Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Declaration
I, the undersigned, declare that this Internship Report is my original work, has not been presented
for accomplishment of Internship Report in this or any other University, and all sources of
Materials used for the Internship Report have been fully acknowledged.
Name: Signature: Date:
Temesgen Ermias
Place: Hawassa
This Internship Report has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university
mentor.
Mentors Name:
Signature:
Date:
Acknowledgment
I take this opportunity to our profound sense of gratitude and respect to all those who helped us
throughout this internship period. I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Tebebu. For
guidance and support throughout this internship period. He has been a constant source of
inspiration for me throughout the period of the work. I also want to give gratitude for my
mentors in the company, I consider my selves extremely fortunate for having an opportunity to
learn and work under the supervision of Mr. Abera and Mr. Engda the head of spinning and
substation department respectively in the HTSC.
Executive Summary
My final report included brief history of the company, organizational structure, work flow, row
materials, suppliers and customers, products, mission, vision, objectives of the company, project
tasks and overall sections: - spinning section, weaving section and finishing section. From the
report I have also included different types of machines such as:-Bale Plucker, Auto Mixer, Six
step Pitter, Horizontal opener, Card machine, Drawing Frame, Roving Frame, Ring frame, Open
End machine, Winding machine, Twister and Doubler machine, Warping and Sizing machines,
Looming machine, Drafting machine and Inspection machine including their operation and
function.
Lastly, I also describe overall control plant of the company, which includes PLC (programmable
logic control) & relay logic system and some basic electrical devices such as-, sensor, contactor,
relay, rectifier, inverter and fuses are briefly discussed. This internship experience helps me to
improve lot of skills like practical, communication and team playing skills, also to understand
some work ethics.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... i
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 50
5.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 51
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 53
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Overall organization and structure of the company ...................................................... 5
Figure1. 2 Overall work sections of the company .......................................................................... 6
Figure2. 4 Simple closed loop controls......................................................................................... 11
Figure2.5 Timer block diagram .................................................................................................... 12
Figure2. 6 Siemen PL S7-300 ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure2.7 Basic components of PLC ............................................................................................ 14
Figure2. 8 General block diagram of the controller and input output interface ........................... 14
Figure2. 3 General process block diagram of waste water treatment ........................................... 16
Figure3. 9 Process of spinning section ......................................................................................... 21
Figure3. 10 Bale plucker .............................................................................................................. 22
Figure3.11 Carding machine ......................................................................................................... 23
Figure3.12 Drawing machine........................................................................................................ 24
Figure3.13 Roving frame .............................................................................................................. 24
Figure3.14 Ring frame .................................................................................................................. 25
Figure3. 15 Winding machine....................................................................................................... 26
Figure3. 16 Twisting and doubler machine .................................................................................. 26
Figure3.17 Open ending machine ................................................................................................. 27
Figure3.18 Yarn store ................................................................................................................... 27
Figure3.19 Process flow of weaving section ................................................................................ 28
Figure3. 20 Warping machine....................................................................................................... 29
Figure3. 21 Sizing machine .......................................................................................................... 30
Figure3. 22 Contactor parts........................................................................................................... 34
Figure3. 23 Fuse parts ................................................................................................................... 35
Figure3. 24 Steam boiler in HTSC .............................................................................................. 38
Figure3. 25 Direct on-line starting method ................................................................................... 40
Figure3. 26 Forward reverse ......................................................................................................... 41
Figure3. 27 Control diagram of star delta starter .......................................................................... 42
Figure3. 28 Power diagram of star delta starting .......................................................................... 42
Figure3. 29 Dynamic break.......................................................................................................... 43
Figure3. 30 Control and power circuit of 3 stages sequential control. ........................................ 44
List of Tables
Table 1.1Supplier of main inputs and distances from factory ........................................................ 7
Table1. 2 Port and their distance from factory ............................................................................... 7
Table2. 3 Comparison of the existing with modified waste water treatment. .............................. 18
List of Abbreviations
EEPCO Ethiopia electric light and power corporation
HTSC Hawassa textile share company
WWPTs Wastewater treatment plants
AWWA American Water Works Association
CAD Computer added design
MCB Main circuit breaker
AC Alternating current
DC Direct current
NO Normally open
NC Normally close
exempted of duty tax and free from all quota restrictions, the textile and clothing industry in the
country has very good potential for export.
D. Opportunities
Cotton growth potential.
Increase in demand for cloth make of cotton in Europe and America.
Huge export market free of quota restriction and duty.
High domestic economic growth implying increase in disposable income.
Development of infrastructure facilities.
Political stability and liberation of economy.
E. Core Competence to Attract Partners
Majority of the machinerys reasonable new.
Has already developed export market and actively trying to develop others.
Better product quality and design.
Customer service.
Ideal location for expansion program.
Relatively skilled manpower and average age group.
F. Business Environment
General
Since 1993, the country has taken significant measures to revitalize the domestic economy and
create an environment conductive to the proper utilization of the countrys resources. The textile
sub-sector is one of the strategic sectors, which has being given due attention because of its back
and front linkage of its employment opportunity and its potential business environment both in
domestic and export market.
Social Environment
Ethiopia is one of the populous countries in the region and third in Africa with a population size
of 63 million. The annual growth rate is 2.9%.The high population size combined with the
growth of disposable income due to the economic development the country creates high potential
demand of clothing that has a wide gap between current production and demand. Above 50% of
the production is under the age of 20 that creates opportunity for reasonable cheap labor force
and at the same time high consumption of basic needs among which clothing is one.
Technological Environment
Even though the technology in textile is under continuous development to automation and
computer aided design (CAD) the textile industry is still grouped under the labor intensive
manufacturing. As the standard product or commodities of the industry still do not require highly
flexible equipments, the sector in Ethiopia can easily compete in both export and domestic
markets.
Economic Environment
In wide context, the world economy has being globalized and in order to participate in the
market, the country is making every preparation by due to the continuous reform measures taken.
The economy is growing at an average rate of 7.2% that contributes to growth in the disposable
income of the population. As all the micro economic indicators show this trend is expected to
continue in the coming years. A port from policy adjustments to improve the economy efforts
have being made in developing the infrastructure that is essential for creating new investment
opportunities.
General manager
Purchasing Sales
division division
General Personal Production and
Account administration technical dept
division
weaving
General division
service
Finishing
Clinic division
Knitting
Figure 1.1 Overall organization and structure of the company division
In addition mercerizing rotary screen-printing and shrink proofing are among some of facilities
available.
Other utilities
The factory is equipped with air conditioning water supply and treatment, steam generation,
diathermic oil heaters waste water treatment and physical and chemical quality control facilities.
Facilities
Electric power is supplied from the national grid of the Ethiopia electric light and Power
Corporation (EEPCO). The total installed capacity is 10,000KVA.
Water is supplied from its own deep well and from city water supply source.
Fuel fired boilers and diathermic oil are the source of steam and heating system.
Well-equipped mechanical and electrical work shop for maintenance service.
Communication services of telephone, telex, fax, p.o.box and email are available.
20 duplex staff canteen and a cafeteria with assembly hall.
Suppliers of main inputs and distance from the factory
Table 1.1Supplier of main inputs and distances from factory
Wastewater treatment is an important function that affects all of us. It is vital to keep my living
environment hygienic and healthy, my water courses clean, and our manufacturing facilities
compliant with regulatory standards. Behind the scene, the wastewater treatment process
combines microbiology and chemistry with mechanical engineering, instrumentation and
automation techniques that offer high performance in a progressive way. Wastewater Treatment
Plant (WWTP) is a facility designed to receive the wastewater from primarily domestic,
commercial, and industrial sources and to remove materials that damage water quality and
threaten public health and safety when discharged into receiving streams or bodies of water. [1]
Waste treatment facilities face a number of trends that are having a broad impact on operations,
maintenance, and capital expenditures, including increasing labor, energy, and chemical costs.
Advanced process control is a tool that can help to minimize the impact of many of these trends.
Automation of wastewater plants, where facilities run unattended for some period of time, is an
essential element of a cost saving strategy. [6] At present, due to the increasing resource
constraints and the environmental requirements, textile industries units need to adopt a
sustainable approach and wastes need therefore to be viewed as unutilized resources. Ways and
means must be found to recover water and chemicals from these waste resources. Advanced
treatment methods, PLC based treatment with algae, appear to be promising because these
methods not only help in reducing the pollution but also provide a scope for recovery and
recycling of water and chemicals. The existing wastewater treatment in Hawassa textile factory
is they dont have any automatic control wastewater treatment and the cost expense for
chemicals to neutralize the wastewater is very costly. [3] This project seeks to give an overview
of the different advanced methods for treatment of textile industry effluents. The performance of
these advanced treatment methods as also their economic analysis, benefits and constraints have
been discussed in the project work. 2
The Algae Powered Wastewater Treatment Plant uses sunlight and algae to absorb waste and to
produce clean water. The application of algae cultivation, to capture and reuse nutrients found in
wastewater, can be applied to textile water treatment plant. [14]
Statement of Problem
Hawassa textile factory do not have automatic waste water treatment process and these
initiate my to design waste water treatment based on Semitic (PLCs7-300).
The existing waste water treatment in Hawassa textile factory is based on chemical
treatment ; as a result its running cost is so high .Hence I decided to design the waste
water treatment based biological based treatment .In addition reducing cost is powerful in
providing treated waste water and clean surrounding environment.
2.2 Objective
2.2.1 General objective
Waste water treatment based on PLC.
2.2.2 Specific objective
To reduce human power.
To give a clear understanding of the basic concept of waste water composition treatment
in the tank, pollutants in waste water, effluent characteristics and its control mechanism
using PLCs7-300.
To protect environmental pollution that by waste water.
To minimize the running cost of the company.
Significance of the project
The design of PLC based on waste water treatment plant controlling system has enormous
advantages for the Hawassa textile share company. This project has great advantage to the
company. Using PLC based automatic controller enables to have reliable system
performance.
2.3 Feasibility
Industry has wide number of sub-sectors, from the production of raw material to finished
product, and water management is part of whole environmental policy of emission
minimization. This project is not there in Hawassa textile share company but I design project
based on biological treatment .The project is not functioned as a result its running cost is so
high .
The existing waste water is based on chemical treatment mechanism and its control system is
manually not automatic.
Controller
Simple closed loop control system:
Sensor
Many functions are integrated into the CPU (I/O, Technology functions,
PROFIBUS/PROFINET connection)
Maintenance-free thanks to data retentively on Micro Memory Card
Bits 0 through 9 of the timer word contain the time value in binary code. The time value
specifies a number of units. The time updating decrements the time value by one unit at an
interval designated by the time base; Decrementing continues until the time value is equal to
zero. The time range is from 0 to 9,990 seconds. The maximum time value that you can enter is
9,990 seconds, or 2H_46M_30S. These times differ in function but all of them have the block
shown in Figure below in common.
Timer number
Timer type
S Q
TV BI
R BCD
electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation
are typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory. My Proposed system can be
divided into three main modules- sensing, decision making and implementation. In my project
Siemens S7-300 is used. The S7-300 enables space-saving and modular configurations. In a
single-tiered configuration, S7-300 can support 256 I/O, and in multi-tiered configurations up to
1024 I/O. single S7-300 if deployed in an industry can automate and monitor a large number of
tanks. PLC S7-300 components Basically PLC consists of the following elements:
Power supply
Central Processing unit (CPU)
Programming devices
Input and output module
Manual switching
Figure2. 7 General block diagram of the controller and input output interface
The proposed system will control and monitor the liquid level of the tank, temperature of the
wastewater, flow rate, pressure, odor, PH value, color, conductivity and other parameters
continuously and will ensure that a sufficient level of water is maintained. It can be used to
prevent industrial accident by overfilling of any open container, to prevent overfilling of any
closed container thereby creating overpressure condition. The high number of the input output
port of the PLC will enable this single system to control large number of tanks single handedly.
Alarm Systems
Alarm systems should be provided for pump stations. The alarm should be activated in cases of
power failure, sump pump failure, pump failure, unauthorized entry, or any cause of pump
station malfunction, minimum level and maximum level of wastewater, open or close failure in
the valves. Pumping station alarms should be telemetered to a textile facility that is manned 24
hours a day. If such a facility is not available and a 24-hour holding capacity is not provided, the
alarm should be telemetered to central control room during normal working hours and
responsible person(s) in charge of the lift station during to the home of the off-duty hours.
2.4 Methodology
In every industry there is wastewater treatment. But the difference is on running cost and the
effectiveness of the work. Hawassa also it has wastewater treatment mechanism but it has some
problems; as I observed in the internship program. First I asked the current problem with it to the
manager. After I gained some information I went to the place or section in which the waste water
treatment is found. Then I observed all over the flow process of the waste water and I understand
where it comes from. From my observation the main problem is in the control system and the
type of treatment mechanism. Then finally I have selected the PLC S7-300 control system and
Algae based treatment. But in order to fulfill all these things I have used some materials
Sensor input
Liquid level sensor
PH sensor (output also PH meter)
Oxygen sensor (output also oxygen)
Valves
Water inlet valve purge valve
Controller
PLC S7-300 module/software
Environment
2.6 The existing wastewater treatment with comparison the modified wastewater
treatment
The existing waste water treatment is based on the chemical treatment mechanism and its control
system is manually not automatic. So, as a result the chemical based wastewater
Treatment is very costly.
Table2. 3 Comparison of the existing with modified waste water treatment.
The modified wastewater treatment would design based on the algae (biological) treatment. In
this project as explained in the above table, the great modification is based on the biological
(algae) treatment and its controller is PLC s7-300.
3. INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
3.1 Getting and Visiting the Company
Before I admitted in to Hawassa Textile factory I have been told by students of
Electromechanical engineering as they were overviewed by the school of Electromechanical that
attached students shall be abided by principles and procedures of the hosting. During the
entrance time the companies training center officers also advised us how I manage our time and
use it effectively. Furthermore, they show us overview of company as well as ethics of
companies.
Spinning Department
Spinning is the first step in the textile industry after ginning. It is the process of changing lint
fiber to the weave able or knittable yarn. Spinning department includes all the activities required
to convert cotton in to yarn. The major raw material for spinning is cotton and polyester.
Contribution of spinning operations makes to the overhead of the company at the planned cost of
low materials consumable & personnel. There are two types of yarn are produced those are long
fiber and short fiber yarn those has different quality which means the one which have long fiber
has high quality & the one which have short fiber has low quality.
The department contains machines like Mixing Bale Plucker, Metal detector, Six-step cleaner,
Two-Pitter, Auto-Mixer, Horizontal Opener, Carding, Drawing (primary and secondary passage),
Roving, Ring frame, Open-end, Winding, Twister and Doubler.
This Spinning department has five sections and two production lines.
1. The five sections are:
Blower room
Open end
Roving frame
Ring frame
Yarn store
2. The two production lines are:
Open end line
Ring frame line
The spinning department process of flow line order are described in Figure below
Bale
pluckier
Opener Carding
Metal Six step Mixer
detector cleaner
Open-end
Yarn
machine
store
Even feed of the material: -to produce a lap of uniform weight per unit length or to
Process the maximum quality which is suitable for carding.
5. Ring Frame
Ring frame which is the process in carded yarn production eighth process in combed yarn production
roving bobbins are reeled over hangers & roving is passed through guide bars, drafting to draft for
required yarn count & through ring & ring traveler for the formation of yarn which is wound on cops
fitted over roving spindles.
It has unique advantage over spinning technology:
It is universally applied in most of the textile fiber can be spun to required fineness.
The yarn spun from this machine demonstrates excellent quality feature uniform structure
and good strength.
It is easy to operate as compared to other spinning machines
Disadvantages:
More process stage, roving stage exist as extra process compare the other system
The high speed of the traveler damages the fibers capacity of the crop is limited
Energy cost is very high
Low production rate
Objectives of ring frame are to:
Drafting the roving until the required fineness is achieved
Winding the twisted strand (yarn) in a form suitable for storage, transportation and
further processing.
6. Winding
Winding which seventh process in carded yarn production & ninth process is in combed yarn
production ring laps are passed through User yarn cleaner & upgrade the yarn marketing or
weaving purpose (for next process).
9. Yarn Store
This section is the final section of spinning department and use to store the yarn produces by the
production lines.
Weaving Department
Weaving is the interlacing of two sets of yarns, i.e. warp and weft yarns at right angle to each
other. In HTSC weaving section includes warping up to inspection machines. The flow chart
described in the Figure below.
Warping process
This is the process of changing the winding yarn from small size of individual cones to the
bigger cylindrical size roller. This makes suitable for looming and sizing up purpose.
Objectives of warp winding processes are:-
Formation of suitable package for warping
Checking and clearing the yarn from spinning defects
1. Sizing process
It is the process of improving the strength of the yarn by passing through hot solution of starch.
This provides suitable for looming machine.
Objectives of sizing processes are:
To increase the smoothness of warp yarn by gluing the protrude fibers to the core by
means of size;
To apply a protective coating to the yarn to enable it so as to with stand complex stress
in weaving machines mean while maintaining or enhancing its strength and elasticity;
To improve the weave ability of warp by reducing warp breakages;
2. Looming process
After the required number of warp yarns in the fabrics wound onto the weavers beam, the warp
beam ends are then passed through the drop wires, the heddles of the harness frames and the dent
of the reed. This achieved by drawing in and/or tying in (the choice depending up on whether or
not the new warp is different and from the warp already on the loom).
C. Brushing Machine
step dawn transformers which convert the 15kv to 0.4kv or 380v. This is given to the low voltage
control board. Within the medium voltage control board there are different types of switch like
motorized and earthling and it has also fuse disconnections which are responsible for protect
overload.
The medium voltage control board used for two purposes:
as switch during maintenance
as a protection (automatically) during fault
From the low voltage control boards the motors and electrical outlets of different department are
connected.
Power Factor Correction
The ratio of real power to apparent power is called power factor. Inductive loads cause current to
lag behind voltage while capacitive loads causes current to lead voltage. Also the presence of
harmonics current decreases the power factor. The power factor uses the total rms, this including
all harmonics. .
Active power (watt):-is that portion of electrical power that is real, it includes heat loss utility
charge are based on watts.
Apparent power (VA):-is the product of rms voltage and current which relates to the effective
load seen by transformer and current conductors.
Reactive power (VAR):-is the reactive component of the apparent power causes by a phase shift
between a current and voltage in inductors (coils) and capacitors. VARS are present in a
distribution system.
To avoid unnecessary losses, or to meet the acceptable load requirements of the energy supply
utility, power factor correction is often required with induction motors, particularly for large
machines or in installations running many machines.
The most common power factor correction is by means of added capacitors however, under
certain circumstances the motor controller can also be used for this purpose. In Hawassa textile
S.C there is a capacitor bank with a four stage power factor correction capability in which each
stage provide increased power factor correction capability.
A circuit breaker is a protective device that interrupts current flow in a fault condition. It is not
intended for routine use to turn the load on and off. It also a device designed to open and close a
circuit by non-automatic means, and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined over
current without damage to itself when properly applied within its rating.
Operation
In order to allow power to pass through the breaker, the operating lever is placed in the ON
position. This mechanically closes the contact in the breaker. When current pass through the
device; a magnetic field is developed in the bar. The intensity of this fields focuses through a
large piece of metal at the end of movable arm. When the current existed as predetermined
amount, the magnetic field will pull to the right, releasing the lever and the trip mechanism,
allowing the spring to pull contact open. This will disconnect power to the control circuit. To
reset the breaker, it must first be placed in the OFF position and return to the ON position.
Function
Circuit breakers as switch: - A breaker is a control device, or a controller. A circuit breaker can
control and protect an electrical circuit and people operating the utilization equipment. Circuit
breakers are not designed as replacements for operating controls such as relays, contactors, or
motor starters.
As current levels to be broken:-In current quantity breaker must be able to open overload level
currents.
As over current protection:-Any current in excess of the rated current of the equipment or the
capacity of a conductor. Circuit breakers provide a level of safety against over current
conditions in electrical circuits.
Short Circuits:-A short circuit is an unintended path through which current can flow. Any time
current flows in a path that is not the normal path, we say that the circuit is shorted. A circuit
breaker must be able to respond to a short circuit, which can present a large current flow in a
short period of time.
Generally circuit breakers have the following main advantages:
Sense the current flowing in the circuit
Measure the current flowing in the circuit
Compare the measured current level to its pre-set trip point
Act within a predetermined time period by opening the circuit as quickly as possible to
Limit the amount of energy that is allowed to flow after the trip point has been reached.
2. Contactors
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar to a
relay except with higher current ratings. A contactor is controlled by a circuit which has a much
lower power level than the switched circuit. Contactors come in many forms with varying
capacities and features Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor
banks, thermal evaporators, and other electrical loads. Contactor does not provide overload
protection. When the coil is energized, the moveable contacts are closed against the stationary
contacts. Figure shows parts of contactor.
Relays tend to be of lower capacity and are usually designed for both normally closed and
normally open applications.
Operation principle of a Relay
It consists of an operating coil wound around an electromagnet pole piece, a moving armature
and one or more sets of contacts. When a voltage of the correct value is applied across the coil
terminals, the resulting current flow through the coil produces a magnetic field similar to a bar
magnet. The armature is attracted by the magnetic field and so moves a small distance. This
movement operates the contact.
INTERNSHIP REPORT BY TEMESEGEN ERMIAS Page 34
DTU/FOT/ECE- ICS/2009 EC
4. Electrical Fuses
In electronics fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide
over current protection, of either the load or source circuit. It is Over current protection devices
are essential in electrical systems to limit threats to human life and property damage. Figure 2.9
shows a typical fuse parts.
section. The inverting section absorbs power from the DC bus capacitor bank, inverts it back to
simulated 3-Phase AC sine waves of varying voltage and varying frequency that are typically
used to vary the speed of a 3-phase induction motor.
Rectifier (converter)
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. Rectifiers are used
in various devices, including:-DC power supplies, a source of power instead of generating
current and High-voltage direct current power transmission systems.
HTSC use converter at warping machine for controlling the speed of the DC motor.
Potentiometer is used for adjustment the armature voltage which is the main parameter in
controlling speed of DC motor.
Steam boiler
Steam boiler or simply a boiler is basically a closed vessel into which water is heated until the
water is converted into steam at required pressure. This is most basic definition of boiler.
Working Principle of Boiler
The basic working principle of boiler is very simple and easy to understand. The boiler is
essentially a closed vessel inside which water is stored. Fuel in our case wood or coffee husk
briquettes is bunt in a furnace and hot gasses are produced. These hot gasses come in contact
with water vessel where the heat of these hot gases transfer to the water and consequently steam
is produced in the boiler. Then this steam is piped to the turbine of thermal power plant. There
are many different types of boiler utilized for different purposes like running a production unit,
sanitizing some area, sterilizing equipment, to warm up the surroundings etc.
The boiler in the HTSC uses wood or coffee husk briquettes as a fuel and it generate up to 10.33
bar steam and evaporation rate 1500 kg/hr. The steam generated is supplied to the sizing or
weaving preparatory room.
Types of sensors used for controlling the operation of the HTSC steam boiler are:-
Water level sensor
Pressure senor
Temperature sensor
A. Water level sensor:-this level sensor is used to measure the level water in the boiler. If the
level is below minimum allowed water level it will send signal for the alarm and for FD
Fan (water feeding motor) and if the water level reaches the required level this sensor send
signal for FD Fan to stop feeding water.
B. Pressure sensor: - the pressure sensor is used to control the pressure level of the steam.
The maximum allowed pressure is up to 8 bar sine the company is not working at its full
capacity it is sated at 5 bar at this time.
C. Temperature sensor: - the temperature sensor used for controlling the level of
temperature in furnace.
One contactor
the star and stop push buttons
Cable
The procedures that we followed when we constructing the circuit were: first we recognized both
the normal open and normally closed self-hold (auxiliary) of the contactor by measuring their
continuity with a multi meter. Then we checked the fuses and overload relay continuity lastly we
constructed the following circuit as follows:
is applied the DC current from rectifier will create a stationary flux across the rotor this will stop
the motor from rotating.
the knowledge about certain subject we read manuals which concern about it. We always ask
questions which are not clear for us and ask the experienced person to show us which we want to
know. Especially working with skillful operators has a great advantage to get more information
have performed whole internship work task with all workers in passion and friendly.
Personally I think friendship make all things right and help someone to achieve his goal. In short
I have used the following procedures:
Asking people who know
Reading manuals
5.2 Recommendation
Recommendation for the company
Concerning on whole internship program I recommended the following in Host
Company.
The money that earn for workers are low with respect to others. So the company accepts
the question of the worker to increase the money before the worker left the company.
In the time of production some workers not do well, so supervisors should manage the
activity of workers continuously as well as fulfill his/her responsibility.
Medical facilities are given in small considerations but such facilities should be given in
good way.
There are also problems in workers regarding to respecting of work time or on
punctuality. Therefore, it should be proper.
The company should plant good air conditioning system for worker in order to get
refreshed air during working time. It should help workers to fulfill their responsibilities
effectively.
They should write their vision, mission and values of company in front of entrance,
instead of put document in the training office.
Provide enough manuals for interns including 3D view for the example sometimes they
place form works in inappropriate area.
They should provide office for interns and pay pocket money.
Recommendation for university
Universities are providing good opportunities for students in this internship program. But I
would like to recommend my University to do the following during the whole academic
session.
The university should have sent the students to different company in order to
finish their internship program timely.
The university should strive more on quality of education by preparing good
facilities like laboratory, library, work shop and others.
The teaching learning method shall be more practical other than theoretical, for
that to make the students full confident and good expert in the field of study.
The existing wastewater treatment has no well design in automatic. And its running cost is so
high so due to this we recommended them to design this based on the following key points:
1. The existing chemical based wastewater treatment should replace by biological wastewater
treatment.
2. In the thickening tank there is no ultrasonic sensor to detect the presence of sludge, so they
should add this one.
3. In the presence of the wastewater treatment, the controller is in manual, so it should be in
automatic (sematic PLC S7-300 based).
Finally what we conclude to all who have well interested to do on this project, they can
improve this project by adding some software such as Wincc and Human machine interface
(HMI). This project also can extend and implement in different textile factory and leather
factory.
Reference
[1]. Trading as Enviroflow, Enviroflow Biofilter Wastewater Treatment Plant Brochure.
[2] Del Porto D., SPC Workshop on The Soltran II Non Polluting Biological Toilet and
Wastewater garden, Suva, Fiji, 25 November 1996.
[3]. Environ-Technology Inc., 1998. Cromaglass Wastewater Treatment Systems
[4]. Environment Equipment Pty Ltd. Rota-Loo Composting Toilet Brochure.
[5]. Environment Equipment Pty Ltd. Biolet Composting Toilet Brochure.
[6]. Gough I., Langford M., and Gough A. 1999. The Hybrid Toilet System: General Principles
and System Design Drivers. Published by Lanfax Laboratories, Armidale NSW.
[7]. Gough Plastics Australia, the Hybrid Toilet System Brochure.
[8]. Khan, A.R. 1995. Appropriate Wastewater Treatment Processes for N-WFP, Pakistan,
Master of Science Research of Loughborough University of Technology.
[9]. Loetscher T., 1998. SANEX Sanitation Expert Systems
[10]. Ludwig, S. 1998. DEWATS Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries,
Bremen Overseas Research and development Association, Bremen.
[11]. Mann, H.T., Williamson, D., 1982. Water Treatment and Sanitation, Intermediate
Technology Publications 1973, 1979, 1982. Printed in England by The Russell Press Ltd.,
Nottingham.
[12]. Mara, D. Sewage Treatment in Hot Climates, a Wiley Interscience Publication, John Wiley
and N.Sons.
[13]. Neptune Pacific Ltd., On-site and Small Community Sewage Management with the N-DN
Biofilter Treatment Plant
[14]. Pickford, J., 1991. The Worth of Water. Technical Briefs on health, water and
sanitation.
[15]. Sinclair, Knight, Metz, 1997 Review of Effluent Management Systems Castaway
Resort.
16. Hawassa textile share company magazine.
17. Daily reports from company.
18. Electrical material and electrical machines book.