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BSNL provides almost every telecom service, however following are the main Telecom
Services being provided by BSNL in India:-
1. Universal Telecom Services: Fixed wire line services & Wireless in Local loop
(WLL) using CDMA Technology called bfone and Tarang respectively. BSNL is
dominant operator in fixed line. As on March 31, 2007 (end of financial year) BSNL had
76% share of fixed and WLL phones.
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3. Internet: BSNL is providing internet as dial-up connection (Sancharnet) and ADSL-
Broadband Dataone. BSNL has around 50% market share in broadband in India. BSNL
has planned aggressive rollout in broadband for current financial year.
4. Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL is providing in services like tele-voting, toll free
calling, premium calling etc.
Under BSNL various electronic exchanges are developed which provide subscriber a
number of additional facilities, which are not in possible old mechanical exchanges.
Introduction of exchanges like CDOT, E-10B and broadband facilities exchange in India
telecommunication network has ushered a new era.
TOPOLOGIES
The shape of a network, and the relationship between the nodes in that network is
known as the network topology. The network topology determines, in large part, what
kinds of functions the network can perform, and what the quality of the communication
will be between nodes.
Common Topologies
2
Star Topology
'Star topology' - A star topology creates a network by arranging 2 or more host
machines around a central hub. A variation of this topology, the 'star ring' topology, is in
common use today.
The star topology is still regarded as one of the major network topologies of the
networking world.
A star topology is typically used in a broadcast or SIMO network, where a single
information source communicates directly with multiple clients. An example of this is a
radio station, where a single antenna transmits data directly to many radios.
Tree Topology
A tree topology is so named because it resembles a binary tree structure from
computer science. The tree has a "root" node, which forms the base of the network. The
root node then communicates with a number of smaller nodes, and those in turn
communicate with an even greater number of smaller nodes. An example of a tree
topology network is the DNS system. DNS root servers connect to DNS regional servers,
which connect to local DNS servers which then connect with individual networks and
computers. For your personal computer to talk to the root DNS server, it needs to send a
request through the local DNS server, through the regional DNS server, and then to the
root server.
Ring Topology
A ring topology is a network where all the nodes are connected to exactly two
other nodes. The result is a circular or "ring" shape.
'Ring topology' - A ring topology (more commonly known as a token ring
topology) creates a network by arranging 2 or more hosts in a circle. Data is passed
between hosts through a 'token.' This token moves rapidly at all times throughout the ring
in one direction. If a host desires to send data to another host, it will attach that data as
well as a piece of data saying who the message is for to the token as it passes by. The
other host will then see that the token has a message for it by scanning for destination
MAC addresses that match its own. If the MAC addresses do match, the host will take the
data and the message will be delivered. A variation of this topology, the 'star ring'
topology, is in common use today.
3
The ring topology is still regarded as one of the major network topologies of the
networking world.
Mesh Network
Mesh topology' - A mesh topology creates a network by ensuring that every host
machine is connected to more than one other host machine on the local area network.
This topology's main purpose is for fault tolerance - as opposed to a bus topology, where
the entire LAN will go down if one host fails. In a mesh topology, as long as 2 machines
with a working connection are still functioning, a LAN will still exist.
The mesh topology is still regarded as one of the major network topologies of the
networking world.
Line Topology
Line topology - This rare topology works by connecting every host to the host
located to the right of it. Most networking professionals do not even regard this as an
actual topology, as it is very expensive (due to its cabling requirements)and due to the
fact that it is much more practical to connect the hosts on either end to form a ring
topology, which is much cheaper and more efficient.
Tree Topology
'Tree topology' - A tree topology, similar to a line topology in that it is extremely
rare and is generally not regarded as one of the main network topologies, forms a network
by arranging hosts in a hierarchal fashion. A host that is a branch off from the main tree is
called a 'leaf.' This topology in this respect becomes very similar to a partial mesh
topology - if a 'leaf' fails, its connection is isolated and the rest of the LAN can continue
onwards.
Bus Topology
Bus topology - A bus topology creates a network by connecting 2 or more hosts to
a length of coaxial backbone cabling. In this topology, a terminator must be placed on the
end of the backbone coaxial cabling - in Michael Meyer's Network+ textbook, he
commonly compares a network to a series of pipes that water travels through. Think of
the data as water; in this respect, the terminator must be placed in order to prevent the
water from flowing out of the network.
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The bus topology is still regarded as one of the major network topologies of the
networking world.
Hybrid Topologies
Hybrid topology - A hybrid topology, which is what most networks implement
today, uses a combination of multiple basic network topologies, usually by functioning as
one topology logically while appearing as another physically. The most common hybrid
topologies include Star Bus, and Star Ring.
Network Areas
Wireless networks do not have fixed topologies, so it doesn't make sense to talk
about "shape" of these networks. Instead, other characteristics such as network size and
node mobility are of primary importance.
Wireless networks and networking protocols can be divided up based on their
intended range. Networks with smaller ranges have smaller power requirements and often
have less noise to deal with. However, small networks are only able to communicate with
small numbers of clients, compared with larger nodes. Increasing the number of clients in
a network is often more useful, but more agressive techniques need to be employed to
prevent data collisions among multiple users in a large network.
Network Size Designations
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Extremely small networks, often referred to as "piconets" that encompass an area
around a single person. These networks, such as Bluetooth, have a range of only 1-5
meters, and tend to have very low power requirements, but also very low datarates.
personal area network (PAN) -
WIRELESS PAN
Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN networks can encompass a building such as a house or an office, or a single
floor in a multi-level building. Common LAN networks are IEEE 802.11x networks, such
as 802.11a, 802.11g, and 802.11n. local area network (LAN) - wireless LAN
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
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These networks are designed to cover large municipal areas. Data protocols such
as WiMAX (802.16) and Cellular 3G networks are MAN networks. metropolitan area
network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide-Area Networks are very similar to MAN, and the two are often used
interchangably. WiMAX is also considered a WAN protocol. Television and Radio
broadcasts are frequently also considered MAN and WAN systems. wide area network
(WAN)
Regional Area Network (RAN)
Large regional area networks are used to communicate with nodes over very large
areas. Examples of RAN are satellite broadcast media, and IEEE 802.22.
Sensor Area Networks
These networks are low-datarate networks primarily used for embedded computer
systems and wireless sensor systems. Protocols such as Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) and
RFID fall into this category.
C-DOT SBM/MBM
1.1 The C-DOT DSS Family
1.1.1 GENERAL
The Centre for Development of Telematics (CDOT) is an Indian Government owned
Telecom Technology development Centre. It was established in 1984 with initial mandate
of designing and developing digital exchanges.
C-DOT DSS MAX is a universal digital switch which can be configured for different
applications as local, transit, or integrated local and transit switch.
this discribes the general layout and other requirments for C-DOT DSS MAX
exchanges. it give the reader broad outline of C-DOT exchange
environment i.e. layout of
Switch/IOP/OMC rooms, electrical requirement and other preliminary
arrangements like
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Air-conditioning, floor preparation etc.
The tipical layout of C-DOT DSS MAX exchange consist of the following
Switch Room
IOP Room
Operation and maintenance Room
Power plant and Battery Room
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)Room
Transmission Room
A/C Room
engine alternator room
of A/C room is 4.0m *6.0m Engine alternator whose rating depends on the configuration,
is also installed in a separated room.
Another important feature of the design is the provision of both local and
centralized operation and maintenance. Beginning with local operation and maintenance,
with the installation of similar digital switches in the network, centralized operation and
maintenance will provide maintenance and administration services very economically. All
these services are provided through a simple, interactive man-machine interface.
INTRODUCTION
C-DOT DSS MAX switch room consist of BM & CM cabinets mounted in
standard suites. The cabinets are organized in groups of four cabinets each. Each group is
7
called a half suite. In MAX-L/MAX-XL configuration the exchange can be organized as
a number of half suites or full suites. For MAX-L/MAX XL configuration minimum one
and a half suites has to be installed to accommodate CM in second half suites from wall.
If configuration of MAX-L/MAX-XL require more than two suites then CM is to be
installed in third suites.
It is also suggested that one DCDP is sufficient to cater power requirement of three
full suites with IOP, ADP and OMA. If fourth suites is included then one more DCDP is
required to meet power requirement of fourth and fifth suites.
A typical equipment layout in MAX-L exchange switch room is shown in fig. and
equipment layout for MAX-XL switch room is shown in fig.. For five six and seven
suites configuration respectively.
Central Module (CM) placement is different both for MAX-L as well as MAX-XL.
In MAX-L layout (CM) has been shown at 4 th position of the first half of the suites. First
three positions have been used for 2K lines. In MAX-XL CM can be placed at second
or third of the first half suite. Rest of the three position can be used for positioning trunk
BMs. A typical five suites exchange layout for a C-DOT MBM exchange depicting
switch room, IOP room, OMC room in a standard DOT building constructed for
exchange installation with proper pillar dimensions has been shown in fig . This five
suites layout can accommodate about 20K lines. For less line , suites can be reduced
accordingly and for more lines suites can be added. For a typical 20K line MDF space
requirement has been shown in fig.
To allow free movement of personnel & access to equipment, the following standard
suites arrangement have been followed.
Minimum distance between two suites 1000mm
Minimum distance between first suite & wall 1000mm
Minimum distance between last suite and wall 1600mm
Minimum distance between suite and wall 2200mm
On the power side end -2200mm
On the other side end -1000mm
8
ROOM ACCESS
The switch room entrance should be of sufficient size to allow equipment to pass
through easily. The recommended dimensions of the entrance are :
Width - 1.50m
Height - 2.15m
FLOORING
For MBM (MAX-L/MAX-XL) Configuration
C-DOT MAX and most of the electronic equipments contain printed circuit
boards containing components/integrated circuits which are sensitive to static charges.
These components are easily damaged by static electricity.
Therefore C-DAT recommends antistatic flooring or provision of some equipment
in the exchange to discharge the charge carried by the personnel while handling the
printed circuit boards in the equipment.
Nominal thickness of Antistatic flooring should be 2mm and floor strength should
be 600 kg/m2.
FALSE CEILING
The false ceiling comprise of panels made of either aluminum of tiles. Space has
to be left for fixing fire detectors (Refer Appendix-A) and light fittings.
The minimum required height (floor to beam) of switch room should be 3 m. A
false ceiling is not mandatory but may be needed only for old telecom buildings. False
ceiling is required for aesthetic look and make air-conditioning more effective. A general
layout of the floor with antistatic Vinyl flooring and the ceiling.
9
Width - 0.985m
Depth - 0.624m
An equipped cabinet weighs between 350 to 400 kg.
LIGHTING AND POWER OUTLETS
The switch room must have adequate lighting (around 300 lux). The light source
should be fluorescent tubes. Lighting equipment should be touching the surface of ceiling
(false ceiling, if provided). Lights should be aligned over the inter suite passageway
centre line to obtain a good level of illumination. Provision for Emergency Lighting'
should also be there. The switch room should also incorporate electrical wall sockets
approximately every 4m for plugging in installation/testing equipment. These sockets
must be placed approx. 200 mm above the floor level. Power Supply to these sockets
should come from mains as well as from inverters. The lighting arrangement for SBM &
MBM exchanges.
Earthing
Earth Resistance should be less than 0.5 ohms.
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AIR CONDITINING
Cabinets do not require any upward throw of conditioned air through their
bottom. Air supply grills, throwing conditioned air, may be conveniently located on the
sides, or on the false ceiling, if provided, to ensure uniform distribution. Heat load of the
exchange due to occupancy and lighting load in the switch room and OMC room is also
considered for air-conditioning provisions.
For a five full suite configuration :
Heat load
Occupancy : 6 persons
Power dissipated by equipments : 40 KW (maximum)
Lighting load : 1 W/sq. ft.
Air conditioning provisions are required to provide the following stipulated conditions
inside switch room/OMC room.
Temperature : 21 + 40C
Relative Humidity: 45% to 65%
Fresh air : 1 and 1/2 changes per hr.
Air cleanliness : Filtration 99% down to 5 micron
It is proposed to take into account the ambient conditions prevailing outside the
switch room, depending upon the part of the country for which the C-DOT exchange is
being planned. An adequate safety factor is considered while finalising the
airconditioning requirements depending upon the ambient conditions of the location.
Duct layout for air conditioning.
CABLE RUNWAYS
Standard practice may be followed for laying the cable runways.
EQUIPMENT
- IOP room houses the following equipments
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IOPs - 2 No.
VDU Terminal (console) - 2 No.
IOP Power Distribution Panel (IOP PDP) - 1 No.
Modems for RSUs (if any) - 2 Nos. (One at RSU
end and one at MBM
end)
- LINE DRIVERS
If the distance between IOP and the Operator Position in MDF Room is more than
30 meters, line drivers have to be installed at IOP end and at operator position end.
- MISCELLANEOUS
Flooring false ceiling, lighting and Air conditioning are applicable as indicated in
sec. 2.3., 2.4., 2.6 and 2.8 respectively.
A typical IOP/OMC room layout.
- EQUIPMENT
The OMC room incorporates the following equipments
Equipment Qty.
Alarm Display Panel (ADP) 1
OMA 1
Indicator Panel for Fire-detection system 1
Printers- one for each IOP 2
Terminals
- POWER
-48 DC Supply to ADP and OMA is required
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Inverter supply to printers and VDUs.
- MISCELLANEOUS
Flooring, False ceiling, Lightning and air conditioning are similar to switch room.
Refer section 2.3, 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8 for details.
- POWER ROOM
Presently is SBM exchanges conventional power plant & batteries are being
despatched where as in MAX-L/MAX-XL exchanges only SMPS power plant and VRLS
batteries being despatched.
Conventional Power Plant & Battery Specifications for SBM RAX and MAX-L
Configuration DC power Battery Inverter
13
Float Battery DC Switching A.C. Engine
Cubicle (DC 3ph.
Rectifier Charger Alternator
SW.CU) 50Hz
FR) (BC)
SBM RAX upto 1 x 200A 1x 75 A 1000 A 2x 600 2x 75 KVA 50 KVA
1400 lines AH 1KVA
MAX upto 2.5 2 x 400A 1x 600 A 2000 A 2x 1500 3x 200 KVA 150 KVA
K lines AH 1KVA
MAX upto 10 K 2 x 400A 1x 600 A 2000 A 2x 1500 3x 400 KVA 250 KVA
lines AH 1KVA
SMPS Power Plant and VRLA Battery Specifications for MAX-XL Exchange
S.No. Exchange Max. Power Battery Max Power Qty. of Qty. of
Capacity (K Requirement Size Req. with SMPS SMPS
Lines) of Switch in (VRLA) Battery in 100A 200A
(Amp) No. of sets (Amp) Module Module
X AH
1. >5K to < 10K 425 2 x 2000 825 9+1 5+1
2. >10K to < 12K 475 2 x 3000 1075 12 + 2 6+1
3. >12K to < 14K 540 2 x 3000 1140 13 + 2 7+1
4. >14K to < 16K 600 2 x 3000 1200 14 + 2 7+1
5. >16K to < 20K 725 2 x 3000 1325 15 + 2 8+1
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Note :
1. Redundancy for SMPS module has been taken as N + 1 for N<10 & N+2 for N>
10 where N is the actual SMPS module requirment.
2. 90% Efficiency of SMPS plant has been taken.
3. Battery capacity has been calculated for 6 hour back up at 80% efficiency.
For 10K MAX-XL Power requirement can be worked out as under
Qty. Power/Unit Amp. Total Power in Amp
Lines BMs 5 20 100
LMs 10 12 120
TRK BMs 4 20 80
IOPs 2 6 12
ADP 1 1 1
OMA 1 1 1
Inverter 3 20 60
CM-XL 1 55 55
Total 429
= 425
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modules with 64 pair connector blocks on the exchanges side are used with protection
modules on the line side.
MDF is provided in a form of verticals of height 3.5 mtr. On the exchange side of
MDF each vertical is fixed with 10 nos. of 64 pair connector block consisting of 2/8 LSA
module and on line side of MDF is fixed with 10 nos of 100 pair connector block
consisting of 2 x 10 LSA modules. IPMs are provided on Line side for all terminations.
- DIMENSIONS
MDF room/Cable chamber room dimensions are same as for any electronics
exchanges.
5 VErticals MDF is MAX-L/MAX-XL exchanges. MDF for SBM & RSU.
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- INSTALLATION OF DETECTORS
The detectors should be installed in the Switch Room, IOP Room, MDF Room,
OMC room power Plant and Battery Room.
In addition to this, the detector should be installed where return air ducts (used for
air conditioning) are passing. However, the distance of detectors should be 120mm away
from the air path.
These detectors are to be fixed to the ceiling (or to the false ceiling if provided).
Density of Detectors
The density of detectors should be as follows :
(a) Switch Room and IOP Room 1- detector per 10 sq. mts. (the detectors
should preferably be located above the
suites in the switch room)
(b) OMC Room -1 detector per 20 sq. mtrs.
(c) MDF Room -1 detector per 10sq. mtrs. (Ionization type)
(d) Power Plant/Battery Room -1 detector per, 10 sq. mtrs. (Ionization
Heat detectors)
- CONTROL PANEL
The main control panel should have sufficient zones so that each room can have at
least two zones. The control panel shall have the facility for cutting off power supply to
AHV motors automatically.
- RESPONSE INDICATORS
The response indicators shall be installed at important points where maintenance
staff is available for 24 hours. The face of response indicators shall be towards entrance
of the room.
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Input Output Module
i) BASE MODULE
The Base Module (BM) is the basic growth unit of the system. It interfaces the external
world to the switch. The interfaces may be subscriber lines, Analog and digital trunks,
CCM and PBX lines. Each Base Module can interface up to 2024 terminations. The
number of Base Modules directly corresponds to the exchange size. It carries out majority
of call processing functions and, in a small-exchange application, it also carries out
operation and maintenance. Functions with the help of the Input Output Module. In
Single Base Module (SBM) exchange configuration, the Base Module acts as an
independent switching system and provides connections to 1500 lines and128 trunks. In
such a configuration, the Base Module directly interfaces with the Input Output Module
for bulk data storage, operations and maintenance functions. Clock and synchronization
is provided by a source within the Base Module. It is a very useful application for small
urban and rural Environments. With minimum modifications in hardware through only
one type of card, a Base Module can be remotely located as a Remote Switch Unit
(RSU), Parented to the main exchange using PCM links.
18
Module for providing man-machine interface. It also supports the Alarm Display Panel
for the audio-visual indication of faults in the system.
19
switched and the metering information of all the RSU subscribers is stored in the RSU. It
is sent to the host whenever the PCM links are available again. A maximum 16 RSUs are
possible in C-DOT DSS MAX-XL and 8 RSUs in MAX-L.
This section includes system features related to the CDOT DSS MAX. Theyre:
TYPES OF SERVICES
The CDOT DSS of different capacities can be put to use at various switching nodes in the
telecommunication network.
MAX
Main Automatic Exchange MAX is expandable to large capacities of order of 2000 lines
or beyond. The MAX may have Remote Modules (RM) and Remote Line Concentrators
(RLC) connected to it.
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TYPE OF SYSTEM
The system is Stored Programmed Controlled (SPC) which makes it possible to work in
attended/non-attended type of working environment.
TYPE OF NETWORK
The switching network within the system is 4-wire digital.
TYPE OF COMPONENTS
The different type of components used include integrated circuits, miniature
relays, PCB, etc. The connecting scheme between various modules emphasis
Connectorised hardware.
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2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
A Terminal Card is the basic system element. It interfaces/ terminates the lines
and trunks. The next higher element is a Terminal Unit. The types of terminal cards and
terminal units used in C-DOT DSS along with its functions are explained in H/W
description. Termination capacity of a BM is 488 analog terminals and that of LM is 768
analog terminals. A BM can be concentrated with 2 LMs to provide maximum
termination capacity of 2024 analog lines. In case of a BM, a maximum of 256 B-
channels can be provided for ISDN terminations at the cost of 128 analog lines. In its
maximum configuration ozone BM and 2 LMs with termination capacity of 2024 analog
lines, 256 B-channels are provided at the cost of 512 analog lines. One to one
replacement of B-channels is planned in immediate future. Base Module and Line
Module are the highest level of system elements. Each Base Module has four Terminal
Units whereas a Line Module has six TerminalUnits.A maximum of 16 BMs can be
connected in MAX-L and 32 BMs can be connected in MAX-XL configurations.Table2.1
summarizes the termination capacities of the various system elements of CDOT DSS
MAX.
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Exchange. In its maximum configuration, up to 40,000 lines and 5.500 trunks are
supported when configured as Local/Local cum Tandem. When configured as TAX,
14,500 trunks are supported.
Table 2.1
Termination Capacity of System Elements
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C. BM Analog trunks (Analog Trunks) 488 Analog trunks
Table 2.2
Terminal capacity of exchange configurations
1. Single Base Module(SBM) 1500 lines &128 Trunks. The trunk can be
analog or Digital
Note: out of total equipped capacity, a maximum of 30,000 lines may be remote
subscribers through RSUs in MAX-XL whereas 14000 lines may be remote subscribers
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The traffic carrying capacity of C-DOT DSS MAX is ideally 8000 Erlangs in case
of MAX-XL and 4000 Erlangs in case of MAX-L exchanges. This figure is based on the
ideal traffic of one Erlang per switched circuit. But the actual traffic carrying capacity of
one switched path is always less than one in practical application. Accordingly capacities
are reduced to not less than 7,500Erlangs incase of MAX-XL and to 3800 in case of
MAX-L exchanges.
The basic processing elements of the exchange are the Base Processor (in the
Base Module). Base processor has the capability of handling 12,500 Busy Hour. Call
Attempts which can be increased to 30,000 using upgraded processor card. The C-DOT
DSS MAX (MAX-XL) exchange with 32 Base Modules can handle up to 3,00,000
BHCA. By upgrading the processor card in BM/CM/AM/SUM and message switch in all
the BMs, it is increased to 8,00,000 BHCA.In case of MAX-L exchanges with 16 BMs
connectivity, the BHCA handling capability is 1,50,000. Various exchange configurations
and their traffic capacities are summarized in Table2.3.
Table 2.3
Traffic Capacity of Exchange Configurations
.
SNo. Exchange Traffic capacity Description
configuration
1. SBM-RAX 250 Erlangs.The BHCA capacity depends on
the processor used and it may be 12,500 or
30,000.
2. Remote switching 250 Erlangs.The BHCA capacity depends on
Unit the type of processor used and it may be
(RSU) 12,600 or 30,000.
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3. DSS-MAX/TAX Not less than 7,500 Erlangs.The BHCA
a) MAX-XL capacity is more than 3, 00,000 and
upgradeable to 80,000 by upgrading only
processor cards.
b)MAX-L Not less than 3,800 Erlangs.The BHCA
capacity is 1, 50,000.
Note: For some of the sites already commissioned with one of the first three
configurations, BHCA handling capacity may be lower due to use of old processor cards.
The C-DOT DSS MAX is designed to meet the reliability standards as defined in
the specifications. The system uses fully digital techniques for switching including the
subscriber stage. The system is built using a minimal number of standard units/modules
which allow flexible growth of the exchange and easy up gradation in technology and
new features. A very important feature of C-DOT DSS MAX architecture is the extensive
duplication of units. All controller units are duplicated or have n+1 redundancy. Software
design matches the high degree of redundancy provided by hardware to minimize the
system down time.
To minimize failures caused by human and/or software errors the C-DOT DSS
MAX has extensive software maintenance functions. The design of software is such that
propagation of software faults is contained and it provides sufficient checks to monitor
the correct functioning of the system. Whenever a faulty condition occurs the software
provides for the isolation of the faulty subsystem and automatically initiates diagnostic
programs for diagnostic purposes.. Provision is also made for safety of charge-records.
The charging information is dumped at regular intervals to non-volatile duplicated back-
up memories automatically. The software maintenance functions include data audits as
well; as system integrity monitors andcontrols.Alarm Display Panel is provided for a
continuous indication of the system status.
2.2 SUBSCRIBER FEATURES
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2.2.1 INTRODUCTION
The C-DOT Digital Switching Systems offer a wide range of telephony features
and supplementary services. Due to mandatory requirement of exchange of messages
between the switching systems and user's equipment, some of the services are exclusively
offered to ISDN-subscribers and also to PSTN subscribers.
2.2.2 PSTN (ANALOG) AND ISDN SUBSCRIBER SERVICES
The subscriber services provided by C-DOT DSS MAX exchanges for PSTN
When this service is subscribed by a user as terminating facility, all the incoming
calls are offered to the user along with the details of calling party's Identity. In
exceptional cases due to interworking constraints in the network, it will not be possible to
provide caller's identity.
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iv) Malicious Call Identification (MCID)
This facility is used for ascertaining the origin of malicious calls. During
conversation the subscriber has to use suitable procedure to notify the exchange about the
malicious call. The detail of the call is recorded in the exchange which can be retrieved
later on. If the caller is from an exchange which does not support identification of calling
line, "junction identity" is found and an "identification request" may be sent to the
originating exchange by tee exchange personnel.
Call Offering Supplementary Services Call offering services permit the served user to
request the network to divert the incoming calls to a specific number. In call forwarding,
the network forwards the call to a pre-registered number which can be specified by the
user or exchange administrator.
i) Call forwarding unconditional (CFU)
This service permits the served user to request the exchange to forward all
incoming calls to other Number. The served user's originating service remains unaffected.
The other number could be a fixed pre-determined number or a number specified by the
subscriber in the activation request.
28
2.2.3. ISDN-SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES
In addition to the services available for PSTN/Analog as well as ISDN
subscribers, a number of supplementary services are offered only to ISDN-subscribers.
29
b) To suspend the will and subsequently resume it at the same terminal & socket.
c) To replace one terminal by another compatible terminal at the same socket.
d) To move the call from one terminal ,to another compatible at the same basic access.
This service is used only in the active phase of a call and not in the call
establishment and clearing phases. In addition the service shall independently apply to
Hardware Architecture
3.1 GENERAL
The hardware architecture of C-DOT DSS MAX is mapped closely on the System
Overview described in the previous chapter. In the following sections, the hardware
architecture of each constituent module is described.
a). Analog to digital conversion of all signals on analog lines and trunks
c). Switching the calls between terminals connected to the same Base Module
d). Communication with the Administrative Module via the Central Module for
administrative and maintenance functions and also for majority of inter-BM switching
30
e.) Provision of special circuits for call processing support e.g. digital tones,
f) Provision for local switching and metering in stand alone mode of Remote Switch Unit
For these functions, the Base Module hardware is spread over different types of Units.
a. Analog Terminal Unit - To interface analog lines/trunks, and providing special circuits
as conference, announcements and terminal tester.
b. Digital Terminal Unit - For interfacing digital trunks i.e. 2Mbps E-1/PCM Links
c. #7 Signaling Unit Module To support SS7 protocol handlers and some call
processing functions for CCS7 calls.
e. Time Switch Unit - For voice and message switching andprovision of service circuits.
f. Base Processor Unit - for control message communication and call processing
functions.
3.2.6. Base Processor Unit (BPU)
Base Processor Unit (BPU) is the master controller in the Base Module. It is
implemented as a duplicated controller with memory units. These duplicated sub-units
are realized in the form of the following cards:
a. Base Processor Controller (BPC) Card
b. Base Memory Extender (BME) Card
BPC controls time switching within the Base Module via the Base Message
Switch and the Time Switch Controller. It communicates with the Administrative
Processor via Base Message Switch for operations and maintenance functions. In a SBM
31
configuration, BPC directly interfaces with the Alarm Display Panel and the Input Output
Module. To support 8,00,000 BHCA, the BPC card is replaced by High performance
Processor Card (HPC). It is pin to pin compatible for hardware and also for software so
that they are interchangeable at any site to meet specific traffic requirement.
TERMINAL UNIT-1 1
(TU-1)
TERMINAL UNIT -2 2
(TU-2)
TERMINAL UNIT-3 3
(TU-3)
TERMINAL UNIT -4 4
(TU-4)
32
BASE PROCESSOR UNIT 5
(BPU)
Note: TU can be ATU, DTU, ISTU OR #7SU with only exception that TU-4 should be
ATU in case of line BM and Analog trunk
33
FIG 1: BASE MODULE (BM) CONFIGURATION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
S S
P T P T T T P P
S T T T T T T T T I C U U I C T T T T T T T T S
U C C C C C C C C C / I I C / C C C C C C C C U
I I I I
S S
P P
34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2
P D D D D D D D D P
S T T T T T T T T T T T T S
U S C S C U U U U S C S C U
I 0 0 1 1 C I I C 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
P P I I I I I I
S S L L L L L L L L T C I I C T L L L L L L
U U C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 1 1 1 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
H H
P B P P B P
S M C C M S
U E / / E U
I B B II
I P P
C C
35
36
OCB 283 DIGITAL ELECTRONIC
SYSTEM
1.1 Introduction :
37
in a back up unit and brings it into service. Diagnostic programmes
are run on the faulty unit and the diagnostics is printed on a terminal.
(vi) OCB-283 has a double remoting facility. Subscribers access unit
CSND can be placed at a remote place and connected to the main
exchange through PCM links. Further, line concentrators can also be
placed at a remote location and connected to the CSNL or CSND
through PCMs. This special feature can meet entire range of
necessities viz. urban, semi-urban and rural.
(vii) Various units of OCB-283 system are connected over token rings (IEE
802.5 standard). This enables fast exchange of information and avoids
complicated links and wiring between various units.
(viii) The charge accounts of subscribers are automatically saved in the disc,
once in a day. This avoids loss of revenue in case of total power
supply/battery failure.
(ix) The traffic handling capacity of the system is huge. It can handle
8,00,000 BHCA and 25,000 erlangs of traffic. Depending on the
traffic, a maximum of 2,00,000 subscriber or 60,000 circuits (or trade
off between these two) can be connected.
(x) The exchange can be managed either locally or from an NMC through
64 Kb/S link.
(xi) All the control units are implemented on the same type of hardware.
This is called a station. Depending on the requirement of processing
capacity, software of either one or several control units can be located
on the same station. For all these control units, only one backup
station is provided, enabling automatic recovery in case of fault.
(xii) The OCB-283 system is made up of only 35 types of cards. This
excludes the cards required for CSN . Because of this, the number of
spare cards to be kept for maintenance, are drastically reduced.
(xiii) The system has modular structure. The expansion can be very easily
carried out by adding necessary hardware and software.
38
(xiv) The SMMs (O&M Units) are duplicated with one active and other hot
standby. In case of faults, switch over takes place automatically.
Moreover, as discs are connected to both SMMS. there is no necessity
of changing cables from one system to another.
(xv) The hard disc is very small in size, compact and maintenance free. It
has a very huge memory capacity of 1.3 Giga bytes. The detail billing
data are regularly saved in the disc itself, from were they can be
transferred to mag tape for processing
(xvi) The space requirement is very small. No separate room is required for
OMC.
(xvii) There is no fixed or rigid rack and suite configuration in the system. It
provided great flexibility and adjustment in the available space.
(xviii) The environment requirements of the system are very flexible. False
floor and ceiling are not essential. Air conditioning requirements are
also not stringent. The system can work at temperatures 5 to 45 o C,
OCB 283 provides a large number of subscriber facilities. Some facilities are
available to only digital subscribers and as such they can not be availed by
analogue subscribers. To avail these facilities subscriber number are given special
categories by man machine commands.
39
(iv) Aviated dialing The subscriber can record a short code and its
correspondence full number in the memory. Later to dial this number, he
has to only dial short code.
(v) Call forwarding When activating
to the number mentioned by the incoming calls to the subscriber gets
transferred especially very useful for the people who are activating the
facility. The facility is
(vi) Conference between 4 subscribers The subscriber
conversation, can include two more more subscribers by pressing B while
in dialing their number
(vii) Call waiting indication When a subscriber is engaged in conversation
and an incoming call, an indication is given in the form of a tone. Hearing
this, the subscriber has option, either to hold the subscriber in
conversation and attend the waiting call or to disconnect this subscriber
and attend to the waiting call. In the former case, he can revert back to
the earlier subscriber.
(viii) Automatic call back on busy If this facility is activated and if the called
subscriber is found busy, the calling subscriber simply replaces the
receiver. The system keeps watch on the called subscriber and when it
becomes free, a ring is given to both the subscribers. On lifting they can
talk to each other.
(ix) Priority line Calls from this line are processed and put through even
when the number of free channels are within a threshould or when the
system is operating in a catastrophic mode.
(x) Malicious call identification When this category is given to a subscriber,
the number of calling subscriber (to this number) is printed on the
terminal.
(xi) 12 to 16 kHz meter pulses The system can send 12 or 16 kHz meter
pulses on the subscriber line for the operation of the home meter.
(xii) Battery reversal The system extends battery reversal when called
subscriber answers. This is useful in case of CCBs.
40
(xiii) Detailed billing The system provides detailed bills giving details of date,
time metered units etc.
(xiv) Absent subscriber service When activated, the incoming calls are
diverted to absent subscriber service for suitable instructions or
information.
Digital subscriber are provided all the facilities available to analogue subscribers.
In addition, they are provided following facilities which are called ISDN services. An
ISDN subscriber can use many electronic devices on its telephone line and can utilise
them for 2 or more simultaneous calls of either.
VOICE
DATA
VIDEO
The ISDN or Digital Subscriber of OCB-283 can be provided the following types of
connections.
2 B + D Line :- 2 Voice Channels of 64 kbps & 1 Data channel for 16 kbps
30 B + D Line :- 30 voice channels of 64 kbps & 1 Data channel of 64 kbps
The following is the list of some of the service to Digital subscribers
(a) It provides 64 Kb/s digital connectivity between two
subscribers for data communication.
(b) The system can provide Group 2, 3 or 4 Facsimile (FAX)
services.
(c) It provides videotext services.
(d) The system provides display of calling subscriber number on
called subscribers telephone.
(e) The system also provides the facility for restriction of the
display of calling subscriber number on called subscribers
terminal. To avail this facility, the subscriber has to be given
a category.
41
(f) The system provides the facility of displaying connected
number on the calling subscribers terminal. This is
especially useful when called subscriber has activated call
transfer facility. The calling subscriber can choose to speak
on forwarded number or disconnect the call.
(g) The above facility can be restricted byu giving special
category to the subscriber.
(h) Charging advice The system is capable of providing
charging advice either in real time or at the end of the call.
(i) User to user signalling The system permits transfer to mini
messages between calling and called subscribers during call
set up and ringing phase.
(j) Terminal portability during the call A subscriber (calling
subscriber as well as called subscriber) can unplug terminal,
carry it to some other place or room and resume the call
within 3 minutes.
(k) Listing unanswered calls - The number of calling
subscribers, who calls during the absence of called
subscriber, are recorded in called subscribers terminal. The
called subscriber can then check up these numbers and call
them back if, he so wish.
GENERAL P ERFORMANCE DATA OF OCB-283
PROCESSING CAPACITY 220 CA/S OR 800, 000 BHCA
ERLANGE TRAFFIC 25, 000
MAX. SUBSCRIBER 200,000
MAX. CIRCUITS 60, 000
MAX. LR (PCMS) 2048
42
OCB-283 OR ALCATEL 1000 E-10 CAN WORK WITH ALL TYPE OF
NETWORK
PACKET
SWIT
CH
VALUEADVDED Intelligent
NETWORKS Netw
ork
OCB
MOBILE
TMN
TELECOMM TELEPHONE
MANAGEMENT
Broadband
ISDN
43
The E-10 (OCB-283) consists mainly of:
control stations.
software machines,
a communication local area network
This architecture also has other units including the STS (synchronization and time base
station) which provides the timing signals for processing digital data.
Figure 5. shows the architecture of the E-10 (OCB-283) and the systems interfaces.
Local
network
Telephonic
network
STS
Intelligent
Subscriber RCX network
SMT
access
SMT SMX Signalling
network
SMA Data
network
44
international transit exchange.
intelligent network service switching point.
mobile service switching point.
The E-10 (OCB-283) can also provide the STP (signallinmg transfer point) function of
the N0 7 signalling network.
SMP
SCP
Service OCB-283
switching
point
International (SSP)
transit exchange Intelligent network
(iii)
OCB-283
OCB-283
(ii) OCB-283
Signalling
Transit transfer
exchange point
(STP)
(ii) OCB-283
OCB-283
Mobile
Local (iv) services
exchange switching
centre
(MSC)
Access
Netweok
CSN
BSC
CN CN
BSN
BSN Mobile
Network
45
OCB EXCHANGE
INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
The installation procedures of the OCB-283 system are easier in comparison to its
predecessor E-10 B system. Therefore, the installation time required is also less. The
installation of the exchange equipments can be done.
depending on the specific site requirement. (This should be planned in advance and order
should be palced accordingly as some additional installation material are essential for
installation without false floor) The different racks are supplied with the cards plugged
inside and inter rack cables are provided readymade except few cables. Therefore one
should be careful while opening the racks packing and also their shifting to the site.
Prerequisites :- Following points should be checked before starting the actual physical
installation.
1. Preparation & readyness of room & site.
(a) Civil works completed a per plan
(b) False flooring provided. In case of without false floor whether
antisatic flooring is provided, if so its proper terminations to earth.
(c) Air-conditioning is available
2. All the tools are available.
3. All the material as per equipment list are received.
4. Availability of power plant and earth should also be ensured.
5. All cable trays for subscriber, PCM & Power cables & alarm cables are fitted.
46
Rack Size in : 2200 Hz 950 Wx 690
D
(mm)
No of Rows (Suits) in a Switch Room : Not Fixed
No of Racks per suite : Not Fixed
but for practical convenience may be limited upto : 16
Inter suite Gap : Min. 800 mm to 1000
mm : Max :- Variable
Clearance from Sidewalls : 1500 mm
Height of Ceiling Minimum : 3000 mm
Approximate floor area for a 6k exchange : 44 sq m
Sequence of lay out of racks in suites : No special sequence
or restriction (other than specific to site) except for
UB UC UD CSN-BASIC CNL4
1 SMC + 2 SMT+2 SMA 1 SMC + 4 SMA 1 SMC + 2 SMTs UCN+4 CNL (ICNE) 5CNL (ICNE)
47
LAYOUT OF ROOM :- Layout of the exchange is one of the foremost
documents to refer. It gives the positions of various racks & equipments
& devices.
TR06 I
DBM CA UC1 SDE1 CB1 XAIA XAZA R
P
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1
I
VDU VDU VDU VDU
R
OPERATION ROOM P
ACDB
48
Installation
CONFORMITY OF HARDWARE
T1
STARTUP OF STATIONS
T6
APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC
LOAD
T7
STATIONS
BBUMES
49
FINAL CONFIGURATION LOADING STARTUP CSNL CSND T10
BBUMES T9 GUIMES APPLICATION
CSN-EXPORT AAC012005000RJ
ALARMS TEST
T11
SYSTEM STABILIZATION
T13
HANDOVER PREPARATION
T19
COMMISSIONING
T20
E-10B EXCHANGE
AN INTRODUCTION:
The policies persuade by telecom administration all over the world at present is to
introduce digital switching in their networks in view of significant Techno-economic
advantages of Digital Network. Introduction of E-10B exchange is one of new
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:-
Based on function carried by different parts, an E-10B exchange can be divided in
four blocks.
Connection Units:-
Local Subscriber connection unit (URAD or CSED):- This unit provides for
the connection of up to 1024 subscribers lines, and is located in the same premises as
the exchange. Ax. 1023 lines can be connected in the unit.
o It is linked to switch in the network through links.
o It provides electronic space concentration of 1024 lines to 60, 90 or 120
digital junctions carried by 2, 3 or 4 PCM links of 2.048Mbit/sec.
o It enables connection to dial telephones and push button telephones.
51
provides local security communication. The main function of subscriber
connection units are:-
o Power feed on subscriber lines and sending ringing current.
o Transmission of subscriber loop status change indication and dialed
digits to control units and transmission of battery reversal or remote
metering purpose to appropriate units.
o Cycling scanning of equipments to identify loop status change of
subscriber.
o Analog to Digital conversion
o Traffic observation counter
Multiplex Connection Unit (URM):- Each URM has a total capacity of 32 PCM
systems and is housed in one standard rack. There are 8 modules in each URM and
each modules caters for 4 Pams .The main function of URM units are :-
o Transmission and reception of PCM links.
o Conversion of HDB3 code/binary code.
o Extraction and insertion of signaling bites and conversion into
internal codes understood by the control unit.
o The URM can process simultaneously 16 different signaling codes.
52
Auxiliary Equipment Rack (BDA):- This rack is regarded as the connection unit
and is always given UR NO.1.It has following functions:-
o Marshalling of alarms
o Management of general visual display (PGV)
53
To ensure uninterrupted telephone service, these units are duplicated and operated
on load sharing basis.
Operation and maintenance center (OMC):-
E-10B system is characterized by the basic principle of the separation of switching
and management function, these are carried out independently. The switching functions
are carried out by E-10B exchange while OMC handles management function of the E-
10B exchange.OMC and E-10B exchange to manage data between OMC and exchange
whereas the dialogue terminal are directly connected to OMC .
Functions of OMC:-
o Call charging management
o Subscriber line testing
o Trunk testing
o Traffic and load measurement
o Alarm message processing
BASIC FEATURES:-
54
The system switches signal in digital form. Analog signals are converted into TDM
signals prior to switching.
PCM principles:-
The system has been developed for 30 channels PCM corresponding to relevant
CCITT recommendations.
Segregation between switch and management:-
Switching functions like reception of dialed digits, their storage, analysis, routing of call
etc. is performed by the control units in the exchange, which have a decentralized
architecture employing dedicated processors.
Functions like subscriber lines and circuit group management, faults and alarm
management ,testing and diagnostics etc. are performed by a separate mini computer
located located at centralized operation and maintenance (OMC) which is common for a
number of E-10B exchanges as shown in above fig..
Distributed control:-
The various call handling and call processing functions like scanning of subscriber
lines, detection of loop status, reception and storage of digits, analysis and routine,
metering etc. are distributed over various functional units
Centralized management for a group of E-10B exchange:-
The O&M functions for a group of E-10B exchanges are carried out by a single OMC,
which is connected to various exchanges by PCM links as shown in below fig.
55
E-10B
XGE 1
E-10B E-10B
XGE 2 XGE 2
E-10B
XGE 3
In any type of exchange there is a unit called main distribution frame (MDF) and is
used for interconnection of exchange line and junction unit equipment to external
physical line coming to the exchange. The distribution frame provides easy and flexible
interconnection, isolation point for testing, protective device used for safety of exchange
equipment etc.The E-10B system also uses distribution frames for interconnection of
trunks and subscriber lines to the exchange termination units.
E-10B switching system is a digital switching system and accepts both analog and digital
signals. The signals from subscriber are analog whereas trunk signals are digital. The
analog signals are received by CSE and digital signal by URM in E-10B system. For
these purpose we use two types of frames called Main distribution frame (MDF) and
Digital distribution frame (DDF).
56
the MDF called exchange side tag blocks are provided for terminating cables from CSF
for subscriber lines and from transmission room for analog junction lines. These tag
blocks are of 128 pair size and facility for wedging is also available for isolating the
lines. These tag blocks are also of krone type. The interconnection between line side and
exchange side is done through 4mm. jumper wires.
Digital distribution frame is used for interconnection of lines carry digital signals. This
frame also uses two types of tag blocks used only for digital signals and has the capacity
of 32 pairs. The digital signal fed to E-10B is 30 channels and goes to URM. Each PCM
system requires two pairs, one for transmit direction and other for receive direction. Also
one URM has max. of 32 PCMs connected to it. Therefore for one URM we require two
32 pair tag block. One tag block connected to transmitter pair while other tag block
connected to receiver pair. The other side of tag block is connected to transmission
terminal equipment tag block.
The other tag block are used for interconnecting trunk lines to transmission
equipment , which convert analog signals to digital signals and multiplexes this channel
to form 30 channels PCM system acceptable to E-10B.In DDF the protective devices are
not provided.
Subscriber facilities:-
The E-10B system offers a number of facilities to its subscribers. These are:
Follow me service ( call forwarding)
Short code dialing (Abbreviated dialing)
Identification of Malicious call
57
Conference calls
Call waiting indication (camp on busy)
Detailed Billing
Automatic Alarm cell (wake me service)
Hotline facility
Free phone line
Ring back facility
E-10B system offers a great facility to extend telecommunication facilities to the
subscribers switched at remote place, like a town or outskirts of a metropolitan center.
These line units are called Remote line units or RLUs.The subscriber connected to the
RLUs get all the facilities available to main exchange by number of PCM systems.
58
BROADBAND SERVICES
Broadband in telecommunications is a term which refers to a signaling method which
includes or handles a relatively wide range of frequencies which may be divided into
channels or frequency bins. The wider the bandwidth, greater is the information carrying
capacity. In radio, for example, a very narrow-band signal will carry Morse code; a
broader band will carry speech; a still broader band is required to carry music without
losing the high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. A television
antenna described as "normal" may be capable of receiving a certain range of channels;
one described as "broadband" will receive more channels. In data communications a
modem will transmit a bandwidth of 64 kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone
line; over the same telephone line a bandwidth of several megabits per second can be
handled by ADSL, which is described as broadband Broadband in data communications
may have the same meaning as above, so that data transmission over a fiber optic cable
would be referred to as broadband as compared to a telephone speed operating at 600 bits
per second.
Various forms of Digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that
digital information is sent over one channel and voice over another channel sharing a
single pair of wires. Analog modems operating at speeds greater than 600 bit/s are
technically broadband. They obtain higher effective transmission rates by using multiple
channels with the rate on each channel limited to 600 baud. For example, a 2400 bit/s
modem uses four 600 baud channels .This is in contrast to a base band transmission
where one type of signal uses a medium's full bandwidth such as 100BASE-T Ethernet.
Ethernet, however, is the common user interface even to DSL data links. Ethernet
provisioned over cable modem often is a competitive alternative to DSL, especially in the
small office/home market.
59
Users who need more than DSL or cable modem speeds will often use metro Ethernet,
when available, rather than older and often more expensive (per megabit) than T-carrier
(or E-carrier in appropriate parts of the world, or Asynchronous transfer mode). Metro
Ethernet is usually implemented over a metropolitan all-optical network.
Broadband Application:-
E-governance
E-education
Tele-medicine
E-commerce
Corporate internet
Videoconferencing
TV Broadcast
Video on demand
Interactive Gamming
Music on demand
Online radio
60
CONCLUSION:-
Thus we can conclude that CDOT DSS MAX is a universal digital switch which
can be configured for different applications as local & transit switch.Design of CDOT has
the provision of both local & centralised operation and maintainence.All services of
CDOT has been provided by simple man- machine interface.The facilities of CDOT are
inbuilt to ensure software recovery on detection of software faults.The CDOT switching
system also offers a wide range of telephony features and supplementary
services.Through CDOT contribution in creating an enviroment if excellence CDOT has
been establishedas a model for management of people for higher productivity ,effiiciency
& better quality of life in Indian environment.
E-10B system provides a great facility to extend tele communication facilities to
subscribers switched at remote place like town or outskirts of a metroplotian center.It has
the capability to interwork with remotely located line equipment with PCM channels.This
system offer to telephone line subscribers located in remote areas a facility through which
they can be connected to host exchange located at an urban area.This system is also
characterized by basic priciple of seperation of switching & management functions,these
are carried out independently.
Broadband also offers a new facilty of vert fast accessing of Internet.It uses a wide
bandwidth through which a data transmission rate is effectively increased in comparison
to that of Dial up connection.Data rate upto 100Mbps are offered which is quite
beneficial for various services.
61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
o www.google.com
o www.wikipedia.org
o www.BSNL.net.in
o A Report by BSNL PARASIA CDOT EXCHANGE
62
INDEX
1) INTRODUCTION 1-2
2) TOPOLOGY 25
3) WIRELESS PAN 5-6
4) CDOT SBM/MBM 6 - 35
63
7)CONCLUSION 60 - 60
8)BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 - 61
64