm
0,00, (
29) ( 33)

0,00.
0,00 -400 mV

4,5%.
0,00,

(. > -200 mV).



( ,
, ).

,

.

2.
2.1

,
. /
, .

.

(AgNO3) 0,03 - 0,1,
ASTM C 1202.

38 AgNO3 / 0,1 .
,

B 19
 :

10 mm,

,



39

[
Nordtest Method NT Build 492]

.
,
0,02 0,1
40
,

, pH=13
[Kim et al, 2013].

AgNO3 -
0,02

(<0.3%),
0,1
.

41
AgNO3 0.1
(
).

B 20
 AgNO3


(. )

42



.

43



.

44
AgNO3
0.1
.



41-43.

B 21
 45 AgNO3,
, .

AgNO3
1 ( 44). 1
, 5-15 min,
60 min .

46 AgNO3 0.05 ( 0.45% )

.

0,64%.

B 22
 (
) AgNO3 >0.075
( ).

AgNO3 (CO3++)
, :

AgNO3 , >95%, ()
[Juca, 2002].
() , 75%,
.

,
.

47
AgNO3 + fluorescein (
) AgNO3 + K2CrO4, ( ) [He et al, 2011].

2.2
,
( )
( ). ,
( ),
(
).

3
. ,
( 47).

B 23
 48 .

,

( 48).
10 g. 10-12 mm 10 g
10 mm . ,
.
.

49


.

:.

ASTM C 1218
.

( ).

ASTM C1152 (-
)

B 24
 EN 14629 ( ASTM C1152)
.

. EN 14629
"
, .

.
14% ( 350
kg/m3 2,400kg/m3)"

50

3 .

(
)




.

51

pH

B 25
 18 (. 50 51)
:

%

(mm) pH
18 5 0.52 8.8 0
18 10 0.48 8.2 0
18 15 0.47 8.5 0
18 20 0.43 8.8 0
18 30 0.42 9.2 0
18 40 0.38 9.3 0
18 50 0.25 9.5 0
18 60 0.24 10.0 0,0006

, 49 .

52 ND
James (C-CL-3000 Chlorimeter, ) Elcometer (134 CSN Chloride, Sulphate &
Nitrate Kit, ).

2.2


(. ).

,
Fick, :

:
Co % (=0)
mm
2
D (m /s),
t
erf

B 26
 (R2),
D,
. Co ,
.

53 Excel ( ).

(. 1.6) ,
( 54).

54 .

B 27
 , pH.
,
,
.

2.3

,
( 55).

55
.
27 [COIN, 2008].

ASTM C 876 : "...

,
( ).
,
,
?"

. Wenner
(Wenner Arrays) ASTM C1760,
:

AASHTO T 259 ASTM C1760

B 28
 ,
.

( 56).

()

() ()

56 Wenner : () Proceq, () Cosasco () Qseeman.

(/cm2).

. ASTM G 59,
:

57 '
.

B 29
 57 ASTM G 59.
2
> 0.1 /cm .
, ,
, , .

206-1 ( 58).

58 206-1
[CONTECVET, 2001].

B 30


AASHTO T 259 Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration

ASTM C 1218 Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete

ASTM C1152 / C1152M Standard Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete

ASTM C1202 Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist
Chloride Ion Penetration

ASTM C1760 - Standard Test Method for Bulk Electrical Conductivity of Hardened Concrete

ASTM F710 Standard Practice for Preparing Concrete Floors to Receive Resilient Flooring

ASTM G59, Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance
Measurements

Collepardi M., Marcialis A., Turriziani R. Penetration of chloride ions into cement pastes and
concrete Journal of American Ceramic Society, 55, p.534-536 (1972)

CONTECVET (2001) A validated Users Manual for assessing the residual service life of concrete
structures, EC Innovation Programme, IN 30902I.

EN 13670 Execution of concrete structures

EN 14630 Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures. Test
methods. Determination of carbonation depth in hardened concrete by the phenolphthalein
method

He, F. et al. (2011), Calculation of chloride concentration at color change boundary of AgNO3.
Construction and Building Materials, v. 41, n. 11, p. 1095-1103, 2011.

Juc, T. R. P. (2002), Evaluation of free chlorides in concrete and Portland cement mortars by
spray method with silver nitrate solution. Dissertation (Masters), Federal University of Gois.
Goinia, Brasil.

Kim, M. et al. (2013),Application of the colorimetric method to chloride diffusion evaluation
in concrete structures.Construction and Building Materials. v. 41, p. 239-245.

S. Chinchn-Pay , C. Andrade , S. Chinchn, (2016) Indicator of carbonation front in concrete
as substitute to phenolphthalein, Cement and Concrete Research 82 (2016) 8791.

EN 14629 Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures -Test
methods -Determination of chloride content in hardened concrete.

B 31