Dr Ron P Gallemore

The white blood cells in the capillaries in front of the photoreceptors can be perceived
as tiny bright moving dots when looking into blue light. This is known as the blue field
entoptic phenomenon (or Scheerer's phenomenon).

Retina Macula Institute Bio : The retina is a complex, layered structure with several
layers of neurons interconnected by synapses. The only neurons that are directly
sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells. These are mainly of two types: the rods
and cones. Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black-and-white vision,
while cones support daytime vision and the perception of colour. A third, much rarer
type of photoreceptor, the photosensitive ganglion cell, is important for reflexive
responses to bright daylight.

Retina Macula Institute

Treatment depends upon the nature of the disease or disorder. Transplantation of
retinas has been attempted, but without much success. At MIT, The University of
Southern California, and the University of New South Wales, an "artificial retina" is
under development: an implant which will bypass the photoreceptors of the retina and
stimulate the attached nerve cells directly, with signals from a digital camera.

Dr Ron P Gallemore : Ocular Ultrasound

When the view of the retina is impaired by hemorrhage in the eye, clouding of the lens
(cataract) or damage to the cornea, sound waves can be used instead of light to create
an image of the retina and the surrounding structures. The B-scan ultrasound is used
to identify complications of diabetic retinopathy including vitreous traction, retinal
detachment and blood beneath the retina. This information is used to determine the
best approach to save the vision in complicated cases.

Retina Macula Institute Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo complex
processing by other neurons of the retina. The output takes the form of action
potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. Several
important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and
processing of light.

Retina Macula Institute Info It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm². Temporal (in
the direction of the temples) to this disc is the macula. At its center is the fovea, a pit
that is most sensitive to light and is responsible for our sharp central vision. Human
and non-human primates possess one fovea as opposed to certain bird species such as
hawks who actually are bifoviate and dogs and cats who possess no fovea but a central
band known as the visual streak.

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