CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Abstract
Mathematics is one of the scourge of all subjects taught . The word "
mathematics " itself is derived from the ancient Greek word (
mathema ) , meaning " the lessons of instruction " . Lesson uses his own
mathematical theories and evidence that diperumum are important differences
between Greek mathematics and what has been given by previous
civilizations . Figures the famous Greek mathematician Pythagoras them ,
Samos , Euclid , Thales , Theon of Alexadria , Pappus , Hypatia , Boothius ,
and Proclus .
Keywords : Mathematical , Greek and figures .
1.2 Background
Everything is certainly not out dariyang name history , as well as mathematics
, the lessons learned nearly every school level would also not be separated
from sejarah.Walau now contained the phrase " Greek Mathematics " , then
the possibilities imagined in one's mind that what is meant is that mathematics
develops in a particular country ie Greece . But such thinking is not
appropriate because the area is not the only Greek mathematical developments
in Greece alone but is widespread . Forerunner of Greek mathematics is not
easy for documented . Sublime earliest civilizations in Greece and Europe is
the Minoan Civilization and the latter is more Greek civilization of Mycenae ,
both developed in the 2nd century BC . At the time of writing this civilization
reaches methods and high-level engineering , including a four -story palace
with irrigation system and beehive tombs , they do not leave the math
documents.
1.3 Problem Formulation
1. What is a Greek mathematics ?
2. How does the history of Greek mathematics ?

1|History Of Mathematics Greek

 3. Anybody Greek mathematical figures anyway ?
1.4 Purpose
1. To know what is meant by the Greek mathematician.
2. Knowing the history of Greek mathematics.
3. Knowing Who are the characters of Greek mathematics

2|History Of Mathematics Greek

 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1.HISTORY OF GREEK MATHEMATICS

Greek mathematics is the mathematics written in Greek , developed from the
6th century BC to the 5th century AD around the Eastern coast of the
Mediterranean Sea . Greek mathematicians lived in cities spread over the
eastern part of the Mediterranean Area , ranging from Italy to North Africa ,
But they are united by culture and the Greek language. The word
"mathematics" itself is derived from the ancient Greek word
(mathema), meaning "the lessons of instruction"
The Greeks have many ways to write numbers, but there is no efficient , and
every city in the country of Greece using different systems . Some Greeks
used the system in the form of typing the first letter of the word for the
number. If you want to say ten ( ' , DECA ) , then they write , which
means ten . With this system , one written by a straight line , similar to
number 1 on the modern writing . They use to ( Penta , five ) , for (
, Ten ) , H for H ( Hekaton , one hundred ) , X to X (
Xhililoi , a thousand ) , and M for M ( Murioir , ten thousand ).cSo they
will write numbers as XXXXXXHH 6247.
The Greeks also used other systems in which the letters of the Greek alphabet
used as symbols for numbers , so the number I was alpha ( ) , 2 is the beta (
B ) , 3 is a gamma ( ) , and so on . They apply this rule to the first ten letters
, and then the letter number 20 symbolizes the eleventh , twelfth letter
symbolizes the number 30 , the thirteenth letter number 40 . Having the
number 100 , the next letter symbolizes the number 200 , and so on . This
system is much more efficient . However, the two systems are still not good
enough in addition or multiplication long series of numbers.
Because the Greeks had a system of writing numbers that are not efficient ,
they are not like algebra . Menganggapnnya too difficult because they have to

3|History Of Mathematics Greek

 write an equation or problem number . Finally , the Greek mathematician
focus more on geometry and geometrical methods to solve problems may also
use algebra.
The Greeks in general very tertatik on rationality , in terms of making all
things related and reasonable . They want to relate what is not clear . They
liked the music , because music has strict rules for generating beauty .
Similarly, architecture , and mathematics.
Greek mathematician also very interested in proving that certain mathematical
ideas is true . So they spend a lot of time using geometry to prove that it is
true , even though nations like Egypt and Babylonia already know that they
are almost always right .
Greek mathematics also contribute substantially to the important ideas of
number theory , mathematical analysis , applied mathematics , and , in that
period , approaching the performance of the integral calculus . Famous figures
in the Greek mathematician Pythagoras among them , a blurred figure of a
small island , Samos partially association with number mysticism and
numerology , but is more well known through the resulting theorem ,
Theorem of Pythagoras , and Euclid , which is known through his book
Elements of Euclid , a writing reference geometry for centuries . The most
characteristic achievements of Greek mathematics is the theory of conic
sections , many developed in the Hellenistic period.
2.2.Math Period In Greece
1. Classical Period
Historians usually place the beginning of the Greek mathematician Thales
of Miletus lifetime (about 624-548 BC ) . Little is known about the life
and work of Thales , thin certainty that the birth and death adjacent to
eclipse in 585 BC , which may appear when he was still in the productive
age .
Thales theorem , which states that the angle - touch - arc described in the
half - circle is a right angle , may be studied by Thales at the time he was

4|History Of Mathematics Greek

 in Babylon , but the tradition which is attached to the Thales theorem
show it . With this reason that Thales is often hailed as the father of
mathematics and deductive organization as the first true mathematician .
Thales is also regarded as the earliest in history to whom specific findings
pinned mathematics .
Although it is not known whether or not the first Thales introduces
structure into mathematical logic , which is currently the case in force in
any area, but it is known that in the two hundred years after the death of
Thales the Greeks introduced the notion of proof and logic into
mathematics . Other important figures that help provide a record of the
history of Greek mathematics is Pythagoras , he sparked the madhhab
Pythagorean numerology and geometry looked at as the most fundamental
thing to understand the properties of the universe and therefore become a
center of ideas and their religious philosophy .
To determine differences in the work of Thales and Pythagoras from the
mathematicians of later or earlier is not easy because none of their original
works are still preserved , except perhaps for " Thales fractions " which
still survive , the reliability is still disputed. However , some historians
postulate that many mathematical knowledge derived from Thales was
actually developed in the next time , especially the aspects that depend on
the concept of angles , while the latter appears the use of the general
statement , such as those found in the official text written on the slab . The
reason that it was not clear what was done by Thales or Pythagoras is that
almost no advanced documentation that is still preserved . The only
evidence comes from a tradition that is immortalized in the works of such
responses Proclus to Euclid were written centuries later . Some of the
newer works of Aristotle it was a response to the school of Pythagoras ,
each known only from the little fragments remaining .
2. Hellenistic
Hellenistic civilization began in the 5th century BC by Alexander the

5|History Of Mathematics Greek

Great's conquest over the eastern part of the Mediterranean coast , Egypt ,
Mesopotamia , the Iranian plateau , Central Asia , and some parts of India
, which became the beginning of the spread of the Greek language and
culture across the ocean . Greek became the language of scholars in the
Hellenistic world , and mathematics Egyptian mathematics merged with
Greek and Babylonian mathematics to generate Hellenistic mathematics .
The assessment center is Iskandaryah this period in Egypt . In this period
there were figures - figures such as Archimedes was able to use
infinitesimals in a way similar to modern integral calculus . Archimedes is
also able to solve the problems to any degree of accuracy with methods
that are the result of the assumption of the proposition as true and
indicates that the next steps show the contradiction .
Greek mathematics and astronomy reached advanced stages in the
Hellenistic civilization , which is enlivened by scholars such as
Hipparchus , Posidonius , and Ptolemy , who is able to build simple
analog computer such as the Antikythera mechanism .
The most characteristic achievements of Greek mathematics theory of
conic sections may , many developed in the Hellenistic period . The
method used does not make explicit use of algebra , trigonometry nor.
In understanding the geometry of conic sections , a cone is considered to
have two skin that stretches to infinity in both directions . A generator is a
line that can be made on the skin cone , and all generators intersect at a
point called the vertex of the cone .
Types of conic sections.
If a plane slicing a cone parallel to one and only one generator , then
the cut is parabolic . If the slicing plane parallel to the two generators ,
then the cut will cut both the skin and form a hyperbole . An elliptical
happen if the slicer is not aligned with any generator . The circle is a
special case of an ellipse , which is formed when the field slicer to cut
all generators and perpendicular to the axis of the cone.

6|History Of Mathematics Greek

2.3.MATH GREEK LEADER DEVELOPER
Generally thought that the neighboring civilizations , namely the Babylonians
and Ancient Egyptians had an influence on the later Greek tradition more .
Between 800 BC and 600 BC , Greek mathematics in general are behind
Greek literature , and little is known about Greek mathematics of this period -
that almost all of them had been up through the previous authors , since the
middle of the 4th century BC .
Hypatia
Hypatia is one of the leading in the field of mathematics , especially
algebra . She is the first woman mathematician who listed his name in the
history of mathematics . Based on comments mathematician afterwards ,
it is known that many hypatias post comments komertar top -
mathematician previous works , such as " Arithmetica " it Diophantus , "
Conic section " of Apollonius , and " Al - Magest his" Ptolemy . Hypatia
also known as medicine specialists and experts philosophy.
Proclus ( 410-484 )
Proclus more philosophical but dibandingikan as math sayings and
writings often provide a critique of the history of the beginning of the
development of Greek geometry . His greatest work was his commentary
on the first book of Euclid 's work elements . In writing these comments ,
it is certain that having a copy of a Proklus of " History of Geometry " by
Eudemus , who now can not be found anymore , as well as the work of
Poppus " Geometry of the Elements " , most of which can not be found
anymore .
Services are the largest Proclus is her work on the history of geometry
before Ecluid , where in his " Geometry " , Proklus make a summary of
the work of Eudemus ' History of Geometry " , which consists of four
books . Part of this book , which was known as " Eudemion Summery "
Proklus regarded as the greatest contribution to the history of
mathematics , in addition theorem discovery : When a line segment

7|History Of Mathematics Greek

 whose length remains engaged with both ends on the two lines intersect ,
a point of the line segment will depicts a portion of an ellipse . Proklus
other works is his commentary on Plato's " Republic ".
Boothius ( 475-524 )
Boothius sabagai besides a mathematician and philosopher , he is also a
well-known statesman , Although Boothius is a leading math in Roman
times , but the work was far behind the level of the works of Greek
writers . Boothius writing textbooks for the four branches of mathematics
, namely arithmetic , geometry , music and astronomy . Boothius
arithmetic books based on the " Introduction " by Hicomacus , geometry
based on " Elements " of his Euclid , astronomy based on " his '' Almagest
Ptolomy , while the musical based on the works of Hicomacus , Euclid
and Ptolemy.
Theon of Alexadria
Theon wrote comments on the work Ptolomy , Almagest , in eleven books
. In addition, the modern edition of the work Euclied , Elements , is based
on a revision of the original manuscript Theon . However Theon more
instrumental in the history of information compared with the results of
mathematical works.
In addition, the modern edition of the work Euclied , Elements , is based
on a revision of the original manuscript Theon . However Theon more
instrumental in the history of information compared with the results of
mathematical works.
Pythagoras
Pythagoras lived around the 500s BC , and was one of the first Greek
mathematical thinkers . He spent his life in the Greek colonies in Sicily
and southern Italy . He has a group of students , who follow and teach
people what Pythagoras had taught them . The followers of Pythagoras ,
the so-called Pythagorean famous for their lifestyle . They grew his hair ,
just wear simple clothes , do not wear shoes , and do not eat peanuts. The

8|History Of Mathematics Greek

 Pythagorean interested in philosophy , but especially in music and
mathematics , the two things that they consider to be the way out of the
mess . Music is sound that has rules , and mathematics are rules about
how the world works.
Pythagoras is best known for proving the truth of the Pythagorean
theorem . The Sumerians , two thousand years earlier , already know that
the theorem is true , and their use in the measurement , but Pythagoras is
mentioned as the one who was able to prove that it is true . Not really
known if indeed Pythagoras banr did it, because there is no evidence for it
until the time of Euclid , but that's the tradition . Some historians have
even argued that verification was done at the time of Euclid.
Pythagoras founded a sect called the Pythagorean schools , which handle
knowledge and natural properties and therefore all the findings of the
followers of the school of Pythagoras belonged to this sect . And because
in ancient times was a norm to give all respect for the teacher ,
Pythagoras himself appreciated the findings made by the sect. Pythagoras
Pythagorean school was built by 455 years ago. Pythagoras himself a lot
to contribute to the development of Greek mathematics such as:
1. Philosophy
2. The study of proportion
3. The study of plane and solid geometry
4. Number Theory
5. The theory of proof
6. The discovery of incommensurables.
Anaxagoras
Born around the year 500 BC . A case like Thales , Anaxagoras was born
in Asia Minor , in the city Klazomenai . He appears to come from a
wealthy family , and possibilities. school . As an adult , he chose not to
continue the family business . He went to Athens , which was the center
of Greek culture at that time . He lived in Athens for most of his life .

9|History Of Mathematics Greek

 There he became friends with Pericles and Euripides , and he must also
know Socrates .
Anaxagoras most important idea is that people should not trust their
senses or their common sense to investigate about the world , but they
should always use logic and going to find out the truth .
Tekadang this idea makes Anaxagoras thought of funny things . For
example , he says that the snow is definitely mengandug darkness , white
as well as color , or how dark the snow turns into water when it melts ?
But he managed to find the cause of the eclipse .
Anaxagoras the idea of making a lot of people of Athens , who does not
believe in the gods consider it , not happy . He was arrested but managed
to escape the death sentence by the judge with the help of a friend of his
Pericles . But he still had to leave Athens , and he died shortly afterwards
in Lamsakos , around 428 BC . Only some of the books that still exist in
Anaxagoras masakini , most of which is lost or destroyed .
Nearly a hundred years later , Aristotle says that she initially gain an
understanding of the science of the works of Anaxagoras .
Thales
Is the first Greek scientists are trying to explain that the various
phenomena and natural objects , misalna weather , stars, and planets , are
not controlled by the gods . Instead , he was thinking of the scientific
explanation for this, although he is not always right . Thales claim that
water is the basis of all living things , that all life is essentially made of
water . Thales true that everything is composed of the same object , but
the object is the electron and the proton , not water .
But there are some things that succeeded Thales thinking correctly . He
correctly states that the earth is round , and that the moon reflects the light
of the sun . According to Herodotos , in the year 585 BC Thales was the
first to successfully predict the occurrence of a solar eclipse , which
ended the war between Lydia and Persia .

10 | H i s t o r y O f M a t h e m a t i c s G r e e k
 Thales is also an important mathematician . He managed to find a way to
calculate height of one of the pyramids in Egypt . He waited at noon
when the shadow has the same height with her , and then she measures
the shadow of the pyramids.
He also managed to prove some interesting mathematical ideas . Thales
proved that :
The circle divided by its diameter
The angle at the foot of an isosceles triangle is equal
If there are two intersecting straight lines , then the opposite
angles are equal
If two triangles have two angles and one side are the same , then
the two triangles are identical. Thales possibility had been a
teacher for Anaximandros , and Anaximandros itself is the teacher
of Pythagoras . Several ancient authors mention that Pythagoras ,
as a youth , visited Thales , Pythagoras and that Thales advised to
study in Egypt . Thales died in 543 BC , just a few years after the
city conquered by the Persians.
Aristarchus
Born on the island of Samos in Greece in 310 BC . He spent most of
hidunya to work at the University of Alexandria in Egypt . Aristarchus
was the first person who is suspected to think that the earth moves around
the sun and maybe not the reverse. Aristarchus knew that the earth
revolves around the sun in a way see the Earth's shadow on the moon
during a lunar eclipse . Previous Thales already found a way to predict
eclipses and Anaxagoras had found the cause of the eclipse . Aristarchus
using Euclidean geometric theory , and also his theory , to perform
calculations.
Most people assume Aristarchus thought ridiculous , and they prefer to
follow the Aristotelian idea that the sun around the earth . More than a

11 | H i s t o r y O f M a t h e m a t i c s G r e e k
thousand years later , then Al - Ghazali and other astronomers consider
seriously thinking Muslimm Aristarchus.
Aristarchus also uses the works of Eratosthenes to calculate the size of the
moon , and calculated that the sun is certainly more ebsar than the earth
and the moon , although the size of the result of the calculation is not
appropriate because he did not have a good telescope . Aristarchus also
realized for the first time that the stars are in the extreme distance away
from the earth , farther away than the sun or the moon , but again ,
without a good telescope , he can not prove it.

12 | H i s t o r y O f M a t h e m a t i c s G r e e k
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 CONCLUSION
1. The Greek Mathematics is mathematics written in Greek , developed from
the 6th century BC to the 5th century AD around the Eastern coast of the
Mediterranean Sea . Greek mathematicians lived in cities spread over the
eastern part of the Mediterranean Area , ranging from Italy to North Africa
, but dibersatukan by the Greek culture and language.
2. Existence of two periods in the history of Greek maematika ( Period
Classical and Hellenistic Periods ) is the result of the consummation of
each character gives their own assumptions in the field of mathematics ,
though the second period has the advantages and disadvantages of each.
The most characteristic achievements of Greek mathematics theory of
conic sections may , many developed in the Hellenistic period. The
method used does not make explicit use of algebra , trigonometry nor.
3. Famous figures in the Greek mathematician Pythagoras whom , Thales of
Miletus , from Alexadria Theon , Pappus , Hypatia , Boothius , Proclus ,
Aristarchus , and Anaxagoras .

13 | H i s t o r y O f M a t h e m a t i c s G r e e k
 REFERENCES

Muchtar, G, M.Sc.1988.Sejarah Matematika, Padang: Institut Keguruan Dan Ilmu

Pendidikan (IKIP), Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan
alam.

UGAMA LBB.2012. Logic The quickest and easiest solution.Yogyakarta : UGAMA.

Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia ensiklopedia bebas

Heath.1963.A Manual of Greek Mathematics.Dover.

Luke Hodgkin.2005. "Greeks and origins". A History of Mathematics: From

Mesopotamia to Modernity. Oxford University Press.

Luke Hodgkin.2005. "Astronomy, and Ptolemy in particular". A History of

Mathematics: From Mesopotamia to Modernity.
Fathani Abdul Hakim.2010.Ensiklopedi Matematika.Jogyakarta : Ar-Ruzz Media.
http://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Templat:Buku_bagus/Matematika_Yunani_Kuno
(diakses pada tanggal 27 Oktobe 2013)
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika_Yunani (diakses pada tanggal 27 Oktober
2013)

14 | H i s t o r y O f M a t h e m a t i c s G r e e k
 APPENDIX

15 | H i s t o r y O f M a t h e m a t i c s G r e e k