STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. NINTH EDITION EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. 25 NORTH BROADWAY, TARRYTOWN, NY 10591 RICHARD C. BYRNE, SEC E-MAIL: ejma@ejma.org www.ejma.orgSTANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. FOREWORD Since 1986, when the Expansion Join Manutactrer's Associaton (EIMA™ ) firs pblshed those Standards, ‘ootinuing eshnologcal improvement inte application and design of Expansion Joints have Been reported trough te cooperative sot ofits association members by expaningthsseope sn content of hs pubiation, Founded tne years air 19S th Expansion Joint Manufactarers Associaton bsgan wih group of ‘companies experienced i the application, design. and fabrication of Expansion Joins, The fst EJMA™" Standard edition Was. f ccesiy, somewhat hie and covered only applications involving axa movement, Bat ‘as research and extensive sting results were catalogued. more dete Jesign data fs been incloded in the EJMA™ Standard. The EJMA™ Standards ar intcrded for applicatio to malic bellows expansion jos faving only the convolution shapes shows is the Standards and faving cnluton wes coy the meviional slietion with tbe exception ofthe bellows tachment wel, The FIMA™ Technical Commit is dedicated o continuously improv ag the wilt an echnical eomtent oF he Standards. Suggestions and ements fom indy users are welcome and should he forwarded tothe Secretary of tis Association in wig. kis important not that dhe EIMAT™ Standard is a trade association dcumentcontsiningrecommndstions for application of expansion joint produits and in-depth technical infra for use in designing expansion join, Products. is nos manufacturing standard ora quality assurance document. The typeof nonesrtve ‘examination and te extent of quality assurance texting o be applic! oven prac should be adresse by ‘thr documans such a the ASME BSI.3 Piping Cade, the ASME Presse Vessel Code or another set ‘rovided specification The Standard docs not limit or dictate the manufctring proces tobe used Ft onsmtion of expansion joints, nor does it establish spovfeenginecrngreauirements deemed necessary for the safe applcaon, design end manufacture of Expansion Toil If theresa song preference Tora cena ype of| ‘manufacturing proces, the user shoul provide this information. Industy users ae cautioned that hese Standards should not be considered 51 designbandook, and must no Spies sound egincein ment, ‘lication and experens, As ofthis writing the EIMA™' Standart tbooughly covers the design of expansion jon bellows cems owever the Standard doesnot over the design of hirdaressacated with restraie of pesure thst, Pressure thrust estan hardware sa important as the bellow’ clement the design nd abretion of 30 expansion jon assembly. Uscr are suongly advised to obtain documented design rss fo bellows cements tn presure thrust estat barre foray etc] application, NO WARRANTY EXPRESSED ORIMPLIED The engineering Sundurds erein are recommended by the Expansion Joint Manufactarcrs Associaton le. 4 sist ser, engnces aremitects ang others no spel dssga and nal Expansion Jot in piping sSKs hain the most efficient service fom Expusson Jot invallations. These Standards are Bes pan sud inesting principles, esearch and Feld experience inthe manufictre, desig, insalltion and se of Expension Joins. These Standards may be subje to revision further investigation or experience muy show is necessary <ésimble,Ulization of dese Stasurds remains entirely optional. Noeing herein shall consttte a waranty of any ind, expressed or implied Accordingly. ll warantis of Whatever ature, expressed or implied, ae herewith Spcifically disclaimed and disavowed. ‘Copyright 1988, 1962, 1969, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1985, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2005, 200% EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC, All sighs reserve. This book or any pat thereof may’ not be reproduc! in any fem without writen emasson ofthe Expansion Joint Menufactrers Avociaton, Ine ‘The spciicaton sheets constiuting Appeadis A ae not covered by say copyright restrictions and ay ‘oe oly reprodice and lized by purchases of this Standards anual 4 © Exprshn Jit Manure: Asin, I woe mone‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. MEMBERSHIP List EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. ‘American BOA. Ine. - Curaming, GA Badger Industries, Inc. Zelienople, PA Expansion Joint Systems, In. - Santee, CA Flexider Ss: Torino, taly Hyspan Precision Products Ine Chula Vista, CA Idrosapiens, Sl - Lei (Torino), aly Microflex - Ormond Beach, FL Senior Flexonies, Ine, Pathway Division — New Braunfels, TX SFZ—Lyon, France U.S. Bellows, Inc.~ Houston, TX. WahleoMetrfle, In. Lewiston, ME Witzenmann, GmbH ~ Pforzheim, Germany (CURRENT TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC, Patrick Vainio - American BOA, Inc Jaek Harn ~ Badger Industries, Ine Mike Cabrera - Expansion Joint Systems, Ine -Mario Noli -Flexider S.t- Torino tal ‘Scott Stelmar -Hyspun Precision Products, Ine. Asti Pietrafesa- lrosapiens, Si Jeff DePiero - Microflex Bob Broyles Max Michet- SFZ. Roy Felkner- U.S. Bellows, Ine Senior Fexonics, Inc, Pathway Dvision Riek Marcotte- WableoMetroflex, In. Peter Berger - Witzenmann, Gmblt Expansion Join Manuttrers Asin, Ins iiSTANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. This page intentionally blink. © Bxpnsion Jit Maire Atoinon ine. ww gi rg‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC conrENtS, Secon Page Membership of EIN, ae SECTION? 21 Sete of Expansion Sons = iii 25 Secon for Lateral Deletion. Angle Rotation, & Combi 24 Application ing Single Ep 24 Appleaton Using Universal Fp 2.8, Calculation f Angular Rotation in 3 Hinge Piping Stem 220 29 Appiations Using Gimbal pansion Joins =. an 2.10, Amcho, Gide, and Support Requirements I as SECTION 3- SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR P)PING SYSTEMS CONTAINING [BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINTS 31 Design Speciation en a S2_Expansn Jot Desgy snr = 3 133. Expanlon Joint Manulsverng Quali = cee a 3.5. Post lntallation lespesion Pri to Sate Preware Test momo u 346 tnapecton During and immedinely After Sytem Pressure Tests om a?) AT. Periodic te Seric aspen nnn as SECTION 4 CIRCULAR EXPANSION JOINT DESIGN AL Merete Equnletnan ee coer | 4 Movement Range mn a aera 44S. Cold Springing of Crelar Expansion Joints a cum 4s ASL Farce Rede cnn = 4“ 452. Stablty wn = ons 4S 3 Component Carats ee 47) Maxime Asal Compresion Based Om last — = 4SECTION 4 CIRCULAR EXPANSION JOINF DESIGN (continued) 8 Ni rE ere ‘A Se eke ne eee on 492 Dua Blows (Universal Expansion Jug) nnn 3 410 toteral Sleeves Circus Eapanson dots a Hs ALU Criteria for Determining the Need or laternal Sve uu “4102 Design Recommendation for Intra She nner 6 441 External Covers Cireular ExpatsionJoltiea nen - 47 42 Below Design nen a St 4121 Parameters and Criteria Acting Hols Design 4 {41213 tnternl Prosute Capacity nnn 0 “41214 Dofleton Stress ne es 0 EL Patgue ite Expectancy so a1 ‘412.6 Ratlews Stab a ‘S121.9 Bellows Heat Treatment svrnvssnmnnonnnnnnnnnn an 419 Design gnats icauaaamaaemiatila oe L181 Desk Equations for Unrifarced Bllows on 46132 es Equations fr Reinforced Hlloms 0 ‘L144 Betws Tanien~Uarsaforeed Relnforced Balls nmrnnnnmnnnnnn 3 4444 enchmark Calelatios ere nrrennnnne ae AAAS Effet of sternal Presute wenn — SECTION 5- RECTANGULAR EXPANSION JOIN DESIGN 1 Movement Equations nennmnnnnin et 2 Combining Movements ovvnnnnnnn ae 3) Movement Rate eevee - ere ea SECTION 6 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND BELLOWS FORMING METHODS. ne se eee 63 Quality Assrance Organization =n on {4 Dranings, Design Calculations and Spesstion Ctrl ronvesmen o (65 Material and Materials Cont wvroenans - e 66 Manufacturing Proves Control crores - a 6.10 Corrective Aetion Supple and Series) oon ray AL Wel ae o 642 Heat Trextmeot eo Packaging, Prescvaion, Shipping and Storage oe 14 Casomer Quality Assurance Au eo “ © Expalon Jit Manicures Ascii, e sew neSTANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. SECTION 6- QUALITY ASSURANCE AND BELLOWS FORMING METHODS (continued) (6161 Elastomer Forming (463 Hydrate Forming {6464 Pneumatic Tabe Forming venom {6465 Rolled Cooled Sheet 6169 Combined Forming {617 Faction Tolerances non 72 Liquid Penctrane Examination 713 Fhorecent Ponerant Examination TA Magnet Parte Examine Press Testing ws 2 hie —— 70 Fatigue Lie Testing 72 Sauiem fhe a SECTION 8 errr rt a s " rsSECTION 9 FEATURES, ACC PSSORIES, AND MATERIALS. S12 Patgne Lite enn S113 Spring Fores nnn SALI. Bellows Stability nn 94.2" Maticy Contraction with 9.124 Ballons Stability moore 9133 Spring Fores = 9124 Hallows Stab 1S Redundant Py Construction wi he Same Tickers for Each Py va Sigh Ph Comracion 9.3 SAS Presre Caplan S84 Bellows Stab nn 85188 Monitored Phy Bells nnn 92 The Rods, Hinges and Sitar Acceorie 921 Force and La 8234 The Rods Hinges. tnd Gimbal nnn 923.2 tachment to Piping 9233 Component Design Stes Limits = 9234 Referee 98 anges nnn‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. APPENDICES ‘Standard Fspansion Joa Spcfation Sheets ‘sppenais © pile Movement, Force and Momen Equations Appendix D_ Conversion Factors and Reference Append E Preparation of Technical Inquires Appendix Fells Fatgve Test Requlemea Append Gets Mig Temperature Cele Life Appendix Angular Rotation About One End Appendix Tabulated Valves for C,, Cj Cy Bis Bysand B, Append Examples a 3 Single Espns Jat with evn sje to axa Se {Tied Univeral Expansoa Joa subjected wo latra yea 6 plc ‘Univeral presse balanced Expansion doit Incted hetcen tm pees of equipment with movements en inser sa fmt attached o vessel zz, subjected ial ad tral moveMeRT ee IN 1 Calelatim of Ang fn 3 hinge pip stm nnn is {Tare (3) hinge Ea IN eerie SUIT as 2 Ratons Equivalent Movement per Conolation —_ ee 10 Rectangular Expansion Joint Movement a ee i 11 Cakulation for Straight uno Pipe Containing an Ava Eamon Joint Sas TABLES “able Recommended detiation Data Require for lows sabjcted to DestructheTetinvennne 76 Table Component Design Stes Limite ic ee “able 1V Thermal Espasio o Pipe Inches por 10 Fet a oa ‘Table Modu Hat of Commonly Used Bellows Materials nn ats‘This page intentionally blank © Expansion ont Mnafctrers Asotin ne sw one‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. SECTION 1 SCOPE, DEFINITIONS, AND NOMENCLATURE LAscoPE ‘The EIMA™ Standards are only intended fo application to metalic bellows expansion joints 1.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS ‘The Expansion Joint Manufacturers Associatia, Ine has adopted the following definitions of Expansion Joint components and related equipment ANGULAR ROTATION ‘The displacement of the longitudinal axis ofthe Expansion Joint from its intial straight fine position into eitcular arc. Angular rotation is occasionally refered to as "roational movement.” ‘This is not torsional rotation which is described further inthis section, AXIAL COMPRESSION ‘The dimensional shortening of an Expansion Joint alongts longitudinal axis. Axial compression has boen referred to as axial movement, averse or compression. ANIAL EXTENSION, ‘The dimensional lengthening ofan Expansion Joint alo its longitudinal axis, Anial extension has boon referred 1 a axial movement, travers, clongation or extension. BELLOWS The flexible clement of an Expansion Joine consisting ofone cr more convolutions and the end tangents with, ’D, $3, with no more than Five plies. CONTROL RODS Devices, usualy inthe form of ods or bars, attached tothe Expansion Joint assembly whose primary function iso distribute the movement between the cvo bellows ofa universal Expansion Sint. Control rods are not designed to restrain bellows pressure thrust. CONVOLUTION “The smallest flexible unit of w bellows. The total mover to the numberof convolution. COVER A device nse tn provide limited praterton af he exteriar surface ofthe hellows of an expansion Joint from foreign objets or mechaneal damage. A cover is sometimes referred to asa shroud, DIRECTIONAL ANCHOR [A directional or sliding anchor is one which is designed fo absor lading in one direction while permitting motion in another, It may be either & main or intermediate anchor, depending upon the pplication involved. When designed for the purpose, a ciectional anchor may also function as 8 pipe alignment guide. [nthe design ofa directional anche, an effort should be made to minimize the fiction betwcen is moving or sliding parts, since this Will reuce the Toad on the piping and ‘equipment and insure proper functioning of the anchor. ent capacity oF a bellows is proportional owing Expansion Joo ManuitrersAnoeition, Ine htSTANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. DOUBLE EXPANSION JOINT {A double Expansion Joint consists of two bellows joined by common connector whichis anchored to some rigid part ofthe installation by theans ofa anchor base. The anchor base may be attached tothe common connecior either at instalation oat ime of manufacture. Each bellows ‘cts a a single Expansion Joint and absorb the movement ct the pipe section in which its Inslled independently ofthe other bellows. Dauble Expansion Joints should nat be conse with Universal Expansion Joins EQUALIZING AND REINFORCING RINGS Devices used on some expansion joint fitting snugly in the roots of the convolutions. The primary purpose ofthese devices sto reinfores the bellows against intemal pressure. Equalizing ings are ‘made of east ron, tel, stainless steel or ther suitable alloys an are approximately "T* shaped in ‘ross sceton. Reinforcing or foot rings ae fabricated from ting or solid round bas of carbon Stee, stainless steel oF other suitable alloys EXPANSION JOINTS Any device contaising one or more bellows used w absorb dimensional changes, such as those ‘caused by thermal expansion or contraction ofa pipeline; du or vessel PLANGED ENDS ‘The ends ofan expansion joint equipped with Manges forthe purpose of bolting the expansion joint tothe mating Manges of adjacent equipment o piping (See Section 9.3). GIMBAL EXPANSION JOINT {A gimbal Expansion Joints designed to permit angular rotation in any plane by the use of wo pairs of hinges affixed to a common floating gimbal rng. The gimbal ring, hinges and ps must, ‘he designed to restrain the thrust of the Expansion Joint due o ateral pressure and extraneous forces, where applicable HINGED EXPANSION JOINT ‘A hinged Expansion Joint contains one bellows and is designed to permit angular rotation in one plane only by the use ofa par of pins through hinge plates tached tothe Expansion Joint ends, ‘The hinges and hinge pins must be designed to restrain the trust ofthe Expansion Joint duc to internal pressure and extraneous forces. where applicable. Hinged Expansion Joints should be used {sets of two of three to function propery. IN-LINE PRESSURE BALANCED EXPANSION JOINT An in-line pressure balanced Expansion Joint is designed to absorb axial movement snr lateral ‘deflection while restraining the pressure thnist by means of devices interconnects the line bellows with outboard compensating bellows also subjected t0 ine pressure, Each bellows sets 0.) im ine crep range ~ Moll of Rigity at design tomperature fr material (ps ‘Resultant oa intemal pressure force acting on the bellows and reiforcement (bs) = Pg ~ Hold ine at temperature berncen eels (hous). Moment of nea of rectangular bellows coavo za cross-section (in), 10-9)! epee = nff22—2 5 o.4grw—0.20¥ | foe “U profile i = tarw-020¥ : oR ET enh soe 1, ~ Moment of inertia of pipe cross section (in.*), Ke = Inplane instability facto. = fe‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. K, = lnplane instability factor. ‘ky = Forming method far = | for expanding mandre! or oll forming. 0.6 for hydraulic, elastomeric, or pneumati tube forming Circumferential stress factor. ‘The greater ofthe following but not ess than 1.0 rare = Ee hare and 6, ae bose on axial exension concen wth presse P te 2a-ey+ Ete, here «and, are based on aa corpression onsite with press 24 Shape factor for eross seston (se Table I), | Ho Pe = 27 =A" var y¢n- 0.726) | for etangular bellows 2 7 ‘Overall bellows spring rate (bin). N k, ~ Factor establishing relationship between equivalent ax displacement per convolution due to lateral deflection and the ratio f, (2). actor for determining the moment eton for universal expansion joint with angular rotation about one end _ 0123.+1.958a, 2955958 Factor for determining the moment ad eauivalen axial movement fora uni joint wi angular rotation about one end are rier actor for determining the lateral force fora universal expansion joint with angular ation bout one en K, expansion = o771x1.2876)* 2, Angular rotation intomal pressure effect factor. aC 7 FG, +048 = lite, itG1.55, Acceleration due 1 gravity (32.2 A / see), ‘A factor which considers the stiffening effect of the attachment weld and the end convolution ‘on the pressure capacity ofthe bellows tangent. 4 ike tase k= Tye n= Number of bellows material plies of thickness, ing = Number of equally spaced gussets per tangent cll. “¢-~ Convolution pte the distance between corresponding points of any two adjacent convolutions ina bellows (in) = Moan radius of toroidal bellows convolution (in). ‘na = Mean radius ofhellows convolution (in) 1 = Bellows nomic material thickness of one ply (n.) 1. = Bellows tangent reinforeing collar matral thickness (in. a a+ We 1, ~ Bellows material thickness for one ply, corrected fer thinning during forming (in. le = + For rectangular expansion joint rails v= Velocity of mei flow (fsee.) w = Convolution eight (see Figure 4.19 and $.9) (in), 1 = Applied axial movement in compression or extension (in). c+ are ( 82224) st meri pd agiSTANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. 1» = Applic lateral deflection (in) ‘at = Bellows beam mode deflection due ro pressure at the center of long span and mid-point of bellows tive length (in. Bellows beam mode defletion due. pressure atthe center of short span and mid-point of bellows five length (in. Applied lateral deflection ina direction parallel with the long side (in). “Applied lateral defletion ina direction parallel with the shor side (in) Inplane instability stress interaction factor. 1423" +(1-25" +454)" Inplane instability stress rato, Ky For bellows fermed from wbes with an inside diameter of D, (0 ~ Applied angular rotation per individual bellows (rains) @, = Angle of rotation for an unestainod centr spoot (radians). 6, ~ Applied angular rotation per individual bellows ina pine parallel with the long side (radians), @,, ~ Maximum angular rotation from straight positon (radians), Applied angular rotation per individual bellows in apne parallel with the shor side (radians). 0, ~ Anglo ofthe veal expansion joint etn with apes to horznl (ds = Ratio of design pressure to critical pressure = PNA foe unrinforced bellows, Tree, PN" Torse PN Tae Poisson's Ratio, {oe reinforced bellows i toroidal bellows, in Manicures Asani, ovoSTANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. SECTION 2- SELECTION AND APPLICATIONS 21 SELECTION OF EXPANSION JOINTS The first stp inthe seletion of Expansion Joins i to choose tentative locations for the pipe anchors, Any'piping system, regardless oF its complexity, can be divided into @ number of ‘ndividal expanding pipe sections having relatively simple eonfiguation (ic: straight runs,"L" shaped bends, "2" shaped bends and other means), by means of anchors, The numberof pipe anchors selected, as well s their locations wll depend upon the piping configuration, the [amount of expansion which can be accommodated by a single Expansion Toin, the availability ‘of structural members suitable for use as acho, the location of various pipe fing the location of connected equipment, he location of branch connections and other considerations. “The major pieces of connectd equipment such as turbines, pumps, compressors, heat ‘exciangers, reactors, and similar devices can be considered as anchors in most applications. It is usually necessary to supplement these equipment anetor points by locating ational anchors at valves, at changes inte direetion of the pipe at blind ends of pipe and at major brane ‘connections, It is zencrally advisable to start out with the assumption that the use of single and ‘double Expansion Joints i straight axial movement will provide the simplest and most economical layout unless there are obvious advantages tobe gained from another approach After the anehor points have been tentatively located, the resulting pipe configurations should be reviewed to determine whether they conform tothe standard pipe sections shown in Sections 22 and 2.10. Atthis point, consideration shouldbe given to the relative merits of systems utilizing ‘ingle and double Expansion Joins for axial movenent only, as apposed to thoseulizing taniveral,preceer halaneed, hinged snd pimal Fypansins Taint final decision on anchor locations and the types of Expansion Joints wo be used ean only be made afer a comparison of various alternative solutions. Cost the ability vo comply with cyclic life and force requirement, space restrictions, and similar items should be considered ‘The next step iso calculate the actual change in length ofeach leg of each individual pipe section due to temperature changes. The minimum and installation temperatures are assumed to be 70° F unless otherwise specified. An allowance, added by the system designe, should then be included in the actual calculated mavenents to account far the Tolling possiblities: (2) The minimum andi installation temperatures used in the design calulations may Ihave been based on the ertneous assumption thatthe metal temperature of the pipe isthe sme as the ambient temperature () During erection of the piping, it may be necessary to relocate some of the anchor points hecause of constuction problems encountered atthe jb sit. (©) During operation the systom may be subject to a different temperature range than the cdsigner anticipated, particularly during star-up, Refer Appendix J Example 11 fora sample caleultion, soem mone Espunsio Joo Manicures Asscition In MMSTANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASS 22. SELECTION FOR AXIAL MOVEMENT ONLY (For an explanation of the symbols used in the digrams, refer to Appendix B.) FIGURE2.1 Figure 2.1 tities good practice inthe use of a single Expansion Joint to absorb axial pie line expansion. Note the use of one Expansion Joint between two main anchors (MA), the neariess ofthe Expansion Joiat to an anchor, the closeness of the first alignment guide (GI), the spacing between the first alignment guide and the second alignment guide (G2), and the spacing of intermediate guides (G) slong the balance of the line. See Figures 230 and 231, andor equation ( FIGURE 22 Figure 2.2 typifies good practice inthe use ofa double Expansion Joint wo absorb axial pipe ine ‘expansion. Note the addition of te intermediate anchor (LA) which, in conjunction with the two main anchors, divides the pipe line into individual expanding sections, so that there is only one Expansion Joint between any two anchors. Note als the closeness ofthe ist alignment guide (G1) each Expansion Joint the spacing between the first alignment guide and the second aljgnment gue (G2) the spacing of intermedia guides (G) along the halance of each pipe section. See Figures 2.30 ‘and 231 and/or equation 2-7), © Expansion Join Manaus Assckion fe sow imorANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC FIGURE23 Figure 2.3 typifies eood practice inthe use of Expansion Joints to absorb axial pipe line expansion in pipe line wth a branch connection. The anchor tthe junction, whieh inthis ease isa tee Isa main Anchor (MA) designed to absorb the thrust from the Expansion Joint in the brane ine. Note the ‘nearness of each Expansion Join toan anchor. the closeness of each first alignment guide (Gi), the spacing between the firs alignment guide andthe second alignment guide (G2) and the spacing of intermediate guides (G) along the balance of each pipe section. See Figures 230 and 2.31 andor ‘equation (2-7), FIGURE 2.4 Figure 2.4 typifies good practice in the use of Expansion Joints to absorb axial pipe line expansion in 8 pipe lise containing a reducer. The anchor atthe reducer is a main anchor (MA) designed to absor> the difference in the truss of the Expansion Joints on each side of the reducer, Note the nearness of| tach Expansion Join to an anchor, te closeness of each frst alignment guide (GI), the spacing betcen the first alignment guide and the second alignment guide (G2) and the spacing of intermediate ‘ides (G) along the balance of each pipe section. See Figures 230 and 231 andlor equation (2-7). ewig ‘pansion Jit Mattar: Asian, IneSTANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC, FIGURE 25 Figure 2.5 shows the aplication of single Expansion Joint to a pipe line containing an offset. Fe should be noted that applieations oF this type are not usually recommend and wil perform satisfactorily only within certain limits. As tm Figure 2.1, the line ts provided with main anchors teach end to absorb the pressure, movement loading, anc guide fition, Where the line Contains an offset, this load must first he transmitted though the offset le, resulting in a ‘moment onthe piping. Where the line size is small, the oTset appreciable, or where the pressure and movement Forces are relatively high, thi configuration may result in oversresing, oF Aistortion of the piping and guides. [Note the nearness ofthe Expansion Joint to an anchor (MA). the closeness ofthe fist alignment guide (G1), the spacing between the frst alignment guide andthe second alignment guide (C2) and te spacing of intermedite guides (G) along the balance ofthe live, Guides should be Installed near both ends ofthe offset ey to minimize the effets ofthe bending moment onthe 1 spacing of other guides, se guide chart Figure 2-31, and/or equation (2-7) FIGURE 26 Figure 2.6 pypities good practice inthe use ofa pressure balanced Expansion Join o absorh axial pipeline expansion. Note thatthe Expansion Joint i located ata change indirection of the Piping and tha he elbow and the end oF the pipe Hine are secured by intermediate anchors. Since the pressuce thrusts absorbed by the Expansion Joint itself and only the forces required to deflect the Expansion Join are imposed on the piping, « minimum of guiding is requited Frequently, directional guiding adjacent tothe Expansion Joint, a shown, may suffice. In long small-diameter pipelines, additional guiding may be neces) © Expansion Join Manufactures Association Ie ws.STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCLATION, INC FIGURE 27 Figure 2.7 shows the use of an inne pressure balanced Expansion Joints absorb axial pipe Tine movements in lng, saight piping run. By utilizing this arangement the two anchors shown are relieved of pressure loading and are designed as imermeiat anchors. Since the Piing is rlieved of compressive pressure loading, miniroum of guiding is required, prittatly to direc the thermal expansion ofthe piping ito the Expansion Joints in an aval direction, MACHINE, FIGURE 28 Figure 2.8 ypities good practice inthe use of a pressure balanced Expansion Joint to absorb the thermal expansion of equipment suchas turbines, pumps, compressors, ete. The primary Fiametion ofthe Expansion Joint sto minimize loading upon the equipment casing. Note that only an intermediate abo is required a the ebange of piping direction and that, i the Expansion Soin is located immediately adjacent tothe machin, no guiding is requted. Care should be taken to provide sufficient Mexibaty in both the flow bellows andthe balancing bellows, so that the forces resired to compress the Expansion Joint do not exceed lading limits for the equipment as established by the equipment manufacturer. See Section 26 for further 23. SELECTION FOR LATERAL DEFLECTION, ANGULAR ROTATION AND COMBINED MOVEMENTS ‘The selection and proper application of Expansion Joints for lateral deflection, angular rotation and combined movements, involves the evaluation of a numberof variables. These ean include the piping configuration, the operating conditions, desited yeti life, oud imitations upon piping and equipment, and avaiable supporting structure. In some eases, two or more types of Expansion Joints may be suitable fora particular aplication. The selection then becomes purely ‘an economic one. More frequently one or the other ofthe avilable designs possesses unique ‘characteristics which make it particulaely suitable fora given application‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC 2A APPLICATIONS USING SINGLE EXPANSION JOINTS FIGURE29 ‘The single Expansion Joint is usually considered Fist fr any application because it offers the lowest Expansion Joint cost. Figure 2.9 shows atypical application af a single Expansion Joint absorbing combined axial movement and lateral deflection. The system closely resembles the rangement shown for axial movement only inthe preceding section, ‘The Expansion Joints located at one end ofthe long piping leg with main anchors at each end and guides propery spaced for both movement coctol and protetion ofthe piping against buckling. The anchor atthe left end ofthe line isa diectional main anchor (DMA) which, hile absorbing the main anchor loading inthe diretion ofthe Expaasion Joint axis, permits the thermal expansion ofthe short piping ley to act upon the Expansion Joint as lateral defection [Because the main anchor loading exists only i the piping segment containing the expansion joint the anchor atthe end of the shore ping leg is a intermediate anchor. ~ © Expansion Joint Manicure Assan ww.STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. FIGURE 2.10 Figure 2.10 shows an altemate arrangement in which the Expansion Join is installed in the short leg and the principal expansion is absorbed a lateral deflection. The longer piping le i ‘of compressive pressure loading and requires only an termediate anchor and directional guiding. The function ofthe directional main anchor and the pipe guide may be combined in a single HoT POSITION \coto posmmon FIGURE 2.11 ww ng © Expansion Jit Manufactures AsSTANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. CAERANE™ [cox0 sewn] epg FIGURE 2.12 ‘Figures 2.11 and 212 represent moications of Figure 2.10 in which the main anchors at ether end ofthe Expansion Joint are replaced by tie rks, Where the piping configuration permits, the tse of tie ods adjusted to prevent axial movement frequent! simplifies and reduces the cost of the installation. Bevause ofthese ie rds, the Expansion Joint isnot capable of absorbing any axial movement other than is own thermal expansion. The thermal expansion ofthe piping in the shorter legs, a a result, imposed as deflection othe longer piping leg. Where the longer Piping lg is nor sufficiently flexible and whee the dimension ofthe shorter lg is suitable, ie rods may’ be installed spanning the entre shor eg so that na deflection is imposed on the longer run from this source |Where appreciable amounts of lateral deflection are imposed upon the Expansion Joint, some shortening of dhe Expansion Joint results from the displacement of the ie rs as shawn in Figure 2.11. Care should be taken to insu tat sufficient piping exibility exists to absorb this deflection and that adequate clearances are provide inthe uid to permit deflection ofthe Pipina. The amount ofthis deflection ean be minimized by cold springing the Expansion Join in the lateral dzction as shown in Figure 2.12 ‘The principal restriction upon the use of single Expansion Joints for lateral deflection or ‘combined! axial movement and lateral deflection isthe limited amount of aera deletion whieh such an Expansion Joint can absorb. The allowable lateral defletion i directly proportional to the ratio of convoluted length to diameter which, in tra, is restited by considerations of stability and manufacturing limitations. While eminently suitable for applications such as Figure 2.9 whore the principal movement is axial, the relatively smal available lateral movement severely limits the type of application ilustrated in Figures 2.10, 211 and2.12. Where operating pressures and temperatures ae high, or where availability of suitable structures prechis the use ‘of main anchors and multiple guides, the application shown in Figure 2.9 may not be feasible and another type of Expansion Joint muy result m far more economical instalation. APPLICATIONS USING UNIVERSAL EXPANSION JOINTS, ‘The universal Expansion Joint is particularly well adapted to the absorption of lateral deflection addition, this design may be used to absorb axial movement, angula rotation oF any combination of te dee. A common application ofthe universal Expansion Join is suse a a ied Expansion Joint in a 90 degree piping offset with the ie rods adjusted to prevent extemal axial movement. Two such applisations ae showa in Figures 2.13 and 2.14, © Expansion Jit Manicures seit, ow gore