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Pre-IB Chemistry

Chapter 1 Outline
Vocabulary
 Chemistry Is a Physical Science
1. Chemistry – Any substance that has a defined composition.
2. Chemical – The scientific study of the composition, structure, and properties of
matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
 Matter and Its Properties
1. Mass – A measure of the amount of matter in an object.
2. Matter – Anything that has mass and takes up space.
3. Atom – The smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties
of that element.
4. Element – A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic
number.
5. Compound – A substance made up of atoms of two or more elements joined by
chemical bonds.
6. Extensive Property – A property that depends on the extent or size of a system.
7. Intensive Property – A property that does not depend on the amount of matter
present, such as pressure, temperature, or density.
8. Physical Property – A characteristic of a substance that does not involve a
chemical change, such as density, color, or hardness.
9. Physical Change – A change of matter from one form to another without a
change in chemical properties.
10. Change of State – The change of a substance from one physical state to another
11. Solid – The state of matter in which the volume and shape of a substance are
fixed.
12. Liquid – The state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite
shape.
13. Gas – A form of matter that does not have a definite volume or shape.
14. Plasma – In physical science, a state of matter that starts as a gas and then
becomes ionized; it consists of free-moving ions and electrons, it takes on an
electric charge, and its properties differ from those of a solid, liquid, or gas.
15. Chemical Property – A property of matter that describes a substance’s ability to
participate in chemical reactions.
16. Chemical Change – A change that occurs when one or more substances change
into entirely new substances with different properties.
17. Chemical Reaction – The process by which one or more substances change to
produce one or more different substances.

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Pre-IB Chemistry

 Elements
1. Group – A vertical column of elements in the periodic table; elements in a
group share chemical properties.
2. Family – A vertical column of the periodic table.
3. Period – In chemistry, a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.
4. Metal – An element that is shiny and that conducts heat and electricity well.
5. Nonmetal – An element that conducts heat and electricity poorly an that does
not form positive ions in an electrolytic solution.
6. Metalloid – An element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals;
sometimes referred to as a semiconductor.

Text of Interest
 Chemistry Is a Physical Science
o Branches of Chemistry
1. Organic Chemistry – The study of most carbon-containing compounds.
2. Inorganic Chemistry – The study of non-organic substances, many of
which have organic fragments bonded to metals (organometallics).
3. Physical Chemistry – The study of the properties and changes of matter
and their relation to energy.
4. Analytical Chemistry – The identification of the components and
composition of materials.
5. Biochemistry – The study of substances and processes occurring in the
living things.
6. Theoretical Chemistry – The use of mathematics and computers to
understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to
design and predict the properties of new compounds.
 Matter and Its Properties
o A molecule as the smallest unit of an element or compound that retains all of
the properties of that element or compound.
o Physical Properties and Physical Changes
1. Melting is the change from a solid to a liquid.
2. Boiling is the change from a liquid to a gas.
3. Freezing, the opposite of melting, is the change from a liquid to a solid.
o Mixtures
1. A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which
retains its own identity and properties.
2. Mixtures that are uniform in composition a called homogeneous and are
also called solutions.
3. Mixtures that are not uniform throughout are called heterogeneous.

o Pure Substances
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Pre-IB Chemistry

1. A pure substance has a fixed composition and differs from a mixture in

the following ways:
2. Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same
characteristic properties.
3. Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same
composition.
 Elements
o The organization of elements is the periodic table.
o Type of Elements
1. Most metals have the property of malleability, tend to be ductile, and
have high tensile strength.
2. Also, most metals have a silvery or grayish white luster.

Highlights
 Chemistry Is a Physical Science
o Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter
and the changes that matter undergoes.
o A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition of is used or
produced in a chemical process.
o Basic research is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge. Applied
research is carried out to solve practical problems. Technological development
involves the use of existing knowledge to make life easier or more convenient.
 Matter and Its Properties
o All matter has mass and takes up space. Mass is one measure of the amount of
matter.
o Chemical properties refer to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that alter
its composition and identity.
o An element is composed of one kind of atom. Compounds are made from two
or more elements in fixed proportions.
o All substances have characteristic properties that enable chemists to tell the
substances apart and to separate the substances.
o Physical changes do not involve changes in identity of a substance.
o The three major states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Changes of state,
such as melting and boiling, are physical changes.
o In a chemical change – or a chemical reaction – the identity of the substance
changes.
o Energy changes accompany physical and chemical changes. Energy may be
released or absorbed, but it is neither created nor destroyed.
o Matter can be classified into mixtures and pre substances.

 Elements
o Each element has a unique symbol. The periodic table shows the elements
organized by their chemical properties. Columns on the table represent groups 3
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Pre-IB Chemistry

or families of elements that have similar chemical properties. Properties vary

across the rows, or periods.
o The elements can be classified as metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and noble
gases. These classes occupy different areas of the periodic table. Metals tend
to be shiny, malleable, and ductile and tend to be good conductors. Nonmetals
tend to be brittle and tend to be poor conductors.
o Metalloids are intermediate in properties between metals and nonmetals, and
they tend to be semiconductors of electricity. The noble gases are generally
unreactive elements.