Chapter 9 Energy Flow in the Steam Power Plant

Solved Problems

2.) A deuteron is an atomic particle composed of a neutron and a proton held together by
nuclear binding energy. On the atomic mass scale the deuteron mass is 2.0146. Find the
binding energy in Mev per deuteron.

From the reference:

Rest mass of one neutron 1.00894

Rest mass of one proton 1.00758
Total mass 2.01652
Mass of deuteron 2.01652
Difference 0.00192

Conversion: 1 mass unit = 931 Mer

931 Mer
Binding energy = 0.00192 mass unit ( ) = .
1 mass unit
3.) Assume that all the energy released in the fission of U235 in 25 g of normal uranium is
captured for use. How many kW hr should be obtained from 25 g of normal uranium?

Solution:

Nuclear fuel undergoing fission produces 33 x 106 kW-days of heat energy per metric ton (2,200
lbs). It requires about 6 tons of uranium to make 1 ton of fuel, and one-third of the heat energy is
converted into electricity. Therefore, the electrical energy per pound of uranium is:

1
(33 106 kw days) 24 kw hr
3
( ) = 20,000
6(2,200 lb) lb

kw hr 2.2 1
20,000 ( )( ) 25 = ,
lb 1 1000

4.) A new steam power plant of 30,000 kW capacity in one unit is being considered. Assuming
that the pipe friction loss between boiler drum and turbine would not exceed 1% of the
throttle gauge pressure, predict the probable boiler design pressure and the degree of
superheat to be used.
Solution:

Throttle pressure = 59.8 kg/cm2ga

Losses = 59.8 kg/cm2ga x 0.01 = 0.598 kg/cm2ga

(59.8 + 0.598) 1.04 = 62.814 kg/cm2ga

62.814 kg/cm2ga + 1.76 = 64.574 kg/cm2ga (boiler design pressure)

56.2 - 70.3 kg/cm2; 427oC to 482oC (degree of superheat)

6. A flat partition is made in two layers, X and Y in close contact (Fig. 9.6P).Thermocouple
measurements are taken at stations as shown. Material Y is known to have k = 7.2 kcal
per hr-m-deg.C. Find: (a) kx; (b) contact resistance in hr-m2-deg. C per kcal.

a)

qd
q = kA ; k =
d kA
30.6 25.6 7.2 (48.9 44.5) kcal
kx ( )= ; k x = 10.656
6.4 6.4 hr m C
b)

1
u = d3 1 dx
+ n + kx
kg

10.2mm 14mm
dy (1m) 1000mm 0.001417 hr m dx 1m (1000mm) 0.001314 hr m
= kcal
= = kcal
=
ky 7.2 kcal kx 10.656 kcal
hrm hrm
 q k 7.2(48.9 44.5) kcal
= = = 8325
k d 6.4m (
1m
) hr m2
1000 mm

q 8325 kcal
u= = = 357.3
At (48.9 25.6) hr m2

kcal 1 1 .
357.3 = ; =
hr m2 0.001417 + 1 + 0.001314 n
n

7. A steam pipe 219.08 mm OD is covered with 50.8 mm of material for which k = 3.47, over
which is 63.5 mm of material with k = 2.54, both ks in kcal per hr-m-deg.C. Outside
surface of pipe at 457oC; of covering, 79 oC. Length of pipe, 4.72 m. How much heat is
lost through it per hr?

Solution:
r1= 109.54 mm
r2= 160.34 mm
r3= 223.84 mm
q = 2LT / [ln (r2 / r1) / k1 + ln (r3 / r2) / k2]

= 2 (4.72) (457-79) / [ln (160.42 / 109.54) / 3.47 + ln (223.84/ 160.34) / 2.54]

q = (11210.2079 / 0.24115) kcal / hr

8.) Given Fouriers Law as qdr = -kAd; derive Eq 9-7.

Solution:

Conduction through cylinders can be calculated when variables such as the internal radius r1, the
external radius r2, and the length denoted as L.
The temperature difference between the inner and outer wall can be expressed as 1 2 or .
The area of the heat flow: = 2
When Fouriers equation is applied:

= = 2

Rearranged:

2 2
1
= 2
1 1
Therefore the rate of heat transfer is:

=
( )

9.) A thin, flat metal wall is bathed with water on one side, air on the other. It is found that
3300 kcal are transmitted to the water in forced convection per m2 per hr. Mean temperature
difference, 27.8 oC. The water film conductance is estimated at 4638 kcal per hr-m2-deg.C
Make an estimate of the air film conductance.

Given:

q kcal
= 3300 2 t = 27.8
a m hr
q 3300 kcal
u= = = 118.7
At (27.8) hr m2

1 1 1
= +
u ha hw
1 1 1
= + = 8.208x103 ; ha = .
ha 118.7 4638
11.) Air at an average stream temperature of 82 oC is flowing at 762 m/min in a rectangular duct
38 cm x 76 cm. Estimate the conductance of the air film.

Solution:

T = 82 oC

V = 762 m/min (1min/60s) = 12.7 m/s

k = 0.022 kcal per hr m deg C

= 0.021 centipoises = 0.021 x 10.2x10-5 kg s/m2

c = 0.24 kcal/kg oC x 9.81 = 2.354

= 1.2 kg/m3 / 9.81 = 0.122 kg s2/m4

 38 cm x 76 cm
De = 4 ()= 4 (2(38 cm+ 76 cm))/ 100 = 0.507 m

0.507
= = = 23.045
0.022

0.507 (12.7)(0.122)
= = = 366734.734
0.021 x 10.2x105

2.354(0.021 x 10.2x105 )
= = = 0.825
k/3600 0.022/3600

23.045= 0.023 x 366734.734 0.8 x 0.825 0.4

= 26.135 kcal per hr m2 oC

13.) Find the mean temperature difference is a steam condenser where the absolute pressure
is 0.12 kg / cm 2 and the condensing water terminal temperatures are 18.3 oC and 31.1 oC.

kg
at 0.12 , saturated temp of steam is 49.4
cm2
max = 49.4 18.3 = 31.3

min = 49.4 31.1 = 18.3

31.1 18.3
LMTD = 31.1 = .
ln 18.3
14. In a two-fluid heat exchanger, operating counterflow, one fluid rises in temperature from
82 oC to 121 oC; while the other changes from 321 oC to 218 oC Diagram the flows.
Calculate the true and arithmetical mean temperature difference.

Solution:

Arithmetical mean Temp. Diff. = Ave. TA Ave.TB

= (321+218)/2 (121+82)/2

= 269.5 101.5

Arithmetical mean Temp. Diff. = 168 oC

True or LMTD = TA-TB / ln (TA / TB)

TA = 321-121 = 200 oC

TB = 218-82 = 136 oC

True or LMTD = (200 oC -136 oC) / ln (200 oC / 136 oC)

True or LMTD = 165.95oC

15.) Repeat Problem 14, except make the case one of parallel flow.

Solution:

= 312 82 = 2390

= 218 121 = 970

239 97
= 239 = .
97

239 + 97
= =
2

16.) A lubricating oil cooler of the shell-and-tube type has the following flow temperatures:
Oil in, 66 oC; out, 33.5 oC. Water in, 15.8 oC; out, 47.8oC. Arrangement, counterflow. Find
the mean temperature difference.

1 = 33.5 15.8 = 17.7

2 = 66 47.8 = 18.2

18.2 17.7
LMTD = 18.2 = .
ln 17.7
17.) The rate of water discharge from a 5.4 mm copper alloy tube 3.05 m long surrounded
by steam was 97 kg per min. Water terminal temperatures, 18.3 oC and 28.9 oC. Steam
temperature, 104.4 oC. What coefficient of conductance was developed?

Solution:

kcal
q = mct = 97(60)(1)(28.4 18.3) = 61692
hr
max = 104.4 18.3 = 86.1

min = 104.4 28.9 = 75.5

86.1 75.5
LMTD = 86.1 = 80.7
ln 75.5

q 61692
u= = =
A(LMTD) (0.0254)3.05(80.7)

18.) With the use of Fig. 9-10, determine the required surface for a condenser if 43,090 kg
steam per hour are to be condensed at 50.8 mm Hg abs, using water at 21.1 oC which will be
heated to 4.4oless than steam temperature. Steam quality, 0.875; water velocity, 2.44 m/sec;
19.1 mm 1.24 mm Muntz tubes.

Solution:

Saturation temperature at 50.8mmHg abs =38.41

Temperature of water leaving condenser=38.41-4.4=34.01

max = 38.41 21.1 = 17.31

min = 38.41 34.01 = 4.4

17.31 4.4
LMTD = 17.31 = 4.425
ln 4.4

From steam table:

hf =160.7 KJ/kg hfg=2411.5 KJ/kg

@ 87.5 % quality

h= 160.7+0.875(2411.5)=2270.76 KJ/kg

Q=h-hf=2270.76-160.7=2110.06 KJ/kg
 kg 2110.06kJ 0.2388kcal kcal
Q = 43090 ( ) = 21.7x106
hr kg kJ hr

Corrected u for 1.24mm thick tubes is: 0.96 multiplier & 1.00 temp. correction factor

kcal
U = 3700(0.96)(1.00) = 3552
hr m2
6 kcal
q 21.7x10 hr
A= = =
U(LMTD) 3552 kcal (4.425)
hrm2

20.) Calculate the film coefficient of steam flowing through 38.1 mm x 2.67 mm tubes at 10.54
kg/cm2 ga, 232oC, at the rate of 1220 m/min.

Solution:

A = (38.1 mm x 2.67 mm) / 1000 = 0.102 m2

m = 1220 m/min (60min/1hr) = 73200 m/hr (0.102 m2) = 7466.4 m3/hr

Q = hA(T1-T2) Q = mCp(T1-T2)

hA(T1-T2) = mCp(T1-T2)

hA = mCp
3 kcal
mCp 7466.4 hr (0.24 kgC)
= = 2
(1000 3 )
0.102

= kcal per hr m2 oC

21.) Determine, with Eq 9-10, the film coefficient of conductance of water in a 50.8 mm x 3.18
mm steel tube. Average water temperature, 110 oC; velocity, 1.52 m/sec. Compare result
with a coefficient calculated from Eq 9-20.

Solution:

T = 110 oC
V = 1.52 m/sec

k = 0.533 kcal per hr m deg C

= 0.253 centipoises = 0.253 x 10.2x10-5 kg s/m2

c = 1.0 kcal/kg oC x 9.81 = 9.81

= 997.7 kg/m3 / 9.81 = 101.7 kg s2/m4

De = (50.8 - 2 x 3.18) / 1000 = 0.044

0.044
= = = 0.083
0.533

0.044 (1.52)(101.7)
= = = 263570.333
0.253 x 10.2x105

9.81(0.253 x 10.2x105 )
= = = 1.710
k/3600 0.533/3600

0.083= 0.023 x 263570.333 0.8 x 1.710 0.4

= 7457.022 kcal per hr m2 oC

= 0.73

1 0.24
0.24 ( )
= 1379.7 = 1379.7 0.253 0.27 = 4459.678
0.27 0.044

= 4459.678 1.520.73 = . kcal per hr m2 deg C

29.) With Orrok equation, find the temperature of gases at the furnace exit for a case of
combustion where bituminous coal of QL = 6255 kcal / kg is burned on 15:1 A:F ratio.
Air temperature, 26.7 oC; Cr, 9.8 kg/m2 ERS. Allow for combustion heat losses of 280 kcal
per kg coal. cp of gases = 0.26 kcal per kg-deg C.

Solution:

Qs = QL Q

= 6,255 kcal / kg 280 kcal / kg

Qs = 5,975 kcal / kg

Orrok-Hudsons equation:

= 1 / [ 1 + 15(9.8kg / m2 )1/2

= 0.561

Convected Heat = (1- ) Qs

= ( 1-0.561) 5975 kcal / kg coal

= 2,623.025 kcal / kg coal

(1- ) Qs = mg cp ( t2 t1)

mgasea = ma + mf

mgasea = mf ( AF +1)

(1-) Qs = mf ( AF +1)cp ( t2 t1)

(1-) Qs / mf = ( AF +1)cp ( t2 t1)

2623.025 kcal / kg = (15+1)(0.26kcal/ kg- oC) (t2 26.7 oC)

630.535 oC = t2 26.7 oC

t2 = 657.235 oC
 CHAPTER 9

ENERGY FLOW IN A STEAM POWER PLANT

SOLVED PROBLEMS

SUBMITTED BY:

MASBAD, Neil Arden D.

PORTER, Denice Bryan G.

SIONG, Dewey John P.

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. EDWIN CARCASONA, PH.D., PME

March 8, 2016