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PROCEDURE FOR
MAGNETIC PARTICAL TESTING
MANF-1-QM00-BT-MEP-001
2.0 Scope:
Variations in the basic techniques that will provide higher or lower test
sensitivity are described in Annex A.
5.0 Responsibilities:
6.0 General:
6.4 Applicability:
6.8 Magnetizing:
Electromagnetic yokes;
Current flow equipment with prods;
Adjacent or threading conductors or coil techniques.
Yokes are meant for generation of longitudinal magnetic field, and these
are electromagnets. Yokes are characterized for their magnetic field
strength based on their lifting capacity. Yoke shall have lifting capacity
of 4.5kg minimum for AC and 18.1 kg minimum for DC at their
maximum pole spacing of 6 inch which shall be checked as when
required or on daily basis.
Verification of the magnetic field strength shall be carried out using one
of the following methods:
is the angle between the magnetic field and the direction of the
imperfection.
min is the minimum angle for imperfection detection.
i is an example of imperfection orientation.
Key
1 magnetic field direction
2 optimum sensitivity
3 reducing sensitivity
4 insufficient sensitivity
To ensure detection of imperfections in all orientations, the welds shall be
magnetized in two directions approximately perpendicular to each other
with a maximum deviation of 30. This can be achieved using one or more
magnetization methods.
When using yokes or prods, there will be an area of the component in the
vicinity of each pole piece or tip that will be impossible to test due to
excessive magnetic field strength. This is usually seen as furring of
particles.
1 effective area
2 overlap
6.10.1 General
a) Real imperfections;
b) Photograph;
c) Replica.
After the object has been prepared for testing, the detection medium shall
be applied by spraying, flooding or dusting immediately prior to and during
the magnetization. Following this, time shall be allowed for indications to
form before removal of the magnetic field.
The most reliable test is to use representative test pieces containing real
imperfections of known type, location, size and size-distribution. Where
these are not available, fabricated test pieces with artificial imperfections,
or flux shunting indicators of the cross or shim-type may be used.
The test pieces shall be demagnetized and free from indications resulting
from previous tests.
False indications which may mask relevant indications can arise for
many reasons, such as undercut and changes in magnetic permeability
in, e.g., the heat affected zone. Where masking is suspected the test
surface shall be dressed or alternative test methods should be used.
a) Description in writing;
b) Sketches;
c) Photography;
f) Peelable contrast-aids;
g) Video
recording;
i) Magnetic tapes;
j) Electronic scanning.
6.16 Demagnetization:
Remove all magnetic medium from the surface after the examination by
either of the following methods.
Surface condition
Demagnetizing
Post cleaning
Date of Testing;
Type of Joint;
Material Thickness
Welding Process
acceptance levels;
6.18 Examination:
Once indication has developed then start removing the excess medium
requirements.
6.20 Record:
Surfaces covered with a thin non-magnetic paint e.g. a primer may also be
tested, provided the paint surface is unbroken and the thickness of the
coating does not exceed 50 IJm. Above this thickness the sensitivity of the
method decreases and may be demonstrated to be sufficiently sensitive
before proceeding with the test.
1. Scope
This procedure covers the use of an Alternating Current (AC) yoke for
the examination of ferrous materials for surface indications using wet or
dry particles and the continuous method.
1.2 This method shall only be used to detect surface discontinuities using
AC current. Half Wave Direct Current (HWDC) may be used for
verification of discontinuities and special applications. Unless otherwise
specified, the current control on the yoke shall be set at maximum.
1.3 The prod technique should not be used on highly polished or machined
surfaces due the possibility of arc damage to the surface.
2. Equipment
Magnetization is to be performed using a Parker AC/DC contour probe (yoke)
Model DA-200 or DA-400, Magnaflux Y6 or Y-7, Johnson and Allen JAY, or
equivalent. The yoke shall demonstrate adequate magnetization force by being
able to lift a 10 lb. weight for AC and 40 lbs. for DC.
Dry powder shall be chosen to provide the greatest contrast between the powder
and the background. It is recommended to apply a light application of white
paint before application of the wet visible technique.
3. Procedure
3.1 The yoke shall be placed in contact with the surface to be examined and
energized.
3.2 While maintaining the magnetic field, apply the magnetic particles so
that a light, uniform coating settles on the examination surface.
3.3 For the dry technique, while maintaining the magnetic field, remove the
excess particles by using a low pressure air stream from a hand actuated
rubber bulb. For the wet technique, allow the solution to drain from the
part while maintaining the magnetic field.
3.4 Observe the particle formation during application and excess particle
removal.
3.5 For the wet fluorescent technique, the black light shall be warmed up for
5 minutes prior to the examination and external visible light shall be
excluded from the examination area.
4. Direction of Magnetization
4.1 Two separate examinations shall be carried out on each area. The yoke
shall be placed so the magnetic field during the second examination is
approximately perpendicular (90) to the field of the first examination
forming an "X" pattern. The legs of the yoke shall be positioned for
maximum contact with the surface being tested.
4.2 For welds on flat surfaces, the yoke shall be placed across the weld at an
angle of 30-45 from the long axis of the weld. The second
examination shall be perpendicular to the first.
4.3 For examining circumferential (pipe) and fillet welds, the yoke shall be
initially positioned so the legs straddle the weld or the area of interest
and the applied field is perpendicular to the long axis of the weld. For
the second examination, the yoke legs shall be positioned parallel to the
long axis of the weld, on the crown of the weld or immediately beside
the weld. Caution shall be exercised when performing successive shots
to note the position of the legs (poles) on the previous shot. Assure the
area of the established field sufficiently overlaps the area of the previous
field, especially at the pole positions of the previous field.
5. Examination Coverage
5.1 Yoke leg spacing shall be between a minimum of 3 inches (76.2 mm)
and a maximum of 8 inches (203.2 mm). Shorter spacing may be used to
compensate for the geometry of the area being examined or to increase
sensitivity, but leg spacing less than 3 inches (76.2 mm) is not
recommended due to the strength of the longitudinal magnetic field at
the poles.
5.2 The area to be examined shall be limited to a maximum distance of onefourth
() of the spacing on either side of a centerline joining the two
yoke poles.
6 Inspection
The surface to be tested and 1 inch (25.4 mm) of additional adjacent area shall
be examined for evidence of particle accumulations. Interpret and evaluate all
indications to the appropriate acceptance criteria after each examination.
Record all pertinent information on the MT report. Attach a sketch of the area
examined and all permanent records.
7. Post Examination Cleaning
Remove all residual magnetic particle materials from the part examined.
Perform a visual inspection to assure the post cleaning operation was thorough
and complete and the part was not damaged.