Chapter 1 - Number Systems

BETC 2404
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
CHAPTER 1:
NUMBER SYSTEMS
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Kompetensi Teras Kegemilangan
Introduction :
Digital Fundamentals

1.1 Digital and Analog Quantities
Analog quantities have continuous values

Digital quantities have discrete sets of values

Digital and Analog Quantities (cont)
Analog quantities have Digital quantities have discrete

continuous values sets of values

Analog signal
AD
converter
Discrete signal
DA
converter
Analog signal

Digital and Analog Quantities (cont)
Types of electronic devices or instruments:

Analog
Digital
Combination analog and digital

1.2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
The conventional numbering system uses ten

digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
The binary numbering system uses just two

digits: 0 and 1.

Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms (cont)
The two binary digits are designated 0 and 1
They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where

LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1

Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms (cont.)
Binary values are also represented

by voltage levels

Ideal pulses
Ideal Negative Going
Ideal Positive Going Pulse Binary
Pulse
code
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Digital
waveform
Rising Falling Falling Rising

Leading Trailing Leading Trailing
Edge Edge Edge Edge
A pulse has two edges : leading edge occurs first & trailing edge occurs
last.
For ideal pulse :
Positive-going pulse : leading edge is the rising edge and the trailing edge is a falling
edge.
Negative-going pulse : leading edge is the falling edge and the trailing edge is the
rising edge.

1.3 Basic Logic Operations
There are only three basic logic operations:

Basic Logic Operations (cont.)
The NOT operation
When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH

When the input is HIGH, the output is LOW
The output logic level is always

opposite the input logic level.

The AND operation

When any input is LOW, the
output is LOW
When both inputs are HIGH,
the output is HIGH

The OR operation
When any input is HIGH, the
output is HIGH
When both inputs are LOW, the
output is LOW

System Number & Digital Codes

Numbering systems
Computers operates using electrical signal that can be expressed as 0
and 1 in binary system.
However, it is difficult for human to deal with a continuous binary

number.
Therefore numbering systems are introduced to simplify this problem
Numbering systems that will be taught are:

Decimal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Octal

Decimal
Has ten digit (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
Has a base of ten ( N )10
The weights for whole numbers are positive

powers of 10 that increase from right to left,
beginning with100 1
.....105 104 103 102 101 100

Decimal
For fraction numbers, the weights are negative
powers of 10 that decrease from left to right
beginning with 101
1 2 3
.....10 10 10 10 10 10 .......
2 1 0

Binary
Has two digits (0,1)
Has a base of two (N 2 )
the weights for whole numbers are positive
powers of 2 that increase from right to left,
beginning with 20 1
.....2 2 2 2 2
4 3 2 1
....... 0

Binary
beginning with 21
1 2 3
.....2 2 2 2 2 2 .......
2 1 0

Hexadecimal
Has sixteen digit (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)
Has a base of sixteen (N16 )
powers of 16 that increase from right to left
beginning with 160 1
.....16 16 16 16 16 16 .......
5 4 3 2 1 0

Hexadecimal
beginning with 161
1 2 3
.....16 16 16 16 16 16 .......
2 1 0

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal, 0
1
0000
0001
0
1
Binary, 2 0010 2
3 0011 3
Hexadecimal 4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
Octal
Has eight digit (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
Has a base of eight ( N) 8
powers of 8 that increase from right to left
beginning with 80 1
.....8 8 8 8 8 8 .......
5 4 3 2 1 0

Hexadecimal
beginning with 81
1 2 3
.....8 8 8 8 8 8 .......
2 1 0

Numbering system conversions
Binary to decimal
Binary to hexadecimal
Decimal to binary
Decimal to hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to decimal
Hexadecimal to binary
Octal to decimal
Octal to binary
Binary to decimal
Example1
Convert 110112 to decimal number
Solution:
110112
1 2 4 1 23 0 2 2 1 21 1 20
16 8 0 2 1
2710

Binary to decimal
Example2
Convert 1001.012 to decimal number
Solution:
1001.012

1 23 0 2 2 0 21 1 20 0 2 1 1 2 2
8 0 0 1 0 0.25
9.2510

The conversion between binary and hexadecimal is
straightforward by grouping 4 bit each hex character.
Example 1
Convert 1011 2 to hexadecimal number
00101111
Solution
1011 0010 1111

B 2 F
1011001011112 B2F16

Example 2:
Convert 10101011111101.01011012 to hexadecimal number
Solution
0010 1010 1111 1101 . 0101 1010

2 A F D 5 A
10101011111101.01011012 2 AFD.5 A16

Decimal to binary
The conversion from decimal to binary is done
using :
Repeated division-by-2 method for non fraction part.
Repeated multiplication-by-2 method for fractional
part.

Decimal to binary
Example 1
Convert 2510 to binary number
Solution: integer Remainder
Successive division 2 25
12
2 1 LSB
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
1 MSB
0
2510 110012
LSB=Least Significant Bit
MSB=Most Significant Bit

Decimal to binary
Example 2:
Convert 134.37510 to binary number
integer Remainder
Carry Fraction
2 134
Solution :
2 67 0 LSB 0.375
2 33 x 2
1 MSB
2 0 0.750
16 1 x 2
2 8 0 1 0.500
2 0 x 2
4
2 2 0 1 0.000
2 0 LSB
1
0 1 MSB
134.37510 10000110.0112 LSB=Least Significant Bit
MSB=Most Significant Bit
The conversion from decimal to hexadecimal is
done using :
Repeated division-by-16 method for non fractinal part
Repeated multiplication-by-16 method for fractional
part

Example :
Convert 634.32812510 to hexadecimal number
integer Remainder
Solution : 16 634 10==A LSB
Carry Fraction
16 39 7==7 0.328125
16 2 x 16
2==2 MSB
MSB 5 0.250000
0 x 16
LSB 4 0.000000
634.32812510 27 A.5416
Hexadecimal to decimal
Example :
Convert AB516 to decimal number.
Solution :
AB516 A 16 2 B 161 5 160
10 256 1116 5 1
2560 176 5
274110

HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
Each hexadecimal digit is replaced by the
appropriate 4 binary bits
Example :
Convert 2 AFD.5 A16to binary number
Solution :
2 A F D . 5 A
0010 1010 1111 1101 . 0101 1010
2 AFD.5 A16 10101011111101.01011012

Binary arithmetic
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division

addition
Simple binary additional rules :
1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 10

Examples :
0 1 1 1 01
1 0 1 1 11 1 0 1 1 01
01 1 1 01 00 1 0 11
1 0 01 10 0 1 0 10 10 1

subtraction
Simple binary subtraction rules :
1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0

subtraction
Example :
1 0 1 1 11
01 1 1 01
0 10 0 1 0

multiplication
Example :
1 0 1 1
11
1 0 11
1 0 1 1
10 0 0 01

division
Example : 1 1 0 10 .0 1
10 0 0 1 10 1 0 0 10
1 00 0
1 0 10
1 0 00
0 10 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 01
1 0 00
10 0 0
10 0 0
00 0 0
Signed numbers
Digital system such as computer must be able to
handle both positive and negative numbers
A signed binary number consists of both sign and

magnitude information
The sign indicates whether a number is positive

or negative and the magnitude is the value of the
number
Signed numbers
There are three ways in which signed integer
(whole) numbers can be represented in binary
form :
Sign-magnitude
1s complement
2s complement

Sign bit
The left-most bit in a signed binary number is the
sign bit, which tell whether the number is
positive or negative.
0 is for Positive
1 is for Negative

Sign-magnitude form
When a signed binary number is represented in
sign-magnitude,
The left-most bit is the sign bit
The remaining bits are the magnitude bits
The magnitude bits are in true binary for both

positive and negative numbers

Sign-magnitude form
Example :
Decimal 8-bit + 25 signed number
00011001
Decimal 8-bit 25 signed number
10011001
The only difference between +25 and -25 is the sign bit because the magnitude
bits are in true binary for both positive and negative numbers
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

1s complement
The 1s complement of a binary number is obtained by inverting
each bit of the number
For example
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
A negative number is the 1s complement of the corresponding
positive number.

2s complement
The 2s complement of a binary number is obtained by adding 1 to
the 1s complement.
For example :
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
In the 2s complement form, a negative number is the 2s
complement of the corresponding positive number.

example
Express the decimal number -39 as an 8-bit
number in the sign-magnitude, 1s complement
and 2s complement forms
Solution :
First, write 8-bit number for +39
00100111

example
In the sign-magnitude form, -39 is produced by
changing the sign bit to a 1 and leaving the
magnitude bits as they are.
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

example
In the 1s complement form, -39 is produced by
taking the 1s complement of +39
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Example
In the 2s complement form, -39 is produced by
adding 1 to the 1s complement of +39
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
Hardware subtract execution
Digital circuit do not perform subtraction but actually it
is a special case of addition using 2s complement
The sign of a +ve or ve binary number is changed by
taking its 2s complement
To substract two signed numbers, take the 2s
complement of the subtrahend and add.

The steps in executing this arithmetic are:
Convert the decimal number into 8 bits binary number
Perform 1s complement by inverting subtrahend binary bit 0 to
1 and vice versa
Perform 2s complement by adding 1 to the 1s complement
subtrahend number
Add minuend and 2s complement subtrahend
Determine the final result by observing the 8th bit (sign bit)
Discard any final carry bit

Example:
Subtract 27 from 72 using 2s complement.
Solution :
Step 1 : convert the decimal number into 8 bits binary
number
72 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 minuend
27 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 subtrahend
45 ?

Step 2 : 1s complement of 27 (subtrahend)
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

Step 3: 2s complement the 1s complemented
subtrahend number
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
1
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

Step 4:Add of 72 (minuend) and 2s
complemented of 27 (subtrahend)
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
discard sign magnitude

Step 5 : if sign in 0, the result is positive number
and the magnitude is converted to decimal.
001011012 4510

4 condition:
(i) Both number +ve
(ii) +ve number with magnitude larger than ve number
(iii) -ve number with magnitude larger than +ve number
(iv) Both ve number
Example:
(i) 00001000-00000011
(ii) 00001100-11110111
(iii) 11100111-00010011
(iv) 10001000-11100010

Example:
(i) 00001000-00000011
(iii) 11100111-00010011
8 3 = 8 + ( 3) = 5
25 (+19) = 25 + (19) = 44
00001000
11100111
+ 11111101
+ 11101101
= 1 00000101
= 1 11010100
(ii) 00001100-11110111
(iv) 10001000-11100010
12 ( 9) = 12 + 9 =21
120 (30) = 120 + = 90
00001100
10001000
+ 00001001
+ 00011110
= 00010101
= 10100110

Codes systems
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) Code

Binary coded decimal (BCD)
BCD is another way to present decimal numbers
in 4-bit binary form
BCD is widely used and combined features of
both decimal and binary systems
BCD is a decimal number with each digit encoded
to its binary equivalent

Decimal Binary
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001

4 bits are used to represent the decimal digits.
The BCD value can never be greater than 9.
The bit sequences : 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101,
1110, and 1111 are not used.

ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII) Code
7-bit code
Designed to be capable of representing the alphabet in
lower- and upper-case, all the numbers, the standard
punctuation symbols and also additional control
characters.
Examples of use are ; to transfer information between
computers, between computers and printers, and for
internal storage.

ASCII
Binary DEC HEX Symbol
0100 0001 65 41 A
0100 0010 66 42 B
0100 0011 67 43 C
0100 0100 68 44 D
0100 0101 69 45 E
0100 0110 70 46 F
0100 0111 71 47 G
0100 1000 72 48 H
0100 1001 73 49 I
0100 1010 74 4A J
0100 1011 75 4B K
0100 1100 76 4C L
0100 1101 77 4D M

Binary DEC HEX Symbol
0100 1110 78 4E N
0100 1111 79 4F O
0101 0000 80 50 P
0101 0001 81 51 Q
0101 0010 82 52 R
0101 0011 83 53 S
0101 0100 84 54 T
0101 0101 85 55 U
0101 0110 86 56 V
0101 0111 87 57 W
0101 1000 88 58 X
0101 1001 89 59 Y
0101 1010 90 5A Z

Parity Method for Error Detection
Binary data and codes are frequently moved between
locations. For example:
Digitized voice over a microwave link.
Storage and retrieval of data from magnetic and optical disks.
Communication between computer systems over telephone
lines using a modem.
Electrical noise can cause errors during transmission.
Many digital systems employ methods for error
detection (and sometimes correction).

Parity Method for Error Detection (cont)
The parity method of error detection requires the

addition of an extra bit to a code group.
This extra bit is called the parity bit.
The bit can be either a 0 or 1, depending on the
number of 1s in the code group.
There are two methods, even and odd.

Even parity method the total number

of bits in a group including the parity bit
must add up to an even number.
The binary group 1 0 1 1 would require the
addition of a parity bit 1 1 0 1 1
Note that the parity bit may be added at either
end of a group.

Odd parity method the total number of

bits in a group including the parity bit
must add up to an odd number.
The binary group 1 1 1 1 would require the
addition of a parity bit 1 1 1 1 1

The transmitter and receiver must

agree on the type of parity checking
used.
Two bit errors would not indicate a parity
error.
Both odd and even parity methods are
used, but even seems to be used more
often.

Parity error codes


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BETC 2404

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Analog quantities have continuous values

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Analog quantities have Digital quantities have discrete

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Types of electronic devices or instruments:

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

The conventional numbering system uses ten

The binary numbering system uses just two

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

The two binary digits are designated 0 and 1

They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where

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Binary values are also represented

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Rising Falling Falling Rising

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There are only three basic logic operations:

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The NOT operation

When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH

The output logic level is always

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The AND operation

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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

However, it is difficult for human to deal with a continuous binary

Therefore numbering systems are introduced to simplify this problem

Numbering systems that will be taught are:

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

The weights for whole numbers are positive

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1011 0010 1111

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0010 1010 1111 1101 . 0101 1010

10101011111101.01011012 2 AFD.5 A16

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2 AFD.5 A16 10101011111101.01011012

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A signed binary number consists of both sign and

The sign indicates whether a number is positive