MODULE - II

Compatibility condition
Relation between the six strain components is called the compatibility conditions. The
displacement of a point in a solid body can be represented by a displacement vector,

where , and are the components of along x, y and z directions respectively. The
deformation at a point is specified by the six strain components The
three displacement components and the six strain displacement relation of Cauchy is given
by,

The relation between the six strain components can be as follows. The total number of these
relations is six and they fall into two groups.

First group:
Differentiate 1(a) w.r.t y and 1(b) w.r.t x twice and add

Similarly by considering , & and , & we get,

Second group:
Differentiate 1(d), 1(e), 1(f) w.r.t z, x, y respectively and then adding the last two and
subtracting the first

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Differentiate the above equation w.r.t z

Similarly,

Problem
1) Verify whether the following strain field satisfies the equation of compatibility; p is a
constant. , , , ,

Boundary conditions

The above equations must be satisfied throughout the volume of the body when the stresses
vary over the plate i.e. the body having plane state of stress, the body stress components ,
and must be consistent with the externally applied forces at a boundary point.

Consider a two dimensional body as shown. At a boundary point P, the outward drawn
normal is n. Let Fx and Fy be the components of surface forces per unit area at this point.

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If the boundary of the plate happens to be parallel to y axis as at point P, the boundary
conditions becomes

This is called boundary conditions in two dimensions.

Consider an axially loaded bar as shown in figure. It can be noted that at a section a
distance b/4 from an end the maximum normal stress greatly exceeds the average stress. The
manner of force application on stress is important only in the vicinity of the region where
force is applied. The stress at a distance equal to the width of the member away from the
applied force is uniform. This p s principle. This principle
states that except in the region of extreme ends of a bar carrying direct loading the stress
distribution over the cross section is uniform.
The presence of discontinuity in a body causes the non-uniform distribution of stress
over a very short range of length. The stress distribution under a load over a cross section
carrying the discontinuity will be non- uniform with maximum stress ( max) occurring at the
edge the hole. Over any other cross section the stress distribution will be uniform with an
average value of stress ( avg) being equal to P/A, where A is the gross area of cross section. A
small distance away from the discontinuity the distribution of stress remains unaffected.

There is an increase in stress (or stress is not uniform) near the points where the load
is applied or where the discontinuity in cross section occurs. The local stresses at points of
force application or change in cross section are calculated by using stress concentration
factor.
For any given geometry and type of loading (axial, bending, torsional or combined)
max/ avg is a constant and is defined as stress concentration factor K.

and K for a given geometry and loading can be determined by the advanced
methods of theory of elasticity or by experimental methods. Tables or charts describing the

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value of the factor K for several geometries and loading are available. The static properties of
materials are not altered due to the presence of stress concentration in a member. But the
properties under repeated loading are influenced by stress concentration and have to be
considered for analysis.

Uniqueness theorem
For every problem of elasticity defined by a set of governing equations and boundary
conditions and boundary conditions, there exists one and only one solution. This means that
elastic problems have a unique solution and two different solutions cannot satisfy the same
set of governing equations and boundary conditions.
Let represent a solution for the equation of a body under body
forces , , and surface forces , , . Then

Let be another set of stress which also satisfies the

equilibrium condition and boundary conditions for the same body forces and surface forces.

Equation (1)-(3) gives

This equation represents a system of new stress where the body forces and surface forces
both are zero. For a body under no body forces or surface forces, if can be around that this
body must be stress free at every internal or external point.
i.e.

This means that the solution is unique for a given equilibrium and boundary conditions.

Plane Stress

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 If a thin plate is loaded by forces applied at the boundary, parallel to the plane of the
plate & distributed uniformly over the thickness (given in fig.), it can be assumed that z, xz,
yz are zero on the faces as well as within the plate.

The state of stress is then defined by x, y & xy only and such a condition is called plane
state of stress.
Thus, the components of stress does not vary along the z axis and are function of x & y only.
Plane Strain

Consider some general cases like a tunnel, long pipe lines, or cylindrical tubes with
internal or external pressure etc., in which the length along the z-direction is very large
compared to the cross sectional area which is in xy plane.
In these cases, it is assumed that the displacement along the z-direction is confined or
restricted. So that the deformation is likely to occur in the plane of the cross sectional area
(also the loading do not vary in direction).
The components ux and uy of the displacement are functions of x and y but are independent of
longitudinal co-ordinate z & longitudinal component uz = 0.

If G is the modulus of rigidity, shear strain and shear stress can be related by the equation.

When

Since
( z can be found out if x & y are known). Thus, similar to plane stress
problem, plane strain problem reduces to the determination of x, y and xy as function of x
and y only.

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Governing equations for plane stress & plain strain problems are
(i) Equilibrium equation

(ii) Strain displacement relations

(iii) Strain compatibility equation

(iv) Stress strain relation for plane stress problem

(v) Stress strain relation for plane strain problem

Note: For plane-stress problem, strain in z direction exists & for plane strain problem
stress in z direction exists.

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Consider an element ABCD having unit thickness as in fig (i).
Fig. (ii) shows the elevation of fig (i).
x and y acts parallel to the plane of the face ABCD. Shear stresses xy & yx acts on the
boundary of the element. The stresses are uniformly distributed over the thickness (or
along z-axis). The thickness of the plate is small (unity) compared to its other dimensions.
Thus, the above case is essentially a plane-stress problem.
Consider a plane BD whose normal n makes 900 with z axis, and with x-axis.
Direction cosines

Plane BD will be having a normal component of stress as well as a shear component.

Considering the equilibrium along the plane BD

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Considering equilibrium along the normal direction

To locate principal planes

Substituting the values of & in n

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By substituting &

Stress Compatibility (2D)

(a) Plane Stress Problem

Considering equation of compatibility of strain

Substituting the values of , & in above equation

Considering the equations of equilibrium

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Partially differentiating it with respect to x

Partially differentiating it with respect to y

Adding Equations (1) & (2)

Multiplying by

Comparing (A) & (B)

Putting (Laplacian Operator)

The above equation is the Stress compatibility equations for plane stress conditions.
(First stress invariant)

(b) Plane strain problem

For plane strain, zz =0

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From equations of equilibrium, Equation (B) is

Equating R.H.S. of both the equations

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The above equation is the Stress compatibility equation for plane strain problem.
Stress function
The solution of a two dimensional problem is given by the integration of the
differential equations of equilibrium together with the compatibility equation and the
boundary conditions. The usual method of solving this is by introducing a function that is
potentially capable of defining all the parameters associated with the system. This function is
called the stress function. Stress function may be defined as a function which represents the
state of stress or stress field of a body. There are different types of stress functions. The
function can be
a. Algebraic function
b. Polynomials
c. Fourier series
d. Complex functions
e. Trigonometric series
f. Harmonic functions
The more accurate function is the mo
among them with considerable amount of accuracy and lesser complexities associated.
Airy's stress function
oted by the letter and the function (x, y) may be
defined such that

Where the term V is called the potential function which can define body force.

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Check for the existence of the function:
For such a function to exist, it must satisfy the equilibrium conditions as well as the
stress compatibility conditions.
Equilibrium Conditions

Two equilibrium conditions are satisfied

Stress compatibility conditions (plane stress)

Stress compatibility conditions (plane strain)

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When body forces are zero or constant

We can illustrate some of the stress functions by the use of polynomials.

(i) Polynomials of first degree
Let
Assume or

Considering an element ABCD, subjected to stresses x, y and xy.

This stress function gives a stress free body.

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(ii) Polynomials of second degree
Let
Assume or

This function represents uniaxial tension 2a in y direction and uniaxial tension 2b in x

direction.
Note: (1) = ax2 represents a problem of uniaxial tension of 2a along y direction.

(2) = ax2 by2 represents uniaxial tension 2a along y direction and uniaxial
compression of 2b along x direction.

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 (3) represents pure shear problem
Assume or

(4) = ax2 + bxy + cy2 is

(iii)Polynomials of third degree

Let

Let 2D be the depth of the element ABCD.

Let O be the origin. At B,

and at C,

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 This stress function = cy3 represents pure bending of a beam in which half portion
from the neutral axis is under compression and another half position of the cross section is
under tension.
Problem
1.
distribution if it is one
Bending of a Cantilever loaded at the end
Consider a cantilever having a narrow rectangular cross section of unit width bent by
a force P applied at the end. The upper and lower edges are free from load and shearing
forces having a resultant P are distributed along the end .

Check for existence:-

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At the free boundary, , i.e.,

At the fixed end on an elemental area,

Total shear force on cross section =
To satisfy the equilibrium condition, the total shear force = total applied force, i.e.

Moment of inertia

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Problem
1. A cantilever beam rectangular in cross section is subjected to a downward force of
magnitude 2200N. The length of the beam is 0.25m; the height is 0.2m and unit
width. Find the stresses that act in a fibre that lies at a distance 0.002m from the
bottom at a length 0.2m from the free end.
Bending of a beam by uniform load
Let a beam of narrow rectangular cross section of unit width, supported at the ends, be
bent by a uniformly distributed load of intensity P, as shown in figure.

Check for existence:-

The conditions at the upper and lower edges of the beam are

Let

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Moment of inertia

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