Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Flexible collection
Maps through canopy
Independent of sun angle
Day or night
Acquisition
Processing
Interpolation
Analysis/Visualization
Acquisition Scan Angle
11
LiDAR
What is the height of a tower on a terrain if the time difference between the
first and last return is 1*10-6s?
20 m
10 m
0m
Pulse frequency
LIDAR for forest structure analysis
Multiple Return LIDAR
LIDAR data represent direct measurements of three-dimensional
forest structure
- Small-footprint vs. large-footprint systems
- Continuous waveform vs. discrete return systems
EarthData Aeroscan Multiple Return LIDAR
- Many small footprint, discrete return LIDAR systems can acquire
multiple measurements from a single laser pulse
nanosec meters
0 0
Pulse emission
20 50% 100% 6
0 0
50% 100%
first return
20 6
no return
40 12
50% 100%
60 18
second return
80 50% 100% 24
120 36
fourth return
Courtesy: Spencer Gross
21
Discrete return lidar
LiDAR Data Points
LIDAR for forest structure analysis
High-density LIDAR data within Capitol Forest study Same area in 1 ft orthophoto
area
LIDAR for forest structure analysis
(A) (B)
Cross section of LIDAR data through a single deciduous tree (A) and coniferous tree (B)
including bare-earth returns. The green dots represent leaf-on returns and the brown dots
represent leaf-off returns
Lidar Capabilities Vegetation Structure
Lidar Cloud Actual Tree
Underestimation
Modeled
Volume
Canopy Height
Height to
Live Crown
Crown Width
27
Quiz
What are the two forms of LiDAR? What are the differences
between the two forms?
The two forms of LiDAR are discrete and waveform. Discrete
LiDAR is collected as x,y,z points, while waveform is collected as
a continuous height line at a location.
Volcano Vegetation /
monitoring Biomass
Hydrologic
Urban / Suburban
Studies Carbon /
Response Coastal Studies
Disturbance
31 studies
Mapping Applications from Lidar
Orthoimagery
Land Cover
Lidar Contours
Bare Earth
Elevation
Structures
Hydrology
Bare Earth Surface
Fault Scarp
is 0.5 m at
highest
point
Landslide Hazard Identification
Slope Map, Streams and
Contours
DEM
DTM
Watersheds, Dams and Reservoirs
Flood Modeling
Red River
(Manitoba)
230m Water
Level
Flood Modeling
Red River
(Manitoba)
233m Water
Level
DEM & Canopy Models 10m USGS DEM
LiDAR
Streams
Landslide
LiDAR
IFSAR IFSAR
Volumetric Analysis
Volume of understory
= (z2-z3) understory area in m2
Understory, z2
Bare Earth, z3
Canopy, z1
Height statistics:
Mean: 26.3 m
Max: 53.9 m
Min: 5.0 m
Height distribution:
5-15m: 2,655
15-30m: 15,981
> 30m: 11,160
Individual Tree
Analysis
Individual Trees (expanded) Trees Classified by Height
Tree Location
Height classification:
5 15m
15 30m
> 30m
Minimum tree height
set to 5m.
Lidar Capabilities - Intensity
Grass
Water
50
Urban landscapes
Manheim
www.toposys.com/
How Many Applications ?
Mapping confined urban channels vs natural stream Delineation of canopy surface and forest metrics
Integration of elevation data into the National Elevation Dataset Delineation of building structures
Identification of small hydrologic features (ditches, tile drain studies) Mapping land cover and land use
Carbon
53 sequestration assessments Volume visualization
Subtract your bare earth layer from your first return data to
product a CHM.
Timing There are a number of time constraints associated with LiDAR collection and delivery:
Flight schedules can be delayed due to weather and environmental factors
Project areas may be large enough that multiple flights are needed
Post processing of millions of raw data points can be time consuming
Producing additional deliverables can delay the delivery schedule
Leaf-on or leaf-off? (Example)
Costs Cost can vary depending on size of project, horizontal postings (point density), and project location.
Cost may also increase based on additional product requests (i.e., DEMs, DTMs, contours, etc.),
specific accuracy requirements, or licensing restrictions.
Formats Common LiDAR Data Exchange Format - .LAS Industry Initiative (ASPRS). The LAS file format is
a public file format for the interchange of LiDAR data between vendors and customers. This binary
file format is an alternative to proprietary systems or a generic ASCII file interchange system used
by many companies.
Know & understand the flight acquisition parameters
Always get the raw data (it can be reprocessed later with newer techniques/algorithms)
Get an intensity image
Projections LiDAR data can be delivered in many different projections and datums. The national standard for
vertical datum is the North American Vertical Datum (NAVD 88), and the national standard for
horizontal datum is the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).
Licensing Licensing restrictions vary for each LiDAR service provider. Many providers do not have restrictions
on their data products, but some companies do require licensing.
LiDAR
June 5 2000
Above: tropospheric
measurements from 289/299
nm pair.
Below: stratospheric
measurements from 299 alone.
(We now do DIAL- Differential
Absorption Lidar with 299/316
for stratosphere)
http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.php
Lidar remote sensing for forestry and forest ecology
Michael Lefsky, Center for Ecological Applications of Lidar, Colorado State University
Mean Canopy
Height (m)
January 28, 2008 Center for the Ecological Applications of Lidar http://ceal.cnr.colostate.edu
GLAS estimate of aboveground biomass
Field Estimate of Aboveground Biomass (Mgha-1)
400
R2=0.73 RMSE=51.6
350
300
250
200
150
100
Manaus
50 Santarem
Tanguro
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
GLAS Estimate of Biomass (Mgha-1)
Quiz
Vehicle-Laser scanner-INS-DGPS-Computer
A terrestrial LiDAR system can be mounted on a moving
automobile or perform a 360 scan from a tripod.
LiDAR videos
https://youtu.be/eBUCGxZq_xg (intro - 2 minutes)
https://www.uvm.edu/~joneildu/Video/LiDAR_101
_NYC/LiDAR_101.html (New York LiDAR 101 - 9
minutes)