1.

Word order (posisi frasa-frasa noun/ adverb)

a. Noun phrase
i. S U MUR TU W A N ISA
Sifat Ukuran uMUR benTUk Warna Asal Negara IntifraSA(Noun)
Contoh: - a very beautiful wooden house (benar)
- a very beautiful house wooden (salah)

ii. (Adjective + ly) + (V-ing) + (Noun) / (Adjective + ly) + (V3) + (Noun)

Contoh: - He dreamt to live in a beautifully designed house (benar)
- He dreamt to live in a beautifully designing house (salah)
- They work for the quickly growing bank (benar)
- They work for the quickly growed bank (salah)

b. Adverb
i. Frekuensi (always, often, never, etc) / Derajat (too, very, only, etc) + (Noun)
Contoh: - She has often visited her sick aunt (benar)
- She has visited her sick aunt often (salah)
- That very old car is not sold (benar)
- That very car old is not sold (salah)

ii. Enough + (Noun) / (Adjective derajat) + Enough

Contoh: - She has enough money to buy a new car (benar)
- She has money enough to buy a new car (salah)
- She is tall enough to be a volley ball player (benar)
- She is enough tall to be a volley ball player (salah)

iii. Cara Tempat Waktu

Jika arah = CTW / jika cara = TCW . (W bisa diawal atau di akhir)
Contoh:
- She danced beautifully on the stage last night (benar)
- She danced on the stage beautifully last night (salah)
- They went to the movies quickly yesterday (benar)
- They went quickly to the movies yesterday (salah)

2. Causative (kalimat suruh aktif = O(Orang) + V1 / kalimat suruh pasif = O(barang) + V3)
a. S + Have/Has/Had + O(orang) + V1 / S + Have/Has/Had + O(barang) + V3

Contoh: - The professor has his students type their papers (benar)

- The professor has his students typed their papers (salah)

- The professor has his students paper typed (benar)

- The professor has his students paper type (salah)

 b. S + Get/Gets/Got + O(orang) + To + V1 / S + Get/Gets/Got + O(barang) + V3

Contoh: - The professor gets his students to type their papers (benar)

- The professor gets his students typed their papers (salah)

- The professor gets his students paper typed (benar)

- The professor gets his students paper to typed (salah)

3. Concord (penyesuaian yang ada di dalam suatu kalimat)

a. Subject Predicate (tentukan tobe jamak atau tunggal )
i. Frase preposisi
X + preposisi (of, in, on, at, etc) + X + tobe
Contoh: - The source of many accidents on the high ways is the careless driver
(benar)
- Most of the citizens objection are triggered by the unjust treatmes to them (benar)

(Khusus) A number = jamak The number = tunggal

Contoh: - A number of girls have enrolled the contest. (benar)

- The number of girls is four. (benar)

(Khusus) uncountable noun (sugar, coffe, water, love, etc) dianggap tunggal
Contoh: - Some of the coffe is bought by her (benar)

ii. Frase non-restrictive

Noun, + As well as / together + Noun, + tobe
Contoh: - The man, together with his wife and children, is an engineer (benar)

iii. Frase gerund

V, + Ing + tobe
Contoh: - writing articles for newspapers is difficult (benar)

iv. Frase koordinatif

Neither + X + Nor + X + tobe
Either + X + Or + X + tobe
Contoh: - Neither the university students nor the lecturer is involved in the demonstration
(benar)

b. Pronoun (kata ganti)

 4. Gerund (verb (sifat) + ing menjadi noun (benda))
a. Sebagai subjek
Contoh: - running along malioboro street is my routine activity every morning
(benar)
gerund kerja

b. Sebagai Objek (setelah preposisi / kata kerja tertentu)

i. Kerja + Preposisi (on, in, at, of, off, before, after, againts, etc) + V-ing
Contoh: - She is interested in learning french (benar)

ii. + to + V-ing
O Be O L AC U (Object to, Be Opposed to,Be Looking forward to, Be Accustomed to, Be Used to
,)
Menolak Menerima
Contoh: - We are opposed to working overtime wihout additional payment (benar)

iii. + V-ing
Admit, avoid, postpone, appreciate, suggest, keep, allow, neglect, consider, deny, enjoy, mind,
practice, risk, anticipate
Menolak Menerima Menimbang
Contoh: - He considers opening a bookstore (benar)

iv. + V-ing atau to infinitive tanpa V-ing

Begin, like, dislike, start, continue
Forget, remember, stop
 Contoh: - She forgets posting the letter (benar)
- She forgets to post the letter (benar)

v. + V-ing atau to be V3
Need, want, require
Contoh: - The old car needs painting (benar)
- The old car needs to be painted (benar)

5. Infinitive (verb (sifat) + ing menjadi noun (benda))

a. Bare infinitive (V1 tanpa to)
i. Setelah modal auxiliary
Shall, will, can, may, must, should, would, could, might
SeHarusnya
Contoh: - The boy can swim very fast (benar)

ii. Setelah kata kerja: let, make, help (LeMaH)

Contoh: - He lets the children play outside (benar)

b. To infinitive (to + V1/ not to + V1/ to be + v3)

Tujuan, sifat benda, dan Wh (where, when, dll)
Contoh: -My mother goes to te market to buy some vegetables
-She is too busy to prepare the party
-The are some rooms to rent
-I dont know what to do

Arrange, decide, hope, encourage, mean, plan, ask

Promise, ask, want, need, expect, beg, order
Remind, advise, send, persuade, urge, tell, invie, intend

Contoh: - He plans to buy a pair of shes tomorrow

- He promised me to join my club(benar)
- He told the students not to make noise(benar)

6. Modal
Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, would rather, had better, ought to

7. Passive voice
S + is/am/are + V3 (di)
Was/were

S + is/am/are + Being + V3 (sedang di)

Was/were
 S + have/has + Been + V3 (telah di)
had

S + will/shall + Be + V3 (akan di)

can

S + V + to be + V3 (di)

Contoh:
- The computer is being used now
- the computer was being used when I wanted to type my proposal yesterday
- The flower are still wet. They have just been watered.
- The flower had just been watered as the guest came
- A new bridge wil be built across the river next year
- The little children need to be helped
- he has not enough experience to be promoted prncopal of our school

8. Participle (tambah ing atau ed, tergantung objek)

Contoh:
- The sleeping girl has completed her work
- The girl sleeping in the room as completed her work
- He cried after seeing the injured baby
- the baby injured in the accident is finally taken to hospital

Saat ada kata kerja indera:

Hear, observe, notice, look at, watch, know, see, feel, listen to
Contoh:
- I saw the worker painting the wall
- I saw the wall painted by the worker
- I saw the wall being painted by the worker

Peristiwa berurutan (diringkas)

contoh:
- after he had watched the world news, he went to bed
- having wathced the world news, he went to bed

Peristiwa bersamaan, peristiwa penyebab peristiwa lain (Diringkas)

Contoh:
- when he was sitting near the bridge, he saw the car accident
sitting near the bridge , he saw the car accident
- as she was interviewed in the test, she felt nervous
interviewed in test, she felt nervous
9. Subjunctive (harapan)
If only, wish, would rather, as if/as though

Present
Harapan + S + V2/were/would could + V1

Past
Harapan + had + V3/ could + have + V3

Contoh: - She wears many accessories as if she were an artist (benar)

- It was finally postponed to two hours. I really wish the plane had taken off on time so that I
was not late for the interview (benar)

10. Conditional sentenes (harapan)

The First Conditional

"If he catches a fish, he will be very happy."

We use first conditional when talking about possible future events.

Structure:

If + Simple Present, + Will

OR

Will + If + Simple Present

Examples:

If it rains, then we will stay at home.

Lisa will be very happy if she wins the prize.

You will always be able to take another test if you fail.

If I see Sam, I will ask him to give you a call.

 Note:
You can use these modal verbs instead of will:
shall, can, may.

Examples:

If you fail, you can always try again.

If you finish everything on time, you may go home earlier.

We shall meet on Sunday, if it's alright with you.

The Second Conditional

"If I met a genie, I would ask for infinite wealth..."

We use the second conditional when talking about future events that are not likely to
happen.

Structure:

If + Simple Past, + Would + Base Form

OR

Would + Base Form + If + Simple Past

Examples:

If I won a million dollars, I would travel around the world.

(There is a small possibility that I would actually win.)

If I met him again, I would tell him the truth.

(There is a small possibility that I would actually meet him again.)

She would quit school if her parents agreed.

(It is unlikely that her parents agree.)

I would be surprised if I saw pigs in the sky.

(It is very unlikely for me to see pigs in the sky.)
 We also use the second conditional when talking about things which are contrary to the
present facts.

"If I had any money, I would give you some."

Examples:

If she worked less, she wouldn't be so tired.

(In reality she doesn't work less, so she is tired.)

You would see John if you were here now.

(In reality you are not here now, so you don't see John.)

If things were different, we would be happy.

(In reality things are not different, and we are not happy.)

We would be good friends if she were nicer.

(In reality she is not nice, and we are not good friends.)

Note:
You can use these modal verbs instead of would:
should, could, might.

Examples:

If she didn't have her job, she could come with us to the North Pole.

If they wanted to move, they could sell the house to us.

Note:
The short form of would is 'd.
For example: If Kathleen were at home, she'd pick up the phone.

The verb BE

The verb BE has a special rule in this case.

Usually we say: I was, he was, she was, it was, we were, you were, they were.

However, in these cases, we use:

I were, he were, she were, it were, we were, you were, they were.

In other words: "were" is the only form.

Examples:
 If I were you I would apologize.
(In reality I am not you.)

I would fight back, if I were you.

(In reality I am not you.)

The Third Conditional

"If I had paid more attention, I wouldn't have hit myself..."

We use the third conditional when talking about things which are contrary to the past
facts. In other words: events that did not happen in the past.

Structure:

If + Past Perfect, + Would have + V3

OR

Would have + V3 + If + Past Perfect

Examples:

If I had woken up on time, I would have taken the bus.

(What really happened was that I didn't wake up on time, and so I didn't take the bus.)

Tom would have helped us if he had known we were there.

(What really happened was that he didn't know we were there, and so he didn't help us.)

If I had told Sarah the truth, I would have felt much better.
(What really happened was that I didn't tell Sarah the truth, and so I didn't feel so good.)

If it hadn't rained yesterday, we would have enjoyed a nice picnic.

(What really happened was that it rained yesterday, and we didn't go for a picnic.)

Note #1:
The short form of had is 'd.
For example: If he'd passed his exams, he would have gotten a diploma.

Note #2:
You can use these modal verbs instead of would have:
should have, could have, might have.
 Examples:

Jessica might have gotten the job if she hadn't been so nervous.

You could have arrived on time if you had used a map.

If she had known what to do, she should have told us.

The Zero Conditional

"If the sun sets, it becomes night."

We use the zero conditional when talking about things which are always true, or
generally true.

Structure:

If + Simple Present, + Simple Present

OR

Simple Present + If + Simple Present

Examples:

If you boil an egg, it becomes solid.

If you heat something, it becomes hotter.

I always listen to music if I jog.

Note:
We can use "when" instead of "if."

Examples:

When I see Karen I always feel better.

When she feels sick she lies in bed.

He starts yelling only when he gets really desperate.

 English Conditionals Summary Table
Conditional Time Frame Probability Example
If I meet
First Helen, I will
Future Possible
Conditional invite her to
the party.
If I won the
Second lottery,
Future Unlikely
Conditional I would help
the world.
If I had the
Second Unreal/ money,
Present
Conditional Imaginary I would lend it
to you.
If I had
studied
Third
Past Impossible French,
Conditional
I would have
known it.
If you drop
Zero
Always/Generally Certain something,
Conditional
it falls.

11. Elliptical structures (memendekkan struktur kalimat karena sama)

So have we
We have too

And neither can she

Anda she cant either

12. Parallelism (struktur yang sejajar)

Neither.. nor..
Either.. or..
Both.. and..
Not only.. but also..
V2.. and V2..

Contoh:
She wore a colourfull dress and behaved foolishly at my birthday party
13. Tenses
14. Dependent & independent clause (persingkat kalimat)
a. Noun clause (benda)
ada kata tanya: That, whether. what, where, when, dll

Contoh: - WHAT DOES THE ANNOOUNCEMENT SAY?

That the depositors of the liquiated bank will get their money back

- Since the tourist had a map, he knew where the bus terminal was (benar)

- Since the tourist had a map, he knew where was the bus terminal (salah)

b. Adjective clause (sifat)

Subjek: Objek: Milik:
Orang Who/that Whom/that Whose
Benda Which/that Which/that Whose/of which
(kalau ada koma, tidak boleh pakai that)

Tempat: Waktu: Alasan:

Relative Where When Why
Adverb at/on/in which at/on/in which for which

Contoh: - at which, school

- in which, 2006

15. Derivative
Produce (kerja)
Product (benda)
Prodution (benda)
Productive (adjective)
Productively (adverb)

Beauty (benda)
beautiful (sifat)
Beautify (kerja)
Beautifully (adverb)
Beautician (benda)

Nation (benda)
National (sifat)
Nationally (keterangan)
Nationalize (kerja)
Nationalization (benda)