DOING PHYSICS

1
EXERCISES
Section 1.2 Measurements and Units
10. SI prefixes are explained in Table 1.1. (a) 10 3 MW = 10 3 (10 6 W) = 10 9 W. (b) and (c) 10 9 W = 10 6 kW = 1 GW.
11. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving the comparison of the diameter of two objects (a hydrogen
and a proton) expressed in different units.
DEVELOP Before any comparison can be made, the quantity of interest must first be expressed in the same units.
From Table 1.1, we see that a nanometer is 10 9 m, and a femtometer (fm) is 10 15 m.
EVALUATE Using the conversion factors, the diameter of a hydrogen atom is d H = 0.1 nm = 10 10 m, and the
diameter of a proton is d p = 1 fm = 10 15 m. Therefore, the ratio of the diameters of a hydrogen atom and a proton
(its nucleus) is
d H 10 10 m
= = 10 5
d p 10 15 m

ASSESS The hydrogen atom is about 100,000 times larger than its nucleus.
12. The current definition of the meter is such that the speed of light in vacuum is exactly 299,792,458 m/s. The
distance traveled is the speed multiplied by the travel time, 1 ns = 10 9 s in this case. Thus
d = (299, 792, 458 m/s) 10 9 s = 0.299792458 m, or approximately 30 cm.
13. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving expressing the period of cesium radiation in different units.
DEVELOP By definition, 1 s = 9,192, 631, 770 periods of a cesium atomic clock. In addition, we know that
1 ns = 10 9 s.
EVALUATE One period of cesium radiation is
1s
= 1.087827757 10 10 s = 0.1087827757 ns
9,192, 631, 770
ASSESS Since one nanosecond corresponds to about 9 periods of the cesium radiation, each period is about 91 of
a nanosecond. Note that there exists an alternative definition based on the frequency of the cesium-133 hyperfine
transition, which is the reciprocal of the period.
14. The prefix eka equals 1018 , so 14 Eg = 14 1018 (10 3 kg) = 1.4 1016 kg.
15. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving expressing 1-cm line as multiples of the diameter of
hydrogen atoms.
DEVELOP We first express the quantities of interest (diameter of a hydrogen atom and1-cm line) in the same
units. Since a nanometer is 10 9 m (Table 1.1), we see that d H = 0.1 nm = 10 10 m. In addition, 1 cm = 10 2 m.
EVALUATE The desired number of atoms is the length of the line divided by the diameter of one atom:
10 2 m
N= = 108
10 10 m
ASSESS If 1 cm corresponds to 108 hydrogen atoms, then each atom would correspond to 10 8 cm = 10 10
m = 0.1 nm.

1.1
1.2 Chapter 1

16. s = r = (8.1 cm )(1.4) = 11.3 cm. (Note: Radians are pure numbers with no units; for this reason, they are the
simplest angular measure mathematically.)

17. INTERPRET This is a problem that involves the definition of an angle subtended by a circular arc.
DEVELOP The angle in radians is the circular arc length s divided by the radius R, or = s/R.
EVALUATE Using the equation above, we find the angle to be
s 2.1 km
= = = 0.62 rad
R 3.4 km
Using the conversion factor 1 rad = 180, the result can be expressed as
180
= 0.62 rad = (0.62 rad) 35
rad
ASSESS Since a complete turn corresponds to 360, 35 would be roughly 1/10 of a circle. The circumference of
a circle of radius R = 3.4 km is C = 2 (3.4 km ) = 21.4 km. Therefore, we expect the jetliner to fly approximately
1/10 of C, or 2.1 km, in complete agreement with the problem statement.

18. (a) (35.0 mi/h)(1609 m/mi)(1 h/3600 s) = 15.6 m/s. (b) (35.0 mi/h)(5280 ft/mi)(1 h/3600 s) = 51.3 ft/s.
19. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving expressing the mass (weight) of a letter in different units.
DEVELOP Two different units for mass appear in the problemounces and grams. We must first find the
conversion factor. The conversion from ounces to grams is given in Appendix C (1 oz = weight of 0.02835 kg).
EVALUATE The maximum weight of the letter is 1 oz. Using the conversion factor above, we see that this
corresponds to a weight of 0.02835 kg, or 28.35 g.
ASSESS The conversion factor between oz and g may be obtained based on some easily remembered conversion
factors between the metric and English systems (e.g., 1 lb = weight of 0.454 kg, and 1 lb = 16 oz).
20. The number of seconds in a year is approximately (365.24 d)(86,400 s/d) = 3.1557 10 7 s (see Appendix C), which
differs from the mnemonic 10 7 s in the third decimal place. The percent difference, to two significant figures, is
100(3.1557 3.1416)/3.1416 = 0.45%.
21. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving the conversion of volume to different units.
DEVELOP Since volume has dimension of (length)3, the problem is equivalent to converting m to cm. The
conversion factor is 1 m = 100 cm.
EVALUATE Using the conversion factor above, we obtain
1 m 3 = (1 m )3 = (10 2 cm )3 = 10 6 cm 3
ASSESS Another way to remember this relationship is to note that 1 m 3 = 1000 liters, and 1 liter = 1000 cm 3 =
1000 cc.
22. The percent difference between 1mi = 1609 m and 1500 m is 100(1609 1500)/1609 = 6.8% g 7%. (There is no
general convention regarding which denominator to use in calculating a percent difference. Using 1500, one
obtains 7.3% g 7%. For small differences, the distinction is not important.)
23. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving the conversion of both area and volume to different units.
DEVELOP With reference to Appendix C, we write down the following conversion factors, one for the volume
and one for the area:
1 gal = 3.785 10 3 m 3 = 3.785 L
1 ft 2 = 9.290 10 2 m 2
EVALUATE Combining the two conversion factors, we have
ft 2 1 gal 9.290 10 2 m2
350 ft 2/gal = 350 = 8.59 m /L
2
gal 3.785 L 1 ft 2

ASSESS The above result implies 1 ft 2 /gal = 0.0245 m2 /L.

24. (100 km/h)(1 mi/1.609 km ) = 62.2 mi/h.. The speed limit in Canada is about 2.8 mi/h less than in the United States.
 Doing Physics 1.3

25. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving the conversion of both length and time to different units.
DEVELOP With reference to Appendix C, we write down the following conversion factors, one for length and one
for time:
1 km = 1000 m
1 h = 3600 s
EVALUATE Combining the two conversion factors, we have
m 3600 s 1 km
1 m/s = 1 = 3.6 km/h
s 1 h 1000 m
ASSESS The conversion factor is exact. Speed is the physical quantity with such units. A speed of 1 m/s is
equivalent to 3.6 km/h. In other words, if you walk 1 m in one second, youd be able to walk a distance of 3.6 km
in one hour.
26. The area covered per mass of seed is:
(2100 ft 2 )(9.290 10 2 m2 /ft 2 )
= 143 m 2 /kg
(3 lb)(0.454 kg/lb)
(We used conversion factors from Appendix C.)
27. INTERPRET This is a problem that involves the conversion of radians to degrees.
DEVELOP The angle in radians is the circular arc length s divided by the radius R, or = s /R. Thus, a complete
(360) revolution would correspond to = 2 rad.
EVALUATE Using the equation above, one radian is equal to
360
1 rad = (1 rad) = 57.3
2 rad
ASSESS Since rad 180, 1 rad (roughly p/3 rad) would be equal to about 60, which is close to the result
obtained above.
Section 1.3 Working with Numbers
28. 3.6 10 5 m + 2.1 10 3 km = (0.36 + 2.10) 10 3 km = 2.46 10 3 km. (Note: We displayed the manipulation of
numbers in scientific notation, assuming that all quantities are to be expressed to three significant figures; to two
significant figures, our result would have been 2.5 10 3 km. See Section 1.3.)
29. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving the conversion of time to different units.
DEVELOP With reference to Table 1.1 for SI prefixes, we have 1 ms = 10 3 s.
EVALUATE Using the above conversion factor, we obtain
4.2 10 3 m/s m 1
= 4.2 10 3 = 7.37 10 6 m/s 2
0.57 ms s 0.57 10 3 s
ASSESS Acceleration is the physical quantity with such units. An average acceleration of 7.37 10 6 m/s 2
changes the speed of an object by 4.2 10 3 m/s in 0.57 ms.
30. (5.1 10 4 m + 68 10 4 m )(1.8 10 4 N) + 1.32 10 2 Nm.
31. INTERPRET This is an arithmetic problem involving taking the cube root of a number.
DEVELOP To take a cube root of a number, N, without using a calculator, we first rewrite N as a3. Then N 1/ 3 = a.
EVALUATE We may rewrite 6.4 1019 as
6.4 1019 = 64 1018 = (4)3 (10 6 )3 = (4 10 6 )3
Therefore, (6.4 1019 )1/ 3 = 4 10 6.
ASSESS The result can be readily checked by using a calculator, or raising 4 10 6 to the cubic power to recover
6.4 1019.
32. 1.46 m + 0.023 m = 1.483 m = 1.48 m.
1.4 Chapter 1

33. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving adding two lengths that are expressed in different units.
DEVELOP Before an addition between two lengths can be made, both quantities must first be expressed in the
same units. From Table 1.1, we see that 1 cm = 10 2 m.
EVALUATE The overall length of the airplane (of length L0 = 41 m) could be increased by as much as L = 3.6
cm, or 0.036 m, depending on how the antenna is attached. However, to two significant figures, the overall length
of the airplane is still
L = L0 + L = 41 m + 0.036 m = 41.036 m 41 m
ASSESS To two significant figures, the result remain unchanged. That is because in this context, 41 m means a
length greater than or equal to 40.5 m, but less than 41.5 m, and 41 m + 0.036 m = 41.036 m satisfies this
condition.
34. If the antennas length is added to the airplanes, the total is 41.05 m + 0.036 m = 41.09 m, rounded off to four
significant figures.

PROBLEMS
35. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving exploring the degree of numerical accuracy in evaluating
( 3 )3 , depending on the number of significant figures used for 3.
DEVELOP We shall carry the calculation to more digits in intermediate calculations, and then round the answers
to the desired number of significant figures.
EVALUATE (a) With 3 1.73 (to 3 significant figures), we obtain (1.73)3 = 5.177 5.18, to three significant
figures.
(b) On the other hand, if we use 3 1.732 (to 4 significant figures), we then have (1.732)3 5.1957, or 5.20 to
three significant figures.
ASSESS With a calculator, one may show that ( 3 )3 = 33/ 2 = 5.196K. The example shows that it is important to
carry the calculation to more digits in intermediate calculations to achieve the desired accuracy. Rounding of
intermediate results could affect the final answer.
36. A typical nightly run of a big city daily might have a circulation of about 500,000 and consist of newspapers
weighing about 1 lb each, thus consuming 5 10 5 lb of paper. Newsprint is mostly made from wood pulp, a
suspension of ground-up trees, so roughly 5 10 5 lb of trees are needed. (Actually, newsprint consists of about
80% wood pulp, 15% cellulose, and 5% glue and fillers.) The size of trees used in the paper industry varies widely,
but is smallish compared to trees used for lumber. A tree 1 ft in diameter at the base and 40 ft tall (a conical
volume of 13 r 2 h = 13 ( 12 ft )2 (40 ft) 10 ft 3 ) with density slightly less than water (approximately 60
lb/ft 3recall that logs float) would weigh about (60 lb/ft 3 )(10 ft 3 ) = 600 lb.. Therefore, about
5 10 5 lb = 600 lb 10 3 or a thousand trees go into a weekday run of a large newspaper. (A Sunday edition might
use four times this number.)

37. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem that calls for a rough estimate, instead of a precise numerical answer.
DEVELOP For problems that involve rough estimates, various assumptions usually need to be made. Such
assumptions must be physically motivated with reasonable order-of-magnitude estimates. We shall assume that
there are 250 million people in the United States, and that each person drinks one glass of milk per day (an 8-oz
glass, or half a pint, which is equivalent to half a pound, or 0.227 kg).
EVALUATE Based on the assumption above, the amount consumed per year would be approximately
(250 10 6 )(365 d/y)(0.227 kg/d) = 2 1010 kg/y
Dividing this by the average annual production of one cow, we estimate the number of cows needed to be
2 1010 kg /y
N= = 2 10 6
10 4 kg /y
ASSESS There are approximately 9 million milk cows in the US. Based on our estimate, we do not expect any
shortage of milk supply in the near future.
 Doing Physics 1.5

38. We can estimate the number of Earth-sized planets that would fit inside the Sun by dividing the volume of the Sun
by the volume of the Earth (since both are spheres, the factor 43 cancels out):
( R/ RE )3 = (696/6.37)3 g 1.3 10 6 (values from Appendix E).

39. INTERPRET This is a problem that calls for a rough estimate, instead of a precise numerical answer. The
quantities of interest here are the total energy consumption rate (power) and the area needed for solar cells.
DEVELOP For problems that involve rough estimates, various assumptions usually need to be made. Such
assumptions must be physically motivated with reasonable order-of-magnitude estimates.
EVALUATE The electrical power consumed by the entire population of the United States, divided by the power
converted by one square meter of solar cells, is the area required by this question.
Assuming that there are 250 million people in the United States, if the electrical energy consumption rate for each
person is 3 kW (a per capita average over 24 h periods of all types of weather), then the total electrical power is
Ptot = 250 10 6 3 kW = 7.50 108 kW
On the other hand, for a solar cell with 20% efficiency in converting sunlight to electrical energy, the per square
meter yield is P1 / A = (0.20)(0.3 kW/m 2 ) = 0.060 kW/m 2. Therefore, the total area needed is
Ptot 7.50 108 kW
Atot = = = 1.25 1010 m 2 = 1.25 10 4 km 2
P1/A 0.060 kW/m 2
The land area of the United States can be approximated as the area of a rectangle the size of the distance from New
York to Los Angeles by the distance from New York to Miami, or AUS (5000 km) (2000 km) = 10 7 km 2 . Then
the fraction of area to be covered by solar cells would be
Atot 1.25 10 4 km 2
= 1.25 10 3
AUS 10 7 km 2
or approximately 0.13%.
ASSESS This represents only a small fraction of the land to be used for solar cells. The area Atot is comparable to
the fraction of land now covered by airports.
40. (a) The volume of water passing a given point on the banks of a river is called the discharge, or volume rate of
flow. The discharge equals the speed of the current times the cross-sectional area of the channel,  = vA (see
Section 15.4). A road map of Niagara Falls shows that the river is about 1 km wide at the falls, the channel area is
the width times the average depth, which is probably on the order of 1 or 2 meters. The speed of flow could be
estimated at a few m/s (3 m/s ~ 10 mi/h), so that  ~ (3 m/s)(10 3 m )(1 m ) = 3 10 3 m 3 /s. (The actual discharge
varies with weather and climatic conditions; the Mississippi River varies between 1400 and 57,000 m3/s, with an
average discharge of 17,500 m3/s.) (b) Another road map shows that Lake Erie is about 375 km long by 75 km
wide, so its area is 375 75 km 2 3 1010 m 2 . For the lake to rise 1 m requires about 3 1010 m 3 of water,
which, supplied at a flow rate of 3 1010 m 3 /s (from part (a)), would take about (3 1010 m 3 )/(3 10 3 m 3 /s) g
10 7 s g 13 y g 4 mo. (If the average depth of Lake Erie is a few tens of meters, the filling-up time, or residence
time of lake water, is several years.)
41. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem that calls for a rough estimate, instead of a precise numerical answer.
The quantity of interest here is the total number of air molecules in a room.
DEVELOP For problems that involve rough estimates, various assumptions usually need to be made. Such
assumptions must be physically motivated with reasonable order-of-magnitude estimates.
Here are our assumptions: A typical dormitory single room might have dimension of 15 ft 10 ft 8 ft (L w h),
with a volume of V = 1200 ft 3 , or approximately 34 m 3 (see Appendix C). In addition, we shall regard the air in the
room as an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure, one mole of air contains Avogadros number of
molecules, about 6.02 10 23 , and occupies a volume of 22.4 liters, or 2.24 10 2 m 3 .
EVALUATE Based on the above assumptions, the number of molecules in the dormitory room is about
6.02 10 23
N = (34 m ) = 9 10
3 26
2.24 10 2 m 3
1.6 Chapter 1

ASSESS This is a fairly large number. But the result is reasonable; each cubic meter contains on the order of
roughly 10 25 molecules.
42. A typical braid might have a cross-sectional area of a few cm 2, whereas the cross-sectional area of a single hair is
about (100 m)2 = (10 2 cm )2 = 10 4 cm 2. The number of hairs in a braid is approximately the ratio of the cross-
sectional areas (compare this reasoning with that used in Problem 38), or a few times 10 4 .
43. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem that calls for a rough estimate, instead of a precise numerical answer.
The quantity of interest here is the thickness of the bubble.
DEVELOP For problems that involve rough estimates, various assumptions usually need to be made. Such
assumptions must be physically motivated with reasonable order-of-magnitude estimates.
Here are our assumptions: The volume of gum is its mass m divided by its density r, or
V = m/ = (8 g) / (1 g/cm 3 ) = 8 cm 3 . On the other hand, the volume of the bubble (a thin spherical shell) is 4 R 2 d,
where R is the radius and d << R is the thickness, and is equal to the volume of gum.
EVALUATE With the assumptions above, the thickness of the bubble is
V 8 cm 3
d= = = 0.025 cm
4 R 2
4 (5 cm )2
ASSESS The thickness of the bubble is very small. But our estimate is reasonable. Four layers of such thickness
would be about 1 mm.

44. The Sun and the Moon subtend the same angle (about 12  when viewed from Earth; therefore
= s/r diameter/distance = d moon /4 10 5 km = dSun /1.5 108 km. (The small angle approximation is justified
since the diameter is much smaller than the distance of each body.) Thus, the ratio of the diameters is
approximately dSun /d moon = (1.5 108 /4 10 5 ) 3.8 10 2. Of course, the radii are in the same ratio as the diameters,
so if Rmoon 800 km, then RSun (3.8 10 2 ) (1800 km ) 680, 000 km.
45. INTERPRET This is a problem that calls for a rough estimate, instead of a precise numerical answer. The
quantities of interest here are the distance between the electronic components in a PC chip, and the number of
calculations that can be performed each second.
DEVELOP The area of each component (L2) is the area of the chip divided by the number of components. The
length L is the distance across each component. To estimate the number of calculations performed per second, we
first find the d, the distance traveled by electrical impulses during a calculation. With the assumption that the pulse
travels at the speed of light c, the time required to complete one calculation is given by t = d /c.
EVALUATE (a) Since the area of each component is
(4 mm )2
A= = 1.6 10 11 m 2
10 6
and A = L2 , the distance across each component is
L= A = 1.6 10 11 m 2 = 4 10 6 m = 4 m
(b) The distance traveled by electrical impulses during a calculation is
d = (10 6 )(10 4 ) L = (10 6 )(10 4 )(4 10 6 m ) = 4 10 4 m
Traveling at the speed of light, impulses would complete one calculation in t = d
c = 4 10 4 m
3108 m/s
= 1.33 10 4 s.
Therefore, in one second, the number of calculations that could be performed is
1s 1s
N= = = 7500
t 1.33 10 4 s
ASSESS A typical PC today can execute on the order of 3 billion instructions per second. If a calculation
comprises 1 million instructions, then in one second, the PC can perform on the order of 10 3 calculations. Our
result is within this range.

46. (a) Human tissue is mostly water, so for a rough estimate we could consider the human body to contain about as
many atoms as an equivalent amount of water. One mole of water (H2O) is 18 g = 0.018 kg and contains
Avogadros number of molecules, or about 3 6 10 23 atoms. An average-sized human of 70 kg (Table 1.2)
would contain about (70 kg/0.018 kg) (3 6 10 23 ) g 7.0 10 27 atoms. (b) With an average density of 1 kg/L
 Doing Physics 1.7

(same as water), the volume of an average-sized human is 70 L (volume = mass/density). The volume of an
average-sized cell (a red blood cell, Table 1.2) is about (8 m )3 g 5 10 13 L, so an average human body might
contain approximately 70/5 10 13 = 1.3 1014 cells.
47. INTERPRET We interpret this as a problem involving estimating uncertainty, given the number of significant figures.
DEVELOP Since the value 3.6 can be used to represent any number between 3.55 and 3.65, rounding to two
significant figures, we see that the uncertainty in the first decimal place is 0.05. Therefore, the percent
uncertainty in a one-decimal-place number, N, is
0.05
= 100 %
N
This obviously decreases as N increases.
EVALUATE For the numbers given, the percent uncertainty is
(a) = 100( 0.05/1.1)% 5%; (b) = 100( 0.05/5.0)% 1%; and
(c) = 100(0.05/9.9)% 0.5%.
ASSESS Our result indicates that, for a one-decimal place number N, while the uncertainty in the first decimal
place remains the same ( 0.05), independent of N, the percentage uncertainty, , becomes smaller for larger N.
48. Suppose that you cut about 1 mm of new growth from your fingernails every two weeks. Thats a rate of around
25 mm/y. Since the Atlantic Ocean is approximately 3000 mi 5000 km wide, it would have taken about
5000 km/(25 mm/y) 200 My to reach its present size, at a constant spreading rate. Geological evidence indicates
that the age of the Atlantic Ocean is in fact very close to this value, although actual spreading rates for mid-oceanic
ridges vary between 12 and 160 mm per year, and are believed to be steady for periods of only a few million years.
49. INTERPRET This problem is about converting units, and were asked to convert a distance given in miles and
yards to kilometers.
DEVELOP Well convert the two distances, 26 miles and 385 yards, into meters, and then add the two for our
final answer. From Appendix C, one mile is 1609 meters and one yard is 0.9144 meters. Well multiply each
distance by the appropriate conversion factor and add.
EVALUATE 26 miles 11,609 mile = 41, 834 m, and 385 yards 1 yard = 352 m. The total distance is
m 0.9144 m

41, 834 m + 352 m = 42,186 m. We convert this to km: 42,186 m 1,1000kmm = 42.186 km.
ASSESS A mile is about 1.6 km, so this answer seems reasonable.
50. INTERPRET This problem deals with unit conversions and significant figures.
DEVELOP Well first convert the values given in millimeters (mm) to meters (m) using the conversion
1 mm = 10 3 m. Then well apply the rules for significant figures listed in the chapter: When multiplying or
dividing, report your answer with the number of significant figures in the least-precise factor. When adding or
subtracting, report your answer to the least-precise decimal place.
EVALUATE (a) Using the least-precise decimal place, we have 1.0 m + 0.001 m = 1.0 m.
(b) The least-precise factor, 1.0 m, has two significant figures so the answer is 1.0 m 0.001 m = 0.0010 m 2
(c) The second decimal place in 1.0 m is the least precise so 1.0 m 0.999 m = 0.001 m = 0.0 m.
(d) Again, 1.0 m has two significant figures, and we find 01.999 m = 1.001001K m = 1.0 m.
.0 m

ASSESS It is important to note that sometimes the answer you get, to the right precision, is unchanged! It might
help to think of this in terms of money: If youre a millionaire, and you drop a nickel down a storm drain, youre
still a millionaire.
51. INTERPRET Estimate the number of piano tuners in Chicago? Sounds impossible, but remember that this just needs to
be an estimate. Well base our answers on reasonable numbers and report it to one significant figure at most.
DEVELOP Well estimate the population of Chicago as 3 million. Then well figure that one household out of 10
has a piano, and there are 4 or 5 people per household. A piano needs to be tuned every year or two, and it takes a
tuner about an hour. With travel time between pianos, well estimate that a full-time piano tuner might do 4 pianos
a day, 300 days a year. Last, well calculate the number of full-time piano tuners it would take to tune every piano
in Chicago, once every 2 years.
1.8 Chapter 1

EVALUATE 3 million people 1 5household

people 10 households = 60, 000 pianos
1 piano

If each piano gets tuned once every 2 years, thats 30,000 pianos per year. We have estimated that a full-time piano
tuner would do about 1000 pianos a year, so tuning all these pianos would take 30 full-time piano tuners.
ASSESS This is a rough estimate only, but its probably good to order of magnitude.
52. INTERPRET This is a unit conversion problem, where were given lengths in millimeters (mm) and nanometers (nm).
DEVELOP The total number of components that could fit on a chip equals the area of a chip divided by the area of
a single component. But we have to be sure both areas are expressed in the same units. Here well work in square
nanometers (nm 2 ). Well also treat the components as squares with 90-nm sides.
EVALUATE The 5.0 mm side of a chip in nanometers is 5 10 6 nm, and dividing the chips area by the
( 5106 nm )2
components area, we have 1 chip 1 (component
90 nm )2
3 billlion components/chip. The sales rep is not correct, as 10
billion components cant possibly fit on the chip.
ASSESS In general, if you want good technical information, talk to someone from the engineering department rather
than from the sales department.
53. INTERPRET Convert kilograms to pounds to determine the price per pound.
DEVELOP From Appendix C, 1 kg = 2.2 lb. Well multiply the cost per kilogram by this conversion factor to find
the cost per pound. Then well add the cost of shipping.
EVALUATE $8.95
0.5 kg 1 kg
2.20 lb = $8.14
1 lb . The shipping is listed as $1.92 per bag, bringing the total price to $10.06
per bag.
ASSESS Half a kilogram is a little more than one pound.
54. INTERPRET Convert various speeds in km/h to their equivalent speed in mph.
DEVELOP Since we have to do four conversions, lets find the factor that changes 1 km/h to mph, then multiply
that conversion by the four speeds to get our four answers.
EVALUATE 1hour km
1.61 km =
1 mile 0.621 mile
hour . Multiply each Canadian speed limit by 0.621 to get the speed limit in mph.

40 kph 25 mph
50 kph 31 mph
80 kph 50 mph
100 kph 62 mph
ASSESS These correspond closely to some common speed limits in the US.
55. INTERPRET Convert a half pound to kilograms.
DEVELOP 1 kg = 2.2 lb, so 1 lb = 0.45 kg. One pound is about a half kilogram.
EVALUATE Half a pound is about a quarter kilogram. Order accordingly.
ASSESS Note that this is not as precise as you might expect from a physics textbook solution. Thats actually fine,
because the precision of the answer should not be greater than the precision of the problem.