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Third Generation (3G) Networks

CMPE 591  Defined in IMT-2000 standard by ITU.

Broadband Wireless  3G offers high mobility and wide range of services.

Networks  Telephony, video calls, broadband wireless data.

 Provides greater network capacity using improved spectral


efficiency.

 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) defined a mobile system


fulfilling IMT-2000 standard. Called Universal Mobile
Next Generation Wireless Telecommunication System (UMTS).
Systems

CMPE 591 - Broadband Wireless Networks 1

UMTS Overview (1) UMTS Overview (2)

 ETSI Standardization done for UMTS Phase 1 in 1999.  Frequency bands defined by the standard:
 18852025 MHz for mobile-to-base (UL).
 21102200 MHz for base-to-mobile (DL).
UMTS combines:
1. W-CDMA, TD-CDMA, or TD-SCDMA
air interfaces  UMTS is an alternative to GERAN (2G GSM air
2. GSM's Mobile Application Part core interface including GSM/EDGE).
3. GSM family of speech codecs
 Much of the UMTS infrastructure is shared with GSM,
 UMTS over W-CDMA uses but in order to migrate to UMTS, operators need:
a pair of 5 MHz channels  New spectrum licenses
(UTRA/FDD)  Extend UMTS capability at existing towers
[2]

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UMTS Overview (3) UMTS Architecture (1)

 A UMTS network consist of


3GPP has five main UMTS standardization areas: three interacting domains:
1. Core Network (CN)
1. Radio Access Network 2. UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
2. Core Network Network (UTRAN)
3. Terminals 3. User Equipment (UE)
4. Services and System Aspects
5. GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Network)  UMTS base station is
referred as Node-B.

 Control equipment for Node-B's is called Radio Network


Controller (RNC).
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UMTS Architecture:
UMTS Architecture (2) Core Network (1)

 UMTS system areas from largest to smallest:  Core Network provides switching, routing, and transit
 UMTS systems (including satellite) for user traffic.
 Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)  Core Network is divided into circuit switched and packet
 MSC/VLR or SGSN switched domains.
 Location Area Circuit switched elements:
 Routing Area (PS domain)
1. Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC)
 UTRAN Registration Area
2. Visitor location register (VLR)
(PS domain)
 Cell 3. Gateway MSC
 Sub cell Packet switched elements:
1. Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
UMTS Coverage is Universal (Leino, 1999) [1]
2. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

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UMTS Architecture: UMTS Architecture:
Core Network (2) UTRAN (1)

Shared network elements:  UTRAN air interface uses Wideband CDMA


 Equipment Identity Register (EIR) (WCDMA) technology.
 Home Location Register (HLR)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 WCDMA is a Direct Sequence CDMA system
 Authentication Centre (AUC)
where user data is multiplied with quasi-random
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is defined for bits derived from WCDMA Spreading codes.
UMTS core transmission.
 ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 (AAL2) handles circuit  UMTS uses codes for channelization, synchronization,
switched connection. and scrambling.
 Protocol AAL5 is designed for packet switched data
delivery.
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UMTS Architecture: UMTS Architecture:


UTRAN (2) UTRAN (3)
Synchronisation Channelisation Scrambling Scrambling
Codes Codes Codes, UL Codes, DL WCDMA has two basic modes of operation:
Type Gold Codes
Orthogonal Variable Complex-Valued Gold  Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Complex-Valued Gold
Spreading Factor Code Segments (long)
Primary Synch. Codes
(OVSF) codes CV S(2) Codes (short)
Code Segments  Time Division Duplex (TDD).
(PSC) Pseudo Noise (PN)
Pseudo Noise (PN)
Secondary Synch. Codes codes
Called Walsh Codes codes
(SSC)

Length 256 chips 4-512 chips 38,400 chips / 256 chips 38,400 chips Functions of UMTS Base Station (Node-B)
Duration 66.67 s 1.04 s - 133.34 s 10 ms / 66.67 s 10 ms  Air interface Transmission / Reception
# of Codes 1 primary code /
= spreading factor
4 ... 256 UL 16,777,216
512 primary / 15
secondary for each
 Modulation / Demodulation
16 secondary codes
4 ... 512 DL primary code
 CDMA Physical Channel coding
Spreading No, does not change Yes, increases No, does not change No, does not change
bandwidth bandwidth bandwidth bandwidth  Micro Diversity
Usage To enable terminals to
UL: to separate physical
data and control data from
 Error Handing
locate and synchronize to same terminal
the cells' main control DL: to separate
Separation of terminal Separation of sectors  Closed loop power control
channels connection to different
terminals in the same cell

Summary of the main UMTS FDD codes [2]


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UMTS Architecture: UMTS Architecture:
UTRAN (4) User Equipment (1)

Functions of Radio Network Controller (RNC):  UMTS standard does not restrict the functionality of
 Radio Resource Control the User Equipment in any way.
 Admission Control
 Channel Allocation Terminals work similar to Node-B and have many
 Power Control Settings different types of identities (similar to GSM):
 Handover Control  International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

 Macro Diversity  Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)


 Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI)
 Ciphering
 Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI)
 Segmentation / Reassembly
 Mobile station ISDN (MSISDN)
 Broadcast Signalling
 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
 Open Loop Power Control
 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and Software
Number (IMEISV)

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UMTS Architecture: UMTS Architecture:


User Equipment (2) User Equipment (3)

UMTS MS can operate in one of these three modes: UMTS IC card has same physical characteristics as
 PS/CS mode of operation: The MS is attached to both the PS GSM SIM card. Its functions are:
domain and CS domain, and the MS is capable of simultaneously  Support of one User Service Identity Module (USIM)
operating PS services and CS services. application (optionally more than one).
 Support of one or more user profiles on the USIM.
 PS mode of operation: The MS is attached to the PS domain only
and may only operate services of the PS domain. However, this  Update USIM specific information over the air.
does not prevent CS-like services to be offered over the PS  Security functions.
domain (like VoIP).  User authentication.
 Optional inclusion of payment methods.
 CS mode of operation: The MS is attached to the CS domain only
 Optional secure downloading of new applications.
and may only operate services of the CS domain.

PS: Packet Switched CS: Circuit Switched

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UMTS Specifications: UMTS Specifications:
Data Transfer Rates (1) Data Transfer Rates (2)

Data Transfer Rates:


 Supports up to 21 Mbps in theory (using W-CDMA).  Since 2006, UMTS networks are being upgraded with High Speed
 384 kbps for R99 handsets, and 7.2 Mbps for HSDPA handsets in
Downlink Packet Access (3.5G)
the DL connection on live networks.
 UMTS performance is still much greater than the 9.6 kbps of a  Currently, HSDPA enables DL transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbps.
single GSM (2G) data channel (circuit switched) or multiple 9.6
kbps channels in HSCSD.  3GPP Long Term Evolution project plans to move UMTS to 4G
 GPRS (2.5G) supports a much better data rate: 140.8 kpbs speeds of 100 Mbps DL and 50 Mbps UL, using Orthogonal
theoretical, 56 kbps typical (Uses packet switching). Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM).
 With EDGE (2.75G) the actual packet data rates can reach
around 180 kbps effective.

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UMTS Specifications: UMTS Specifications:


Handsets Interoperability & Roaming

 UMTS devices are highly portable and can roam easily onto other
 Early 3G handsets and modems were specific UMTS networks.
to the frequencies required in their country,
therefore having limited roaming capability.  In addition, almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode
devices. So, if a UMTS phone travels outside of UMTS coverage
 There are almost no 3G phones/modems available supporting all 3G during a call, the call may be transparently handed off to available
frequencies UMTS850/900/1700/1900/2100MHz). GSM coverage.

 However, many phones are offering more than one band, which still  There are now 11 different frequency combinations used around the
enables extensive roaming. worldincluding frequencies formerly used solely for 2G services.

 For example, a tri-band chipset operating on 850/1900/2100MHz,


such as that found in Apple's iPhone, allows usage in the majority of
countries where UMTS is deployed.

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UMTS QoS Classes Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO)

 Also referred as Evolution-Data only.


UMTS network services have different QoS classes for
four types of traffic:  Abbreviations EV, EVDO, EV-DO, 1xEvDO, and 1xEV-DO.
1. Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video gaming).
2. Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast).
 The official name, defined by the Telecommunication
3. Interactive class (web browsing, network gaming, database
access). Industry Association, is "CDMA2000, High Rate Packet
4. Background class (e-mail, SMS, downloading). Data Air Interface .

 EVDO is one of two major 3G wireless standards. The


competing standard is known as WCDMA.

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EVDO: Overview EVDO: Deployment

 It uses CDMA as well as TDMA to maximize both  A significant advantage of EVDO over competing
individual user's throughput and the overall system technologies is that it uses the same broadcasting
throughput. frequencies as existing CDMA networks.
 Since purchasing spectrum is extremely expensive, this
 It is standardized by 3GPP2 as part of the CDMA2000 brings down the cost of building and using new networks.
family of standards and initially developed by Qualcomm.  The major EVDO deployments are in the US and Korea.
 EVDO has not made significant impact in Europe or
 An EVDO channel has a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. other major Asian markets, and WCDMA is the 3G
standard of choice in those regions.
 EVDO has a theoretical throughput of 2.4 Mbps.

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EVDO: Forward Link Channel EVDO: Forward Link Channel
Structure Structure

In TIA-856 Rev. 0: In TIA-856 Rev. A


 The modulation to be used is determined by the mobile itself.  Several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum
burst rate from 2.45 Mbps to 3.1 Mbps introduced.
 MS makes its best guess as to what data rate it can sustain while
maintaining a reasonable frame error rate of 1-2%.  Additional protocols developed to decrease connection
establishment time.
 Then, MS sends this information back to the serving sector in
the form of an integer between 1 and 12 on the Digital Rate  The ability for more than one mobile to share the same timeslot
Control (DRC) channel. (multi-user packets) and the introduction of QoS flags.

 Alternatively, the mobile can select a "null" rate (DRC 0),


indicating that the mobile either cannot decode data at any rate,
or that it is attempting to hand off to another serving sector.

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EVDO: Channel/Modulation Structure High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)


Data rate Slots Payload size
DRC Index Code Rate Modulation SNR Reqd.
(kbit/s) scheduled (bits)  HSPA is a collection of two mobile protocols High Speed
1 38.4 16 1024 1/5 QPSK -12 Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink
2 76.8 8 1024 1/5 QPSK -9.6 Packet Access (HSUPA), that extend and improve the
3 153.6 4 1024 1/5 QPSK -6.8
performance of existing WCDMA protocols.
4 307.2 2 1024 1/5 QPSK -3.9

5 307.2 4 2048 1/5 QPSK -3.8

6 614.4 1 1024 1/3 QPSK -0.6  HSDPA is specified in 3GPP Release 5 whereas
7 614.4 2 2048 1/3 QPSK -0.8 enchanced UL is specified in 3GPP Release 6 and has
8 921.6 2 3072 1/3 8-PSK 1.8 been extended with additional transport and control
9 1228.8 1 2048 2/3 QPSK 3.7 channels.
10 1228.8 2 4096 1/3 16-QAM 3.8

11 1843.2 1 3072 2/3 8-PSK 7.5

12 2457.6 1 4096 2/3 16-QAM 9.7


 HSPA uses improved modulation schemes and refines
13 1536 2 5120 5/12 16-QAM
the protocols by which handsets and base stations
14 3072 1 5120 5/6 16-QAM communicate.
1-12 Rev. 0, 13 and 14 added in Rev. A
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HSPA Enchancements How HSPA Works (1)
 HSPA supports data rates up to 14 Mbps in the DL and 5.8 HSPA increases peak data rates and capacity in several
Mbps in the UL. ways:
 HSPA Evolved (aka HSPA+) is the next step and is more  Shared-channel transmission: Results in efficient use of available
focused on delivering data services enabling speeds of up to code and power resources in WCDMA.
42Mbps in the DL and 11Mbps in the UL. HSPA+ is expected  A shorter Transmission Time Interval: Which reduces round-trip
to be available in early 2009. time and improves the tracking of fast channel variations.
 Link adaptation: Maximizes channel usage and enables the base
station to operate close to maximum cell power.
 Fast scheduling: Prioritizes users with the most favorable
channel conditions.
 Fast retransmission and soft-combining: Increases capacity
 16QAM: Higher bit-rates.

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How HSPA Works (2) HSPA Current Deployment


 HSPA has been commercially deployed by 200+ operators in 80+
countries.

 Many HSPA rollouts can be achieved by a software upgrade to


existing 3G networks, giving HSPA advantage over WiMAX, which
requires dedicated network infrastructure.

[3]
 Schedule users with favorable radio conditions.

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Long Term Evolution Overview(1) LTE Overview (2)

 Long Term Evolution (LTE) project initiated in  LTE improves spectral efficiency.
2004.  Lowers the costs while improving services.
 Makes use of new spectrum and refarmed spectrum
 Focused on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial opportunities.
Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPs radio access  Has better integration with other open standards.
architecture.  The architecture that will result from this work is
called Evolved Packet System and comprises Evolved-
 LTE aims to provide 100 Mbps DL and 50 Mbps UL which
UTRAN on the access side and Evolved Packet Core on
are 3-4 times as much compared to HSDPA and HSUPA the core side.
with less than 10 ms roundtrip time.  EPC is also known as SAE (System Architecture
Evolution) and E-UTRAN is also known as LTE.

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LTE: Advantages Current State of LTE Standard (1)

The main advantages of LTE:  Peak download rates of 326.4 Mbps for 4x4 antennas, 172.8 Mbps
 High throughput.
for 2x2 antennas for every 20 MHz of spectrum.
 Low latency.
 Peak upload rates of 86.4 Mbps for every 20 MHz of spectrum.
 Plug and play from day one.
 5 different terminal classes have been defined from a voice centric
class up to a high end terminal that supports the peak data rates.
 FDD and TDD in the same platform.
 All terminal will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth.
 Superior end-user experience and simple architecture resulting
in low Operating Expenditures (OPEX).  Supports at least 200 active users in every 5 MHz cell.
 LTE will also support seamless connection to existing networks,
 Sub-5ms latency for small IP packets: Increased spectrum
such as GSM, CDMA, and WCDMA. flexibility, with spectrum slices as small as 1.5 MHz (and as large as
20 MHz) supported.

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Current State of LTE Standard (2) LTE Air Interface
 Optimal cell size of 5 km. The proposed E-UTRA system:
 30 km sizes with reasonable performance.  Uses OFDMA for the downlink.
 Up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable  Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) for the uplink.
performance. Co-existence with legacy standards .  Supported modulation formats on the DL and UL data channels
 Supports MBSFN (Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency are QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM.
Network). This feature can deliver services such as Mobile  Employs MIMO with up to four antennas per station.
TV using the LTE infrastructure, and is a competitor for  The channel coding scheme for transport blocks is turbo coding
DVB-H based TV broadcast. and a contention-free quadratic permutation polynomial (QPP)
turbo code internal interleaver.
 PU2RC as a practical solution for MU-MIMO has been
adopted for use in 3GPP LTE standard.

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LTE vs. WiMAX LTE Advanced


 Both are 4G technologies designed to move data rather than voice.  It is currently being standardized by the 3GPP as a major enhancement
Both are IP networks based on OFDM technology so rather than of 3GPP LTE.
rivals such as GSM and CDMA, theyre more like siblings.
 LTE mobile communication systems are expected to be deployed from
 LTE will take time to roll out, with deployments reaching mass 2010 onwards as a natural evolution of GSM and UMTS.
adoption by 2012 . WiMAX is out now, and more networks should be
available later this year. As for speeds, LTE will be faster than the  LTE does not meet the requirements for 4G, also called IMT Advanced,
current generation of WiMAX, but 802.16m that should be ratified as defined by the ITU such as peak data rates up to 1 Gbps.
in 2009 is fairly similar in speeds.
 The mobile communication industry and standardization organizations
 The true battle isnt between the competing 4G networks, but have therefore started to work on 4G access technologies such as LTE
between wireless and wired broadband. Advanced.

 LTE advanced aims faster switching between power states and


From LTE vs WiMaX: A Little 4G Sibling Rivalry by Stacey Higginbotham, March 5, 2008 [4] improved performance at the cell edge as well as 1 Gbps data rate.

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LTE Advanced Proposals (1) LTE Advanced Proposals (2)
LTE Advanced Standardization Proposal Subjects:  Cognitive Radio.
 Various concepts for Relay Nodes.
 UE Dual TX antenna solutions for SU-MIMO  Automatic and autonomous network configuration and operation.
and diversity MIMO.
 Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz, potentially up to  Enhanced precoding and forward error correction.
100MHz.
 Local area optimization of air interface.  Interference management and suppression.
 Nomadic / Local Area network and
mobility solutions. [3]  Asymmetric bandwidth assignment for FDD.
 Flexible Spectrum Usage.
 Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in uplink.

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3G Evolution Data Rate Comparison

Actual Data Rate


GSM (2G) 9.6 kbps
GPRS (2.5G) 56 kbps
EDGE (2.75G) 180 kbps
UMTS (3G) 384 kbps , 7.2 Mbps (HSDPA)
[3] EVDO 2.4 Mbps , 3.2 Mbps
 3G Evolution over the years displayed along with 3GPP Release HSPA 14 Mbps
dates.
HSPA+ 42 Mbps
LTE 100 Mbps

LTE Advanced (4G) 1 Gbps

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References
[1] Leino,A. (Feb 1999). UMTS/IMT-2000 spectrum.
Telecommunications, 23(2), 35-43.
[2] http://www.umtsworld.com/
[3]http://www.ericsson.com/technology/whitepapers/3087_basic_con
c_hspa_a.pdf
[4] http://gigaom.com/2008/03/05/a-little-4g-sibling-rivalry/
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS
[6] http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-evdo.htm
[7] http://www.3gpp.org/Highlights/LTE/LTE.htm
[8] http://hspa.gsmworld.com/about-hspa/default.asp

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