PLANT DESIGN RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Sulfitation of Calcined Chicken

(Gallus gallus domesticus) Egg
Shells for the Production of
Gypsum Insulation Board

Submitted by:

Cruz, Paolo
Dacaimat, Carlos Miguel
Pedrosa, Alyssa Riezel
Sim, Tristan James
Velasco, Diana Isis

Submitted to:

Engr. April Anne S. Tigue

Engr. Denvert C. Pangayao

Engr. Milagros R. Cabangon

 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Raw Material

Eggshells is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg of birds. Eggshells are the
common one of the most abundant waste generated from poultry businesses and food
manufacturers that uses eggs. Chicken eggshell, which is produced in tons comprises
of 95-97% calcium carbonate crystals, which are stabilized by a protein matrix. (Arias et
al, 2001). Moreover, the average of eggshells containing 3% phosphorus, and 3%
consisting of magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper. In
addition, the average In the Philippines, huge amounts of eggshells are generated from
egg production establishments, as well as food manufacturing industries as well. Waste
utilization was one right solution to solve the problems to the increasing waste
accumulation as well as mining issues (Ninah et al, 2016). According to data from
World Intellectual Property Organization (2009), in the United States, there is
approximately 190,000 tons of waste eggshells, that of this amount, 120,000 tons
produced from food processing industry and around 70,000 tons produced from
hatching eggs in poultry houses. Meanwhile in the Philippines, the production of
eggshells will continue to abound for eggs produced in the field if animal husbandry,
and used in the restaurant and used in the restaurant, bakery, noodles, and other food
items as raw material. The table from Philippines Statistics office shows that Central
Luzon has the largest amount of eggs produced, which also implies the large amount of
eggshells generated

Annual
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Chicken
..CAR 7,698.00 7,255.00 7,359.00 7,181.00 7,737.00 7,602.00
..Ilocos Region 75,370.00 81,395.00 83,259.00 82,462.00 82,829.00 78,760.00
..Cagayan Valley 46,970.00 51,757.00 55,525.00 57,696.00 59,319.00 60,644.00
..Central Luzon 474,732.00 505,166.00 549,845.00 570,126.00 609,509.00 590,993.00
..CALABARZON 285,024.00 298,358.00 302,569.00 298,542.00 321,670.00 328,430.00
..MIMAROPA 10,004.00 10,866.00 10,397.00 10,340.00 10,643.00 10,301.00
..Bicol Region 26,969.00 27,532.00 34,467.00 36,444.00 40,041.00 42,241.00
..Western
Visayas 85,636.00 90,821.00 94,827.00 84,336.00 89,911.00 64,103.00
..Negros Island
Region .. .. .. .. .. 47,098.00
..Central Visayas 84,258.00 87,414.00 88,333.00 92,214.00 97,616.00 84,376.00
..Eastern Visayas 41,675.00 40,326.00 35,460.00 30,422.00 28,347.00 36,294.00
..Zamboanga
Peninsula 28,228.00 25,395.00 26,700.00 26,492.00 27,826.00 30,204.00
..Northern
Mindanao 127,929.00 130,084.00 135,957.00 140,522.00 146,028.00 152,801.00
..Davao Region 62,677.00 64,227.00 67,381.00 68,424.00 73,582.00 72,007.00
..SOCCSKSARGEN 39,398.00 43,003.00 45,239.00 47,970.00 47,142.00 49,844.00
..Caraga 11,258.00 10,019.00 11,901.00 13,164.00 13,254.00 13,864.00
..ARMM 6,463.00 5,817.00 5,851.00 5,427.00 5,359.00 4,943.00

Product

Gypsum is a white stone that is formed due to the deposition of sea water, then
heated at 175COC. Gypsum is one of the largest mineral in sedimentary environments is
rock composed of minerals produced on a large scale are usually with persitipasi of
saltwater. Gypsum is a natural insulator.

The chemical composition of gypsum material is given by the table below

Table 1.2: Chemical Composition of Gypsum

Component Composition (w/w%)

Calcium 22.28
Hydrogen 34%
Calcium Oxide 32.57
Water 20.93
Sulfur 18.62

Physical Properties of Gypsum

1. Color: white, yellow, gray, red, orange, black if not pure

2. Specific gravity: 2.31 to 2.35 at 25oC
3. Hard pearly and shiny luster.
4. Has low thermal conductivity (good for insulation application)
 Gypsum board is the generic name for a family of sheet products consisting of the
main core of unburnt and coated with a paper on its surface. This is the terminology
chosen for gypsum sheet products are designed to be used as wall, ceiling or ceiling
and have the ability to be decorated and insulated. Gypsum board, commonly known as
drywall, is the technical product name used by manufacturers for a specific board with a
gypsum core and a paper facing. Gypsum board is the premier building material for
wall, ceiling, and partition systems in residential, institutional, and commercial structures
and is designed to provide a monolithic surface when joints and fastener heads are
covered with a joint treatment system. One principal advantage of gypsum board over
plywood, hardboard, and fiberboard is its strong fire resistance. Gypsum products also
provide sound control, economy, versatility, quality, and convenience.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Washing
Egg shells are washed with water to remove dirt as well as the shell membrane
to avoid side reaction with these foreign materials
2. Size Reduction
Egg shells are size reduced using mortar and pestle and then sieved to get
desired particle size.
3. Calcination
Size reduced egg shells are now sent to furnace to calcine at 900 oC for 1 hour to
obtain calcium oxide needed for next reaction.

4. Hydroxide Formation
Calcium oxide formed from calcination is now reacted with aquadest (H2O) to
form calcium hydroxide.

5. Sulfitation
The calcium hydroxide formed from the previous process is then reacted with
sulfuric acid to form calcium sulfate and water. Calcium sulfate is precipitated
and suspended in water.

6. Filtration
Using whatman filter, the precipitated calcium sulfate is filtered to remove excess
water.
7. Molding
The calcium sulfate slurry filtered out from water is now molded into designated
shape, size and dimensions.
8. Drying
The molded slurry inside a mold container will be sent to dryer oven to remove
the moisture at the same time, to stabilize the form of the board.
 REFERENCES

Arias, J. L.; Fernandez, M. S. (2001). "Role of extracellular matrix molecules in shell

formation and structure". World's Poultry Science Journal. 57: 349357

Nimah, L; Sutomo E.W; Simbolon, R.J. (2016) Manufacture of gypsum board from
eggshell waste material. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11:
9933-9940.

Nys, Yves; Gautron, Jol; Garcia-Ruiz, Juan M.; Hincke, Maxwell T. (2004). "Avian
eggshell mineralization: biochemical and functional characterization of matrix proteins".
Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3: 54962. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.08.002

.Wyburn, GM; Johnston, HS; Draper, MH; Davidson, MF (1973). "The ultrastructure of
the shell forming region of the oviduct and the development of the shell of Gallus
domesticus". Quarterly journal of experimental physiology and cognate medical
sciences. 58 (2): 14351.