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sociologia como disciplina emergiu primeiramente do pensamento iluminista, pouco

depois da revoluo francesa

sociologia ciencia positista da sociedade

uma reao a modernidade, ao capitalismo, urbanizao, colonialismo, secularizao


e imperialismo. ---------------------------

no final do sculo 19 mostra interece na emero do estado nao

What is? social study of social interaction(people and groups of people)

Society -> group of people whose members interact, resid under a definite area and
share a culture(beliefs and way of life)

socialists see FIGURATION, look not only at the induvidual behavior but the society
that shapes it simultaniously
(like why people bought an iphone, the society things that mede he do that)

Sociological imagination: you look at your own history and the pasts of others in
relation to something...
(like imagine things while buying an iphone, not just buying it...)

1780 first time word sociology used, but there was not socio for sure...

it wa reinvented by Auguste Comte(father thing here), (society can be studied using


the same specific methods in natural science).

Positivismo: the scientific study of social patterns

Marx rejected positivism, says society grows and change by the struggle of
different classes over the means of production

1895 durkheim makes first department of sociology, sociologists could study social
facts
he was a positivist
auicide, was a work in a suicide rates where they found protestants commited more
suicede than catholics...
conclusion(you have that structure with rule of the word of god, you go to church
to get interpretation to get interpretation, only way
protestants believe you can get a personal relation to god, now when you think
about people everyone has one, as opinions of the bible, so everyone could have an
interpretation on how god works, so you don't have the support system.
Protestantism you are like in your own.

Weber was an antipositivit, understanding vs generalization


he wanted to understand the world, not make previsions etc.

Historic context:
Enlightment -> mid 1600 to 1700s
cultural movement of intelectuals, focused on the west, feudal system with kings
and loyality (they kade people believe there was a god will to be born in that
family, so no one could question your altority), here people start to question all
this, they try to stop seeing things trough superstitions and start try to measure
things. stop being mystical already. the phylosofers start to think wheter or not
things must be that way, if there is a different way. on the heels of enlightment
comes:

French rev -> 1789 (a fundation in conflict here)


very quick, came on the heels of a finantial crises in france, people were thinking
about this ideas about aristrocrats, paris was super populated with hard winters.
due the indust rev people have leaved they countryside lives to live in the city
(promise life would be better), so they have nothing to eat in the winter and they
can't go out to the fields and eat something, they were really starving to death.
so questioning they leaders and very angry they tried to take control and did it
for a very short time.

industrial rev (west)-> mid 1700s to mid 1800s


on heels of enlightment, french revolution happened on it, has a great effect on
construction of society. Before there was only two classes (the nobles and everyone
else), we start seeing the urban centers, but they were far away like weeks long,
people were just leaving the rural areas of the nobles and going there, here the
feudalism starts to crumble and capitalism starts.(but it comes with a lot of
problems witch we had never seen before)
People come from all over the country to live in a very small space. there was a
basic acomodation setup for these people, some housing, some bad sanitation,
crazily dangerous work condictiong 16-18 hours a day 7 days week, children were
just little adults working with actual adults(high child mortality)
Alcoholism, stds, miserable existence, and people found it great just for not being
under the control of some lord, they felt like in control of their destiny

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Pierre Bordou

Close ties to Marx, he listed some charactheristics of the Scourge(flagelo)


(flagello)
**Neo-liberalism embrace the "market" solution (kind of a hands off aproach of the
governors thinking the market will resolve it all...), privatisation of free
services to make money for some people
**Against globalization, marginalisation of people from small countries impacted by
mega corporations(expand the borders of healthy nations and penetrate the not so
wealthy ones).
***cultural capital: the more cp people have, more they will want to distand
temselves of popular culture cause they don't need that.
it talks about provileged children having it for granted andless privileged
children havint to struggle. why middle classes are all poor in the society and
don't see it! (difference of classes tend to replicate itself in society)

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Karl Marx: estuda Filosofia, Politica, Economia e Sociologia -> {Redator Gazeta,
Liga dos comunistas, Primeira Internacional}
"Ao no se separa do modo de pensar"

Alienation

Karl Marx saw the things (society, modernization, etc.) to be problematic for most
people
He saw society in two classes, it determine your place in the overall society.
People believe things about society that are not valid

Alienation is for people who don't see their place in the actual place in the
actual society.
Says capitalism halps people who already have power to mantain their power.
Most people keep the mentality "the hardest you work you'll end up succiding. (it
helps the powerful to mantain their power).
Say that this alienation separate us from our human nature, from who we are, as a
consequence of living in a society that has social classes... (you became alienated
by sociey)

says when we are under this alienation we start to feel separetad from the meaning
of our life (just go to work and home, there's nothing more...)

| False consciousness

We live in this state, not really understanding your status in society. (says if we
live in this state, we allow the unfair society to exist)
People who have enough to eat and have a roof over their head tend to think they
are in a very higher state of society than they really are...(this false
conciousness of most seeing their society spot as higher than it is)

| Class consciousness

"waking up"
understanding where we fit and why
advocating change
social movement!
**says here is where social change may happen, group of people getting together and
fighting togheter for a better society where they fit in (woman, civil rights,
lgbtq)example of class society examples

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Dialectic process -> a diagram about his ideas on how society (not really his
work, but a work of hegel)

it is a process that tries to explain the change, Marx borrowed his ideas.

Elements:
Thesis - staring point (where we are at thins giving point on society)
Antithesis - Mechanism for change (people on society that do not suport the
starting point and want change) [ Two clashes in crises ]
Synthesis - Progress, end of this clash or revolution, with a better society.

Says it's a process that do not end, synthesis will become thesis and the process
keeps moving on, moving society on.

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Elite Theory

*Only a small amount of people can have authority in any group(most people don't
have power)
*People in authority will oppose the not authority to keep their spot.
*Elites share a common culture
*Elites are organized Remember 20 80 rule...
*They act toghether to keep their interests

someone says politics control everything in society, and elites tend to be in


politics

We feel driven in society of consumism to keep up with our neighbors

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