Republic of the Philippines

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Santa Maria, Bulacan Campus

Written Report in

REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES

Reporters:

Carable, Fernando Jr F.

Navarro, Crisslynn Joy

Oclarit, Mark Francis

Rodriguez, Quennie

November 2015
REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES

Introduction
The success of repair activity depends on the identification of the root cause of the
deterioration of the concrete structures. If this cause is properly identified, satisfactory
repairs can be done for the improvement of strength and durability, thus extending the life
of the structure, is not difficult to achieve. General procedure in the repair of distressed
concrete structure:
Support the structural members properly as required.
Remove all cracked, spalled and loose concrete.
Clean the exposed concrete surfaces and steel reinforcement.
Provide additional reinforcing bars, if the loss in reinforcement is more than 10%
Apply shortcreting/polymer concrete for patch repair work and grouting for
porous/honeycombed concrete.
Apply protective coatings over the exposed/repaired surface.
Why do some structures fall down?
Site Selection and Site Development Errors:
Failures often result from unwise land use or site selection decisions. Certain sites are
more vulnerable to failure. The most obvious examples are sites located in regions of
significant seismic activity, in coastal regions, or in flood plains. Other sites pose problems
related to specific soil conditions such as expansive soils or permafrost in cold regions.
Design Errors:
These failures include errors in concept; lack of structural redundancy; failure to
consider a load or combination of loads; deficient connection details; calculation errors;
misuse of computer software; detailing problems including selection of incompatible
materials, failure to consider maintenance requirements and durability; inadequate or
inconsistent specifications for materials or expected quality of work and unclear
communication of design intent.
Construction Errors:
Such errors may involve excavation and equipment accidents; improper sequencing;
inadequate temporary support; excessive construction loads; premature removal of shoring
or formwork; and nonconformance to design intent.
Material Deficiencies:
While it is true that most problems with materials are the result of human errors
involving a lack of understanding about materials, there are failures that can be attributed to
unexpected inconsistencies in materials.
Operational Errors:
Failures can occur after occupancy of a facility as the result of owner/operator errors.
These may include alterations made to the structure, change in use, negligent overloading
and inadequate maintenance.
Principles of rehabilitation
Elimination:
Remove the materials that cause damage to buildings. This is no easy matter,
because everything from the floor to the roofing may contain various undesirable materials
in the form of additives and admixtures.
Separation:
Some things just can't be eliminated, but can still be protected. Use sealants or foil
backed drywall to separate structures from damage causing sources.
Ventilation:
Controlled, filtered ventilation may be the only way to insure that the air we bring
indoors is ideal. High humidity air or extremely low humidity air can cause significant damage
to concrete, plaster and brick walls.
General areas of repair/rehabilitation work
Repair, removal, replacement and maintenance of mechanical supports, sanitary
treatment plant and pipelines.
Repair and modifications to diffuser ports, aeration systems, and discharge pipelines.
Installation and maintenance of dewatering structures.
Pile restoration and wood pile concrete encapsulation.
Anode installation for cathodic protection.
Repair and replacement of trash-rack and debris screen.

What is the concept of repairing?

Once problems are clearly identified and objectives have been set, a timetable for repair is
established in close consultation with the property owner that is in keeping with the findings
of the evaluation.

First and foremost, the contractor must comply with the drawing details and
specifications. To further ensure the durability of the repair, repair procedures and selection
of the repair materials must be compatible with the substrate.
REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES
Water Proofing
Under Filling
Crack Stabilization
Mud Jacking
Sheet Pilling
Anchor

WATER PROOFING
Concrete is porous and, if not waterproofed, absorbs water, waterborne contaminants and
chemicals that can cause deterioration. lf you want to protect your concrete and ensure it
has a long, serviceable life, waterproofing is essential. But how?Whats the best method
and the best material? Kevin Yuers of Kryton International reports.
To make concrete really waterproof- which means both preventing water passage and
resisting hydrostatic pressure you can waterproof from the positive (exterior) side,
negative (interior) side or from within the concrete itself (integral systems). Although the
most widely used positive-side technology is sheet membrane waterproofing, its failures and
limitations are also common and costly. Since the 1980s, many construction projects around
the globe have used integral crystalline admixtures to waterproof concrete. Integral systems
block water passage from any direction by working from the inside out, making the concrete
itself the water barrier.
It can be difficult to keep up with advancements in both membranes and crystalline
admixtures, and there have been substantial advancements in both technologies. Heres a
summary that can help make the choice more clear.

SHEET MEMBRANE SYSTEMS

Cold-applied polymer-modified bitumen is a sheet membrane composed of polymer

materials compounded with asphalt and attached to a polyethylene sheet. The polymer is
integrated with the asphalt to create a more viscous and less temperature-sensitive elastic
material compared to asphalt on its own. These sheets are self-adhering and eliminate the
harmful toxins typically associated with asphalt adhesion. They also increase tensile
strength, resistance to acidic soils, resilience, selfhealing and bond ability.
Despite such advancements, disadvantages persist. Installation can be challenging as
membranes require sealing, lapping, and finishing of seams at the corners, edges and
between sheets. Additionally, sheet membranes must be applied to a smooth finish without
voids, honeycombs or protrusions. As the membrane can puncture and tear during
backfilling, protection boards must also be installed.
ln spite of all these drawbacks, sheet membranes have been the industry norm in
waterproofing for many years they still hold the majority of the market share. Their
continued use is due to impact resistance, toughness and overall durability compared to
other membrane options.
Despite such advancements, disadvantages persist. Installation can be challenging as
membranes require sealing, lapping, and finishing of seams at the corners, edges and
between sheets. Additionally, sheet membranes must be applied to a smooth finish without
voids, honeycombs or protrusions. As the membrane can puncture and tear during
backfilling, protection boards must also be installed.
ln spite of all these drawbacks, sheet membranes have been the industry norm in
waterproofing for many years they still hold the majority of the market share. Their
continued use is due to impact resistance, toughness and overall durability compared to
other membrane options.
LIQUID-APPLIED MEMBRANES
Liquid-applied membranes can be applied with a brush, spray, roller, trowel or squeegee,
and usually contain urethane or polymeric asphalt (hot- or cold-applied) in a solvent base.
These membranes are usually applied on the positive side of cured concrete and have high
elastomeric properties. More recent technologies have also made negative-side applications
possible.
Successful waterproofing with liquid-applied membranes depends on proper thickness and
uniform application. They call for skilled, experienced labour to apply them, a clean and dry
substrate which can often be a construction environment challenge a protection layer
before backfilling, properly cured concrete to avoid problems with adhesion and blistering
and, on horizontal applications, a subslab. Liquid-applied membranes deteriorate when
exposed to UV radiation and cannot withstand foot traffic. The liquids themselves also
contain toxic and hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Although liquidapplied membranes work well on projects with multiple plane transitions,
intricate geometric shapes and protrusions, they are typically only used when prefabricated
sheets do not work.
ADMIXTURES
For the past three decades, a new type of waterproofing has been used around the globe.
These integral admixture systems are added at the batching plant or on-site and react
chemically within the concrete. Instead of forming a barrier on the positive or negative side
of concrete, they turn the concrete itself into a water barrier. Integral concrete
waterproofing systems can be densifiers, water repellents or crystalline admixtures.
Densifiers react with the calcium hydroxide formed in hydration, creating another by-
product that increases concrete density and slows water migration. They are typically not
characterised as waterproofing materials or repellents because they have no ability to seal
cracks and joints. Concrete under hydrostatic pressure requires additional waterproofing
methods to protect it from damage and deterioration.
Water repellents are also known as hydrophobic. These products typically come in liquid
form and include oils, hydrocarbons, stearates or other long-chain fatty acid derivatives.
Although hydrophobic systems may perform satisfactorily for dampproofing, they are less
successful at resisting liquid under hydrostatic pressure. Induced stresses cause cracking in
any concrete, which creates pathways for water passage. So the effectiveness of water
repellents is highly dependent on the concrete itself.
Crystalline admixtures

Crystalline-based systems typically come in a dry, powdered form and are hydrophilic in
nature. Unlike their hydrophobic counterparts, crystalline systems actually use available
water to grow crystals inside concrete, effectively closing off pathways for moisture that
can damage concrete. They block water from any direction because the concrete itself
becomes the water barrier. The crystalline formula contains no VOCs and can be completely
recycled when demolition occurs.
Additionally, crystalline admixtures offer installation advantages. Unlike traditional
membrane waterproofing, which tends to be labourintensive and expensive, crystalline
admixtures can be shipped in dissolvable, pulpable bags that are thrown into the concrete
batch during mixing. This speeds up the construction schedule and decreases labour costs
by combining steps
with concrete placing.
Integral crystalline waterproofing systems should not be used in applications under constant
movement. During the crystallisation process, crystals align in a three-dimensional array that
breaks when subjected to excessive movement. Areas that
require flexibility and face recurring movement- such as plaza decks or rooftops would be
better waterproofed another way.
Selecting right product
Efficiency is the key to success in the construction industry and selecting the right concrete
waterproofing product for the job can make or break a projects timeline. Concrete
waterproofing manufacturers are working more closely than ever with contractors to
understand the unique needs of their project, and ensure they have the right technology to
protect their structures.

UNDER FILLING
Cold techniques

Lateral condensation
The flexible, semi-solid nature of gutta-percha cones allows the filling of root canals by
means of lateral condensation, or even better compaction by means of several cones.
Lateral condensation with standardised gutta-percha cones in combination with a root canal
sealant which is not water-soluble is today the most accepted and best known technique.

Single cone method or centralised cone technique

It is possible to fill the root canal with one single standardised gutta-percha cone (the
master cone) in combination with a root canal filling paste. This is referred to as the single
cone method or the centralised cone technique. This filling technique requires less time,
material and experience than that of lateral condensation. The gutta-percha cone used must
correspond to the ISO size that conforms to the final root canal preparation. However, it is
common knowledge that root canal shapes that exhibit the round cross section,
corresponding to that of a gutta-percha cone, are rarely found. A sealed root canal filling can
only be achieved if the best possible fit between gutta-percha cone and root canal can be
guaranteed.

Modified single cone method

In this technique, solvents such as chloroform, eucalyptus oil and xylol are used to partially
dissolve the surface of the gutta-percha cone, so as to adapt its surface shape to that of the
root canal (so-called 'dipping technique').
There are various methods of putting the modified single cone technique into practice. The
solvents are either already present in the cements, or the gutta-percha cone is held in the
solvent for a certain period of time before it is introduced into the root canal.

Although this technique demonstrates an improved adaptation of the gutta-percha cone,

the apical seal is inferior as the evaporation of the solvent leads to shrinkage in the material.
The evaporation of the solvent does not just have a negative effect on the seal but it also
negatively influences the patient's health because of its neurological and cytotoxic effects.
Chloroform and xylol, above all, are known to be highly carcinogenic so that this procedure
which was developed more than 100 years ago is nowadays strictly to be avoided.

Warm techniques
The use of heat for the plasticisation of gutta-percha for the process of filling a root canal
was described as early as 1922. Up until now, a number of different ways of putting this
technique into practice have been used. Most of the more recent filling techniques use
heated and, therefore, softened gutta-percha to seal all canal openings and isthmuses.

Various root canal filling techniques have been developed on the basis of the thermo-plastic
properties of gutta-percha. The low-temperature and high-temperature treatment of gutta-
percha, warm vertical condensation, thermal compaction, gutta-percha applied thermo-
plastically to a core material, and warm lateral condensation should be mentioned here.
The McSpadden method
The Hedstroem file required for this procedure exhibits a reverse spiral of the cutting edges.
It is employed as a mechanically driven gutta-percha compressor (Gutta condenser or
compactor). The vertical or lateral condensation is achieved because the frictional warmth
created leads to a softening of the gutta-percha. The required temperature is reached when
the Hedstroem file is rotating at between 8,000 and 20,000 rpm-1A comparison between this
and other techniques showed that McSpadden's method was quicker but did not seal the
root canal more effectively. Even if the compaction period is only marginally extended, the
heat created as a result of the rotation and friction should be viewed highly critically with
regard to its effect on the surrounding tissue.

Gutta-percha injection technique at high temperatures

During the injection of gutta-percha at a high temperature, pieces of gutta-percha are
heated to a temperature of 200C in an Obtura machine until they liquefy entirely at which
point the liquid is introduced into the root canal by means of a hollow injection needle. The
original method saw the root canal being filled in just one go. In the meantime, a number of
different variations of this technique have been described.

Gutta-percha injection technique at low temperatures

In the Ultrafil system, previously prepared ampoules of -phase gutta-percha are softened,
heating them in an oven in less than 15 minutes to a temperature of 70 to 90C, and then
introduced into the root canal using an injection gun system.

From a technical standpoint, injection methods involving softened or liquefied gutta-percha

have to be subjected to criticism. The use of the injection cannula, its introduction into the
oral cavity and then into the root canal to be filled can cause problems from a clinical point
of view.
Another problem is represented by the high rate of overextension. It cannot always be
guaranteed that a prepared root canal will exhibit continuous conicity; however, this is
necessary to enable the liquefied gutta-percha to flow freely. As far as the apical seal was
concerned, no significant difference could be noticed between the named injection methods
and cold lateral condensation.

CRACK STABILIZATION

1. Cement Stabilization This is one of the more common methods of soil stabilization
due to the relatively low cost and wide availability of cement. Soil is basically combined
and mixed with cement to add strength and durability. The end result is fairly durable
and resistant to weather, making it a great choice for sandy soil environments.
However, the process is relatively labor intensive, and not healthy for the environment.
 Additionally, while the resulting soil-cement admixture has high durability, it is still
susceptible to cracking.
2. Lime Stabilization Lime stabilization is another of the popular methods of soil
stabilization. This procedure is not nearly as cost-effective as cement, and it can be
more expensive due to the cost of the burnt limestone required for the process. It is
also bad for the environment; burning lime in kilns generates toxic runoff that can
damage groundwater supply. However, it does increase the strength and stability of
soil, particularly in dry (but not sandy) environments where the material can be
compacted the total compressive strength can be increased by up to 60x in some
situations.
3. Chemical Stabilization Chemical methods of soil stabilization are a wider group, as
there are many different applications. The major advantage of this approach is that
there is likely a chemical soil stabilization solution designed for any specific environment
you may require, so performance is likely to be high. Most of the chemicals used in
these processes are dangerous for the environment though, and they can be quite
expensive as well.
4. Polymer Stabilization Polymer based methods of soil stabilization are the most
modern, and offer a number of advantages over more traditional procedures. They
involve combining the soil with non-reactive, environmentally neutral polymer based
filler material. One of the biggest advantages of polymer based methods of soil
stabilization such as those employed by GRT is that they do not negatively impact the
environment whilst creating a waterproof, semi flexible pavement. They also offer
advantages in terms of strength, and are typically one of the more affordable options as
well.

MUD JACKING

1. Light weight: The polyurethane foam weighs only 4lbs. per cubic yard, opposed to
120 lbs. of typical concrete or mud.

2. Greater lifting power: Although light weight, PolyLEVEL can support substantial
loads; it typically provides greater lifting power than mudjacking

3. Precise lifts: Metered, intermittent injections ensure more precise control of the lift.
Lifting force can also be adjusted by fine-tuning the chemical reaction that causes the
foam to expand.
 4. Soil consolidation: Polyurethane foam can penetrate small voids throughout the
underlying soil, strengthening its ability to support weight and reducing the erosion.

5. No waiting: A PolyLEVEL job allows the surface to be put back into service almost
immediately. Whereas, traditional mudjacking requires hours or days to cure.

6. Hole size: Mudjacking holes are often 2-in. in diameter or larger. This can give
walkways an unattractive polka-dot appearance after theyve been troweled over.
PolyLEVELs 5/8-in. dia. injection holes (penny-sized) are almost invisible once theyve
been filled.

SHEET PILLING

Diaphragm Walls
Diaphragm walls bear with its static function the ground and water pressure and transfer
them into the ground, through anchoring or ground resistance in its lower part. First of all,
the excavation pit shall be made, in which guide walls are set up. They represent a kind of
template for the diaphragm wall and define construction pit shape. Furthermore, they
ensure correct direction of grapple and stabilize the upper zone of diaphragm wall. The
diaphragm wall is executed in panels. In the course of diaphragm wall construction a
bentonite suspension is used, which strengthens the ground through its hydraulic pressure.
When advancing with the excavation works and as a consequence of suspension loss in the
underlying ground, it is necessary constantly to be refilled. After the required depth is
reached, reinforcement package is lowered and then the panel is concreted with concreting
pump.
This method treats the execution of diaphragm walls with special diaphragm wall
equipment.
The diaphragm walls are formed out of reinforced concrete elements, executed one by one
in the ground. This type of construction is able to perform support-, reinforcement- and
water resistant functions, which determines their application field. The most frequent use of
diaphragm walls is the excavation strengthening in urban condition

ANCHOR
The fundamental concept of ground reinforcement with ground nails involves fortification
of the ground through passive driving in of nails, close to each other, in order to create a
coherent construction and thus increase the overall strength of ground slitting and to limit
dislocation. The main idea is to transmit sustainable tensile strength, generated by tamping
the ground through friction, created in the surfaces.
Self-drilling IBO anchors are successfully used for anchoring in weak soil, coherent and non-
coherent soils, and in case of unstable drilling.
Main applications:
Tunnel digging
Reinforcement with rock bolts

Anchoring of chambers

Reinforcement in front of the tunnel chamber - bolts

Pilot with widening of the heel

Tunnel portals, trenches and zones where the open method of construction is applied

Special activities
Reinforcement of excavation pits, dams and swaths with injection anchors

Anchoring of support walls and noise barriers

Pilot fundaments and control for their support in water injection pilots /micropilots/

Reinforcing avalanche constructions

Anchoring of avalanche barriers

Self-drilling anchors are installed with drilling equipment with air or hydraulic rotation
strikes, with the help of drilling wash, appropriate for specific soil conditions.
Pilots / Drilling pilots

Building by means of pilot holes is one of the oldest methods. It is applied in soft or water-
saturated soil or in narrow building sites. Pilots vary according to the type of building,
disposition and method used.
In the process of building they are specified as single, tangent and cut-off pilots.
Reinforced packages are prepared in advance and installed in one piece or sequentially, and
then they are covered with concrete in the drilled opening. Cut-off pilots are placed in the
following order: reinforced not reinforced
Sheet piling
The sheet walls could be pressed, driven by vibrations or by hammering into the ground in
compliance with the local ground characteristics. Moreover, they could be installed as dense
wall, in excavated in the ground diaphragm panels. Since sheet walls are executed as
barriers, which are water impermeable, it is possible at their joining with cohesive soil layer
or artificial dense bottom, the need of ground water table lowering on big areas to drop out.

Drainage

This system uses a series of wells, connected into a joint suction collector. Many single wells
can be connected to one pump only (usually located in the suction collector). This type of
system works effectively in variable soils and in shallow water-carrying layers, where the
water level has been lowered to a waterproof layer.

Construction excavations

Construction pits are formed from excavating the soil and include basements and the
underground floors when the closed method of construction is applied. This includes all
elements as walls, bottoms, reinforcement and retaining water. If the underground water
level is above the lowest part of the pit (excavation bottom), they have to be lowered. This
is done with the help of the so-called water-lowering by means of wells. Another method is
to lay concrete on the excavation bottom in the shape of a compact concrete plate made of
waterproof concrete.