DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Course File

III B. TECH-I SEM

SUB:Antennas and wave propagation
CODE:A50418

Academic Year 2017-18

Regulations: R15
 Narsimha Reddy Engineering College
(Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)
(Accredited by NAAC with A grade)
Maisammaguda, Secunderabad0 - 500100

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
VISION

The Electronics and Communication Engineering Department strives to be recognized

globally through quality education producing well-qualified Engineers who are innovative in
research, possessing modern skills, ethically strong, empire-building with goal.

MISSION
To create, knowledgeable and skilled person with strong fundamentals, through rigorous
curriculum that develops the ability to solve problems individually and work in teams.

To create professional leaders to society with research attitudes in the core areas of
electronics and communication with collaborations to impact quality of academics, industry and
social needs.

To create competent man power with high sensitivity to ethics, deep awareness on
technical skills and leadership qualities to our profession and the society.
 NARASIMHAREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda Village ,Kompally-500014,Secunderabad

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1.To exhibit professional competency in Electronics and Communication engineering with
good foundation in Mathematics and basic sciences.

PEO2.To possesses lifelong learning process and augment their engineering skills for new
challenges with sustainability.

PEO3.To have effective communication skills and work in multidisciplinary teams.

 NARASIMHAREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda Village ,Kompally-500014,Secunderabad

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs) MODIFIED IN THE A.Y-2016-2017

PSO1 (Engineering Knowledge and Analysis): Analyze specific engineering problems

relevant to Electronics & Communication Engineering by applying the knowledge of basic
sciences, engineering mathematics and engineering fundamentals.

PSO2 (System Design): Ability to design and solve problems in the field of Electronics &
Communication Engineering by applying the knowledge acquired from Electronic Devices and
Circuits, VLSI Design, Embedded systems, Analog & Digital Communication and other allied
topics.

PSO3 (Application of the knowledge on society/environment): Apply the contextual

knowledge of Electronics and Communication Engineering to assess societal, environmental,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues with professional ethics and function effectively as an
individual or a leader in a team to manage different projects in multidisciplinary environments as
the process of life-long learning.
 NARASIMHAREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda Village ,Kompally-500014,Secunderabad

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1:The ECE Graduates will be Equipped with knowledge of complete design flow from
specification to silicon in areas of both digital and analog VLSI Design and will be able to work
in IC Design companies.

PSO2: The ECE Graduates will be Equipped with microprocessor and microcontroller based
system design skills and can work as design and verification engineers in the area of Embedded
Systems Design

PSO 3: The ECE Graduates will be able to apply engineering knowledge for design and
implementation of projects pertaining to signal processing and Communications. The ECE
Graduates will be Equipped with necessary soft skills, aptitude and technical skills to work in the
software industry and IT sector.
 NARASIMHAREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda Village ,Kompally-500014,Secunderabad
DEPARTMENT OF ECE

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

PO1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of basic sciences and fundamental
engineering concepts in solving engineering problems.

PO2. Problem analysis: Identify and define engineering problems, conduct experiments and
investigate to analyze and interpret data to arrive at substantial conclusions.

PO3. Design/development of solutions: Propose an appropriate solution for engineering

problems complying with functional constraints such as economic, environmental, societal,
ethical, safety and sustainability.

PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Perform investigations, design and

conduct experiments, analyze and interpret the results to provide valid conclusions.

PO5. Modern tool usage: Select or create and apply appropriate techniques and IT tools for the
design & analysis of the systems.

PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7. Environment and sustainability: Demonstrate professional skills and contextual

reasoning to assess environmental or societal issues for sustainable development.

PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multi-disciplinary situations.

PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively among engineering community, being able to

comprehend and write effectively reports, presentation and give / receive clears instructions.

PO11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate and apply engineering & management
principles in their own / team projects in multidisciplinary environment.

PO12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent
and lifelong learn
 LESSON PLAN
Branch:ECE Class:III-I Subject:AWP

Faculty Name:T.HARIKA Academic Year:2017-18

Me
tho
d of
Tea
chi
ng
S.N Tentativ Suggest Page
Topic as per JNTUH Syllabus Topic Actually Covered Bla
o e Date ed Book No
ck
Bo
ard
/
PP
T

UNIT-I

21/7/17 Introduction, Basic antenna Introduction, Basic antenna

parameters- patterns, Beam Area, parameters- patterns, Beam
Area, T1,R1 BB

22/7/17 Radiation Intensity, Beam Radiation Intensity, Beam

Efficiency, Efficiency, T1,R1 BB
2

23/7/17 Directivity-Gain-Resolution, Directivity-Gain-Resolution,

24/7/17 Antenna Apertures, Effective Antenna Apertures, Effective

height, height, T1,R1 BB
4

25/7/17 Fields from oscillating dipole, Field Fields from oscillating dipole,
T1,R1 BB
5 Zones, Field Zones,
 26/7/17 Shape-Impedance considerations, Shape-Impedance
considerations, T1,R1 BB
6

28/7/17 Polarization Linear, Elliptical, & Polarization Linear, Elliptical,

T1,R1 BB
7 Circular polarizations, & Circular polarizations,

29/7/17 Antenna temperature, Antenna Antenna temperature, Antenna

impedance, impedance,
T1,R1 BB
Frontto-back ratio, Frontto-back ratio,

9 30/7/17 Antenna theorems Antenna theorems T1,R1 BB

2/8/2017 Radiation Basic Maxwells Radiation Basic Maxwells

T1,R1 BB
10 equations equations

3/8/2017

Retarded potential-Helmholtz T1,R1 BB

Retarded potential-Helmholtz
11 Theorem Theorem

4/8/2017 Radiation from Small Electric Radiation from Small Electric

Dipole, Dipole, T1,R1 BB

12

5/8/2017 Quarter wave Monopole and Half Quarter wave Monopole and
wave Dipole Half wave Dipole
T1,R1 BB

13

6/8/2017 Radiated power, Radiation Radiated power, Radiation

BB
14 Resistance Resistance

8/8/2017 Beam width, Natural current Beam width, Natural current

distributions, distributions, BB
15
 9/8/17 far fields and patterns of Thin far fields and patterns of Thin
Linear Center-fed antennas of Linear Center-fed antennas of BB
16 different lengths different lengths

17
9/8/2017 Illustrative problems Illustrative problems

18 Total no.of classes:20

UNIT II: VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas - I:

11/8/201 Loop Antennas - Introduction, Small Loop Antennas - Introduction,

7 Loop, Small Loop T4 BB
19

11/8/201 Comparison of far fields of small Comparison of far fields of small

T4 BB
20 7 loop and short dipole loop and short dipole

11/8/201 Radiation Resistances and Radiation Resistances and

7 Directives of small and large loops Directives of small and large
(Qualitative Treatment), loops (Qualitative Treatment T4 BB

21

11/8/201 Arrays with Parasitic Elements - Arrays with Parasitic Elements -

T4 BB
22 7 Yagi - Uda Arrays, Yagi - Uda Arrays,

12/8/201 Folded Dipoles & their Folded Dipoles & their

7 characteristics. characteristics. T4 BB
23

13/8/201 Helical Antennas-Helical Geometry, Helical Antennas-Helical

T4 BB
24 7 Helix modes Geometry, Helix modes

16/8/201 Practical Design considerations for Practical Design considerations

T4 BB
25 5 Monofilar for Monofilar

17/8/201 Helical Antenna in Axial and Normal Helical Antenna in Axial and
7 Modes. Normal Modes. T4 BB
26

19/8/201 Horn Antennas- Types, Fermats Horn Antennas- Types, Fermats

T4 BB
27 7 Principle, Optimum Horns, Principle, Optimum Horns,
 20/8/201 Design considerations of Pyramidal Design considerations of
T4 BB
28 7 Horns, Pyramidal Horns,

22/8/201 Illustrative Problems. Illustrative Problems.

T4 BB
29 7

Total no.of classes:13

30

UNIT III : VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas - II:

23/8/201 Micro strip Antennas- Introduction, Micro strip Antennas-

7 features, advantages and Introduction, features,
limitations, advantages and limitations, T4,R3 BB

31

Rectangular patch
25/8/201 antennas- Geometry and Rectangular patch antennas- T4,R3 BB
32 7 parameters Geometry and parameters

26/8/201 characteristics of Micro strip characteristics of Micro strip

7 antennas, antennas, T4,R3 BB
33

27/8/201 Impact of different parameters on Impact of different parameters

T4,R3 BB
34 7 characteristics, on characteristics,

6/9/2017 reflector antennas - Introduction, reflector antennas -

Flat sheet Introduction, Flat sheet T4,R3 BB
35

7/9/2017 and corner reflectors,

and corner reflectors, T4,R3 BB

36

8/9/2017 parabola reflectors- geometry,

parabola reflectors- geometry, T4,R3 BB

37
 9/9/2017 pattern characteristics, pattern characteristics,
BB
38

10/9/201 Feed Methods, Feed Methods,

7 BB
39

12/9/201 Reflector Types - Related Features, Reflector Types - Related

7 Features, BB
40

14/9/201 Lens Antennas - Geometry of Non- Lens Antennas - Geometry of

BB
41 7 metallic Non-metallic

15/9/201 Dielectric Lenses, Zoning , Dielectric Lenses, Zoning ,

7
,

42 BB

16/9/201 Tolerances, Tolerances,

7 BB
43

17/9/201 Applications, Illustrative Problems.. Applications, Illustrative

7 Problems.. BB
44

45 Total no.of classes:14

UNIT IV : Antenna Arrays & Measurements:

19/9/201 Point sources - Definition, Patterns, Point sources - Definition,

7 Patterns, T4 BB
46

20/9/201 arrays of 2 Isotropic sources- arrays of 2 Isotropic sources-

7 Different cases, Different cases, T4 BB
47

48 Principle of Pattern Multiplication, Principle of Pattern T4 BB

21/9/201
 7 Multiplication,

22/9/201 Uniform Linear Arrays Broadside Uniform Linear Arrays

7 Arrays, Broadside Arrays, T4 BB
49

23/9/201 Endfire Arrays, Endfire Arrays,

7
T4 BB

50

24/9/201 EFA with Increased Directivity, EFA with Increased Directivity,

7 T4 BB
51

25/9/201 Derivation of their characteristics Derivation of their

7 and characteristics and
BB
comparison, comparison,

52

26/9/201 BSAa with Non-uniform Amplitude BSAa with Non-uniform

7 Distributions - General Amplitude Distributions -
considerations General considerations BB

53

27/9/201 Bionomial Arrays, Bionomial Arrays, Illustrative

7 Illustrative problems. problems. BB
54

28/9/201 Antenna Measurements: Antenna Measurements:

7 Introduction, Introduction,
BB
Concepts- Reciprocity, Concepts- Reciprocity,

55

29/9/201 Near and Far Fields, Near and Far Fields,

BB
56 7 Coordination system Coordination system

30/9/201 sources of errors, sources of errors,

BB
57 7
 1/10/201 Patterns to be Measured, Patterns to be Measured,
7 BB
58

3/10/201 Pattern Measurement Arrangement, Pattern Measurement

7 Arrangement,
Directivity Measurement ,
Directivity
Measurement BB

59

4/10/201 Gain Measurements (by Gain Measurements (by

7 comparison, Absolute and 3- comparison, Absolute and 3- BB
60 Antenna Methods). Antenna Methods).

61 Total no.of classes:16 BB

UNIT-V
5/10/201 Introduction, Definitions, Introduction, Definitions,
7 Characterizations and general Characterizations and general
classifications, classifications, T4 BB

62

6/10/201 different modes of wave different modes of wave

7 propagation, Ray/Mode concepts, propagation, Ray/Mode
concepts, T4 BB

63

7/10/201 Ground wave propagation Ground wave propagation

7 (Qualitative treatment) - (Qualitative treatment) -

Introduction, Plane earth reflections, Introduction, Plane earth BB

reflections,

64

8/10/201 Space and surface waves, Space and surface waves,

7 BB
65

66 10/10/20 wave tilt, wave tilt, BB

 17

13/10/17 curved earth reflections, curved earth reflections,

BB
67

14/10/20 Space wave propagation Space wave propagation

17
Introduction, field strength variation Introduction, field strength
with distance and height, variation with distance and BB
height,

68

15/10/20 effect of earths curvature, effect of earths curvature,

17 absorption, absorption, BB
69

17/10/20 Super refraction, Super refraction,

17
M-curves and duct propagation, M-curves and duct propagation, BB

70

18/10/20 scattering phenomena, troposphere scattering phenomena,

17 propagation, troposphere propagation,
BB
fading and path loss calculations, fading and path loss
71 calculations,

19/10/20 Sky wave propagation Sky wave propagation

17 BB
Introduction, structure of Introduction, structure of
72 Ionosphere Ionosphere

20/10/20 refraction and reflection of sky refraction and reflection of sky

17 waves by Ionosphere, waves by Ionosphere,

73 BB

21/10/20 Ray path, Critical frequency, Ray path, Critical frequency,

17 BB
74

22/10/20 MUF, MUF,

17 BB
75
 24/10/20 LUF, OF, Virtual height LUF, OF, Virtual height
17 BB
76

25/10/20 Skip distance, Relation between Skip distance, Relation between

17 MUF and Skip distance, MUF and Skip distance, BB
77

26/10/20 Multi-HOP propagation, Energy Multi-HOP propagation, Energy

17 loss in Ionosphere, Summary of loss in Ionosphere, Summary of
Wave Characteristics in Wave Characteristics in BB
different Frequency ranges, different Frequency ranges,

78

79 Illustrative problems. Illustrative problems. BB

80 Total no.of classes:20

TOTAL LECTURES :83

 SYLLABUS COPY

NARSIMHA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

III YearB.Tech. ECE -I Sem L T/ P/ D
3 -/ 1 / - 3
(A50418) ANTENNAS & WAVE PROPAGATION

Course Objective:
1. To introduce the fundamental principles of antenna theory and various types of antennas.
2. Applying the principles of antennas to the analysis, design, and measurements of antennas.
3. To know the applications of some basic and practical configurations such as dipoles, loops,
And broadband, aperture type and horn antennas.

Learning Outcome:
Through lecture, and out-of-class assignments, students are provided learning experiences that
enable them to:
a. Understand the basic principles of all types of antennas and
b. Analyze different types of antennas designed for various frequency ranges.
c. Become proficient with analytical skills for understanding practical antennas.
d. Design some practical antennas such as dipole, Yagi - uda, and horn antennas.
e. Determine the radiation patterns (in principal planes) of antennas through measurement
setups.
f. Develop technical & writing skills important for effective communication.
g. Acquire team-work skills for working effectively in groups.

UNIT I
Antenna Basics & Dipole antennas: Introduction, Basic antenna parameters- patterns, Beam
Area,Radiation Intensity, Beam Efficiency, Directivity-Gain-Resolution, Antenna Apertures,
Effectiveheight, Fields from oscillating dipole, Field Zones, Shape-Impedance considerations,
Polarization Linear, Elliptical, & Circular polarizations, Antenna temperature, Antenna
impedance, Frontto-backratio, Antenna theorems, Radiation Basic Maxwells equations,
Retarded potential-HelmholtzTheorem, Radiation from Small Electric Dipole, Quarter wave
Monopole and Half wave Dipole Current Distributions, Field Components, Radiated power,
Radiation Resistance, Beam width, Naturalcurrent distributions, far fields and patterns of Thin
Linear Center-fed Antennas of different lengths,
Illustrative problems.
UNIT II
VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas - I: Loop Antennas - Introduction, Small Loop,
Comparisonof far fields of small loop and short dipole, Radiation Resistances and Directives of
small and largeloops (Qualitative Treatment), Arrays with Parasitic Elements - Yagi - Uda
Arrays, Folded Dipoles &their characteristics. Helical Antennas-Helical Geometry, Helix modes,
Practical Designconsiderations for Monofilar Helical Antenna in Axial and Normal Modes. Horn
Antennas- Types,Fermats Principle, Optimum Horns, Design considerations of Pyramidal
Horns, IllustrativeProblems.
UNIT III
VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas - II: Micro strip Antennas- Introduction, features,
advantagesand limitations, Rectangular patch antennas- Geometry and parameters,
characteristics of Micro stripantennas, Impact of different parameters on characteristics, reflector
antennas - Introduction, Flatsheet and corner reflectors, parabola reflectors- geometry, pattern
characteristics, Feed Methods,Reflector Types - Related Features, Lens Antennas - Geometry of
Non-metallic Dielectric Lenses,Zoning , Tolerances, Applications, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT IV
Antenna Arrays & Measurements: Point sources - Definition, Patterns, arrays of 2
Isotropicsources- Different cases, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, Uniform Linear Arrays
BroadsideArrays, Endfire Arrays, EFA with Increased Directivity, Derivation of their
characteristics andcomparison, BSAa with Non-uniform Amplitude Distributions - General
considerations andBionomial Arrays, Illustrative problems.
Antenna Measurements: Introduction, Concepts- Reciprocity, Near and Far Fields,
Coordinationsystem, sources of errors, Patterns to be Measured, Pattern Measurement
Arrangement, DirectivityMeasurement , Gain Measurements (by comparison, Absolute and 3-
Antenna Methods).
UNIT V
Wave Propagation: Introduction, Definitions, Characterizations and general classifications,
differentmodes of wave propagation, Ray/Mode concepts, Ground wave propagation (Qualitative
treatment) -Introduction, Plane earth reflections, Space and surface waves, wave tilt, curved earth
reflections,Space wave propagation - Introduction, field strength variation with distance and
height, effect ofearths curvature, absorption, Super refraction, M-curves and duct propagation,
scattering phenomena,tropospheric propagation, fading and path loss calculations, Sky wave
propagation - Introduction,structure of Ionosphere, refraction and reflection of sky waves by
Ionosphere, Ray path, Criticalfrequency, MUF, LUF, OF, Virtual height and Skip distance,
Relation between MUF and Skipdistance, Multi-HOP propagation, Energy loss in Ionosphere,
Summary of Wave Characteristics indifferent frequency ranges, Illustrative problems.

Text Books:
1. John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka and Ahmad S.Khan, Antennas and wave
propagation, TMH, New Delhi, 4th Ed., (special Indian Edition), 2010.
2. E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, PHI, 2nd
Edn, 2000.
Reference Books:
1. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory- Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edn., 2001.
2. K.D. Prasad, SatyaPrakashan, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Tech. India
Publications, New Delhi, 2001.
3. E.V.D. Glazier and H.R.L. Lamont, Transmission and Propagation - The Services Text Book
of Radio, vol. 5, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.
4. F.E. Terman, Electronic and Radio Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 4th edition, 1955.
5. John D. Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill (International Edition), 2nd Edn., 1988.
 UNIT: 1

Antenna Basics and Dipole Antennas

1. State and prove reciprocity theorem for antennas.

2. What is the Lorentz gauge condition? Explain.

.A 1
Explain the Lorentz gauge condition and show that =
- J A (
j J
A ) Where, A is magnetic vector potential?
3. Define and explain about following antenna parameters.
i) Radiation pattern
ii) Radian and Steradian

iii) Radiation power density

iv) Radiation intensity

4. Define and explain about following antenna parameters.

i) Gain
ii) Antenna efficiency
iii) half-power beam width iv) Beam efficiency
5. As related to antenna, define and explain the following terms,
i) Beam width
ii) Bandwidth
iii) Polarization
iv) Power gain
6. Define antenna beam width. Explain the method of beam width
measurement with neat sketch.
7. Write a note on antenna bandwidth.
8. Derive expressions for the electric and magnetic fields radiated by a half-
wave length dipole antenna.
9. Define the term directivity. Determine the directivity of /2 antenna
10. Fine the effective length of a half-wave (/2) dipole
 UNIT-2
VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas-I

ESSAY QUESTIONS :

1. What is folded dipole? Why the folded dipole is preferable as compared

with other dipoles and explains?
2. Derive expression for radiation resistance of a loop antenna.
3. Mention the frequency ranges of operation and application of loop
antenna.
4. Derive the expression for radiation field of a small loop antenna of
radius a at the center of the co-ordinate system
5. Explain the characteristic of folded dipole?
6. Write a short note on folded dipole?
7. Derive an expression for the impedance of the folded dipole?
8. Sketch the current distribution of folded dipole and find out input
impedance when two legs have unequal diameters.
9. Write a short note on helical antenna?
10. Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna.
11. What is the principle of equality of path length? How it is applicable to
horn antenna?
12. Explain the sectorial E-plane horn and sectorial horn and list out the
applications of horn antenna.
13. What is parasitic element? Explain when the parasitic element acts as a
reflective and director with the help of proper diagram.
14. Explain why the folded dipole has a greater bandwidth than the straight
dipole.
15. What is the principle of equality of path length? How is it applicable to
horn antenna
 UNIT:3
VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas-II

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Briefly explain about microstip antennas and mention its silent feature?
2. Explain the characteristics of the microstrip antennas and what is the
impact of different parameters on its characteristics?
3. Explain about various feed methods of microstrip antennas?
4. Briefly explain about flat sheet reflector?
5. Discuss the application of the image antennas concept to the 900 corner
reflector?
6. Explain the patterns of large circular apertures with uniform illumination.
7. Explain briefly with related diagrams , the feed methods for parabolic
reflectors?
8. Describe the cassegrain feed mechanism of a parabolic reflectors?
9. Explain in brief about reflector types?
10. Explain the characteristics of an active square corner reflector with the
help of image principle?
11. Explain the principle of operation of dielectric lens antenna.
12. Explain about e-plane metal plate lens antennas?
13. Explain briefly about artificial dielectric lens antennas?
14. Write about tolerance on lens antennas briefly?
15. Write short notes on: a) short-focus lens b)long -focus lens c) zoned
lens
16. Give a brief discussion about non-metallic dielectric lens antennas. How
is equality of path applicable?
 UNIT:4
Antenna Arrays and Measurements

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. What is an array factor? Find the array factor of two element array.
2. Derive the conditions for the linear array of N isotropic elements to
radiate in end fire and broad side mode?
3. Find the radiation pattern of 4 isotropic elements fed in phase ,spaced /2
apart by using pattern multiplication?
4. What is uniform linear array? Discuss the application of linear array?
5. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of linear arrays.
6. What is broad side array? Compare it with end-fire array?
7. What are the various differences between binomial and linear arrays?
8. What are antenna arrays? Explain about different types of arrays?
9. Derive the field components and draw the field pattern for two point
source with spacing of /2 and fed with Currents of equal magnitude and
phase.
10. Derive the field components and draw the field pattern for two point
source with spacing of /2 and fed with Currents of equal magnitude but
out of phase by .
11. What is end fire array? Derive expressions for the radiation pattern for an
end fire array of N identical elements.
12. Derive Hansen-woodyard condition for N element end fire array for
enhancing its directivity.
13. Describe about the general considerations in linear broadside arrays with
non-uniform amplitude distribution.
14. Write a detail note on near-field and far-field of an antenna?
15. Explain the coordinate system used for antenna measurement. support
you answer with a neat diagram.
16. Discuss in details about the sources of errors in antenna measurements?
17. Write short notes on antenna pattern measurements?
18. Draw the neat setup for measuring gain of an antenna?
 UNIT-5
WAVE PROPAGATION

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. What Are The Types Of Propagation And Give The Typical Frequency
Range Of Each Propagation?
2. Briefly Explain About The Plane Earth Reflection In Ground Wave?
3. With The Help Of Neat Diagram Derive The Expression For The
Electric Field Strength At The Receiving Point Due To The Space Wave
Propagation?
4. State And Explain Sommerfield Equation For Ground Wave
Propagation?
5. Write A Short Notes On Duct Propagation?
6. Derive The Expression For The Los Range Of Space Wave Propagation?
7. What Is Angle Of Tilt? How Does It Effect The Field Strength At A
Distance From The Transmitter?
8. Discuss the silent features of sky wave propagation?
9. Describe the mechanism of reflection and refraction in sky-wave
propagation?
10. Establish the effects of D-layer in sky-wave propagation?
OBJECTIVE BITS:
1) The reflector antenna when excited with other antenna such as dipole then reflector antenna is said to
be
-----------------------------------.

2) -------------------------------is the simplest form of reflector antenna.

3) The angle at which the two plane reflectors are joined is called ____________________

4) The design equation for the corner reflector is given By____________________

5) The paraboloid which produces sharp major lobes and smaller minor lobes is called
as_____________.

6) An array of elements for which the radiation is maximum in the direction of normal to the
array axis is called _______________________ array.

7) The progressive phase shift of an end-fire array is ________________

8) directivity of a broad side array of 5 length is _______________________

9) An end fire array has the null-to-null beam width of _____________________

10) The directivity of an end fire array with increased directivity is ______________________
11) An electromagnectic wave is incident normally on a dielectric boundary will partly
_____________ and ___________.

12) The ______________________ of electromagnetic wave is due to the transverse nature of

the wave.

4 sin
13) The reyleigh criterion, R= in the reflection of radio waves from plane surface of

earth, represents
________________________________________
14) Vertical polarization is employed for the ground wave propagation because attenuation
offered by it will be _____________________________

15) The field strength of the ground wave can be divided into ___________________ and
______________________.

16) The power gain of the paraboloid reflector is given by ____________________

17) The hyperboloid reflector,whose foci coincides with the focus of the paraboloid reflector is
called _____________________________________

18) The sides of the corner reflector are made ________ the feed to vertex spacing,to get smaller
included angles. [
]

a)smaller than twice b)larger than thrice c) smaller than thrice d)larger than twice.

19) The open end of the parabolic reflector is called ______ [

]

a)aperture b) hollow c) a) and b) d) none.

20) The half-power beamwidth for large circular aperture is given by HPBW= ____ [ ]

115 58
A) b)115 degree c)