Section 1 Eurocode 0 - EN1990

1.1 Foreword

E N 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design is the head document in the

Eurocode suite. It describes the basis and general principles for the
structural design and verification of buildings and civil engineering works
including geotechnical aspects, the principles and requirements for safety and
serviceability of structures and guidelines for related aspects of structural
reliability in all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate
performance, including fire and seismic events. Consisting of only one part, it is
used with all the other Eurocodes (1 to 9) for design.

The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards

generally consisting of a number of Parts:
EN 1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of Structural Design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures.

Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each

Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to
regulatory safety matters at national level where these continue to vary from
State to State.

1.2 National Standards implementing Eurocodes

The National Standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of
the Eurocode (including any annexes), as published by CEN, which may be

Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls page 17

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

preceded by a National title page and National foreword, and may be followed by
a National annex. The National annex may only contain information on those
parameters which are left open in the Eurocode for national choice, known as
Nationally Determined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildings and
civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e.:
values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode
values to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode
country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc.), e.g. snow map
the procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the
Eurocode.

It may also contain:

decisions on the application of informative annexes
references to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the
user to apply the Eurocode.

1.3 National annex for EN 1990

This standard gives alternative procedures, values and recommendations for

classes with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made.
Hence the National Standard implementing EN 1990 should have a National
annex containing all Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the design
of buildings and civil engineering.

1.4 Verification tests

EN1990.XLS.4.4 MB. Created: 5 January 2013. Last/Rel.-date: 6 March 2013.

Sheets:
Splash
Annex A1-B
Annex C
Annex D.

EXAMPLE 1-ATargetreliabilityindextest1

Given: Targetreliabilityindex(1year): 1 = 4 7 (ultimatelimitstate:seetab.C2EN1990).Find

theprobabilityoffailure P f (seeta.C1EN1990)relatedto andthevalueof fora
differentreferenceperiod(say100years).
[Referencesheet:AnnexC][CellRange:A1:O1A23:O23].

page 18 Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls

 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

Solution: IntheLevelIIprocedures(seeFigureC1EN1990Overviewofreliabilitymethods),an
alternativemeasureofreliabilityisconventionallydefinedbythereliabilityindex
whichisrelatedtotheprobablyoffailure P f by:
Pf =
where isthecumulativedistributionfunctionofthestandardisedNormaldistribution.

ThegeneralformulafortheprobabilitydensityfunctionoftheNormaldistributionis:
x 2
exp ------------------ - x 2 2 2
2 2 e
f x = --------------------------------------- = ------------------------------
2 2
where isthelocationparameterand isthescaleparameter.Thecasewhere = 0 and
= 1 iscalledtheStandardNormaldistribution.Theequationforthestandardnormal
distributionis:

exp ---- x- 2 x-
----
2

2
2 e
f x = ------------------------ = ---------- .
2 2
Theprobabilityoffailure P f canbeexpressedthroughaperformancefunctiongsuch
thatastructureisconsideredtosurviveifg>0andtofailifg<0: P f = Prob g 0 .
IfgisNormallydistributed, istakenas = g g (where g isthemeanvalueofg,and g is
thestandarddeviation),sothat: g g = 0 and P f = Prob g 0 = Prob g g g .
Thecumulativedistributionfunction(CDF) ofarandomvariableistheprobabilityofits
valuefallingintheinterval ; ,asafunctionofx.
TheCDFofthestandardnormaldistribution,usuallydenotedwiththecapitalGreekletter ,is
theintegral:
4 7 x-2
----
1
e
2
= f x dx = ---------- dx .
2

END NOTE

For = 4 7 = 1 (1year):
4 7 x-2
----
1
e
2
4 7 = ---------- dx 10 6 .
2

Forareferenceperiodofn=100yearsthereliabilityindex n is(seeeq.C.3EN1990):
n = 1 n n = 4 7 100 10 6 100 = 10 4 n = 3 7 ,
1
where n = n istheinverseofthecumulativedistributionfunction.Thequantileof
thestandardnormaldistributionistheinverseofthecumulativedistributionfunction.
example-end

Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls page 19

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

EXAMPLE 1-BApproachforcalibrationofdesignvalues(sectionC7EN1990)test2

Given: Calculatethedesignvaluesofactioneffects E d andresistances R d .Assumeatarget

reliabilityindexequalto = 4 8 .Thestandarddeviationsoftheactioneffectand
resistanceare,respectively: E = 5 0 , R = 5 0 .
[Referencesheet:AnnexC][CellRange:A27:O27A70:O70].

Solution: Thedesignvaluesofactioneffects E d andresistances R d shouldbedefinedsuchthatthe

probabilityofhavingamoreunfavourablevalueisasfollows[see(C.6a),(C.6b)EN1990]:
P E E d = + E
P R R d = R .
substituting E and R intoeq.(C.7)EN1990,weobtain: 0 16 E R 7 6 .Thevalues
ofFORMsensivityfactors E and R maybetakenas 0 7 and 0 8 ,respectively.This
gives:
3 36 x2
-----
1

2
P E E d = + E = 0 7 = 0 7 4 8 = 3 36 = ---------- e dx
2

3 84 x-2
----
1

2
P R R d = R = 0 8 = 0 8 4 8 = 3 84 = ---------- e dx .
2

Usingthegivennumericaldata,wefind(leadingvariableonly):
4
P E E d = + E = 3 90 10
5
P R R d = R = 6 15 10 .

Whentheactionmodelcontainsseveralbasicvariables,fortheaccompanyingactionsthe
designvalueisdefinedby:
P E E d = + E 0 4 ,
fromwhichweobtain:
2
P E E d = + E 0 4 = 0 28 = 0 28 4 8 = 1 344 = 8 95 10 .

example-end

EXAMPLE 1-CApproachforcalibrationofdesignvalues(sectionC7EN1990)test3

Given: Considerthesameassumptionsintheexampleabove( = 4 8 ).Assume E = 1 0 ,

R = 7 0 .Findthedesignvaluesofactioneffects E d andresistances R d .
[Referencesheet:AnnexC][CellRange:A27:O27A70:O70].

page 20 Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls

 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

Solution: Thecondition 0 16 E R 7 6 isnotsatisfied: = 1 0 shouldbeusedforthe

variablewiththelargerstandarddeviation,and = 0 4 forthevariablewiththe
smallerstandarddeviation.
Thevalueof isnegativeforunfavourableactionsandactioneffects,andpositivefor
resistances.Usingthesevaluesof ,thedesignequationsbecome:
2
P E E d = + E = 0 4 = 0 4 4 8 = 2 74 10
7
P R R d = R = 1 0 = 4 8 = 7 93 10 .
Fortheaccompanyingactionsthedesignvalueis(smallerstandarddeviation):
1
P E E d = + E 0 4 = 0 4 0 4 = 0 16 4 8 = 2 21 10 .

example-end

EXAMPLE 1-DApproachforcalibrationofdesignvalues(sectionC7EN1990)test4a

Given: Derivethedesignvaluesofvariableswithaprobabilityequalto 10 4 (reliabilityindex

around = 3 8 )usingaGumbeldistribution.Assume:
E = 30 ; E = 1 0
R = 30 ; R = 7 0
(meanvalueandstandarddeviationoftheactioneffectandresistance,respectively).
[Referencesheet:AnnexC][CellRange:A74:O74A140:O140].

Solution: Consideringthesameassumptionsintheexampleabove(condition 0 16 E R 7 6
notsatisfied),itisseenthat:

E E E E E R R R R R
- 0,40 1,52 0,033 9,36 x 1,00 - 3,80 0,233 7,23 x
10 -1 10 -5

Table 1.1 Input data. See previous examples.

FromtableC3EN1990Designvaluesforvariousdistributionfunctions,byusingthe
Gumbeldistributionwiththegivennumericaldata,itfollowsthat:
0 577 0 577
a = -------------- = ---------- = 0 183 ; u = R --------------- = 30 --------------- = 26 85
R 6 7 6 a 0 183
= ---------
a = ------------- 577- = 30 0--------------
- = 1 283 ; u = 0-------------- 577- = 29 55 .
E
E 6 1 6 a 1 283

Therefore,itis(leadingvariableaction):
1 1 5 1
X di R = u --- ln ln R = u --------------- ln ln 7 235 10 = u --------------- 2 255
a 0 183 0 183

Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls page 21

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

1
X di R = 26 85 --------------- 2 255 = 14 5
0 183
1 1 1 1
X di E = u --- ln ln E = u --------------- ln ln 9 357 10 = u + --------------- 2 712
a 1 283 1 283
1
X di R = 29 55 + --------------- 2 712 = 31 7 .
1 283
example-end

EXAMPLE 1-EApproachforcalibrationofdesignvalues(sectionC7EN1990)test4b

Given: Consideringthesameassumptionsintheexampleabove(seetab.1.1),derivethedesign
valuesofactioneffects E d withaprobabilityequalto 10 4 usingaNormalanda
Lognormaldistribution.
[Referencesheet:AnnexC][CellRange:A74:O74A140:O140].

Solution: Rememberingthatthecondition 0 16 E R 7 6 isnotsatisfied,thedesignvalueof

actioneffectsforNormaldistribution(seetab.C3EN1990Designvaluesforvarious
distributionfunctions)becomes:
X di E = = 30 + 0 40 3 8 1 = 31 5 .
Havingcalculated V = E E = 1 30 = 0 033 0 2 ,thedesignvalueofactioneffectsfor
Lognormaldistributionbecomes:
X di E = exp V = 30 exp 0 40 3 8 0 033 = 30 1 051 = 31 6 .

example-end

EXAMPLE 1-F0factors(sectionC10EN1990)test5

Given: Usetheexpressionsintab.C4EN1990forobtainingthe 0 factorsinthecaseof

twovariableactions.Considerthefollowingassumptions:
referenceperiodT=50years
greaterofthebasicperiods(foractionstobecombined)T1=7years
reliabilityindex = 3 8
coefficientofvariationV=0,30oftheaccompanyingaction(forthereferenceperiod).
[Referencesheet:AnnexC][CellRange:A144:O144A189:O189].

Solution: ThedistributionfunctionsinTableC4refertothemaximawithinthereferenceperiodT.
Thesedistributionfunctionsaretotalfunctionswhichconsidertheprobabilitythatan
actionvalueiszeroduringcertainperiods.Thetheoryisbasedonthecalculationofthe

page 22 Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls

 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

inversegammadistributionsprobabilitydensityfunctionoftheextremevalueofthe
accompanyingactioninthereferenceperiod.

Thegammadistribution,liketheLognormaldistribution,isatwoparameterfamilyofcontinuous
probabilitydistributions.Thegeneralformulafortheprobabilitydensityfunctionofthegamma
distributionis:
1
x - -
----------- exp x-----------

f x = ---------------------------------------------------------- ; x ; 0 .

where istheshapeparameter, isthelocationparameter, isthescaleparameter,and is
thegammafunctionwhichhastheformula:

t
1 t
= e dt .
0

Thecasewhere = 0 and = 1 iscalledthestandardgammadistribution.Theequationfor

thestandardgammadistributionreducesto:
1 x
e - ; x 0 ; 0 .
f x = x-----------------

Thegammadistributioncanbeparameterizedintermsofashapeparameter andaninverse
scaleparameter 1 = ,calledarateparameter:
1
g x ; = ------------ x 1 e x ,

Withthisparameterization,a gamma distributionhasmean andvariance 2 .Asin
thelognormaldistribution,xandtheparameters and mustbepositive.Thecumulative
distributionfunctionistheregularizedgammafunction:
x
1 - 1 t
Fx = PX x = -----------

t e dt .
0

Theinversegammadistributionsprobabilitydensityfunctionisdefinedoverthesupportx>0:
1 / x
g x ; 1 = ------------ x e .

1
Therefore,theinverse F x ofthecumulativedistributionfunction F x isthequantileofthe
1
standardgammadistribution: F x = x .
END NOTE

Ratioapproximatedtothenearestinteger: N 1 = T T 1 = 50 7 = 7 14 7 .
Shapeparameter (gammadistribution):
k = 2 = 1 V 2 = V 2 = 0 30 2 = 11 1 =
Scaleparameter (gammadistribution):

Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls page 23

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

= -----------
= ----- - = V 2 = 0 30 2 = 11 1 = --1- = 11 1 1
2 V2 2
FromtableC4EN1990:

0 7 0 7 3 8 2 66
= 1
------------------------- = 1
------------------------------------- = 1
-------------------------- = 3 3
N1 N1 7
0 4 = 0 4 3 3 = 1 32 = 0 9066 ; 0 4 N1 = 0 9066 7 = 0 5034
0 7 = 0 7 3 8 = 2 66 = 0 9961 ; 0 7 N1 = 0 9961 7 = 0 9730 ;
ln 0 7 = ln 0 9961 = 0 0039 ,
0 4 = 0 4 3 3 = 1 32 = 0 0934
N 1 0 4 = 7 0 0934 = 0 6538
exp N 1 0 4 = exp 0 6538 = 0 5200
0 28 = 0 28 3 8 = 1 06 = 0 8563 ; ln 0 28 = ln 0 8563 = 0 1551
Quantiles(for = 11 1 , = 1 11 1 ):
1 N 1 1 N 1
F S 0 4 1 = F S 0 5034 = 0 9727 , F S 0 7 1 = F S 0 9730 = 1 6546
1 1
F S 0 7 = F S 0 9961 = 1 9797
1 1
F S exp N 1 0 4 = F S 0 5200 = 0 9850 .
SubstitutingthenumericaldatalistedaboveintoexpressionsintableC4EN1990,wefind:
a)Generalexpression:
1 N
F accompanying F S 0 4 1 9727- = 0 588 .
0 = -----------------------------
- = ------------------------------------------------ = 0-----------------
F leading 1
F S 0 7
N1 1 6546

b)Approximationforverylarge N 1 :
1
F accompanying F S exp N 1 0 4 0 9850
0 = ------------------------------ = --------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------ = 0 497 .
F leading 1
F S 0 7 1 9797

c)Normal(approximation):
F accompanying 1 + 0 28 0 7 ln N 1 V 1 + 0 28 3 8 0 7 ln 7 0 30 0 9106
0 = ------------------------------ = -------------------------------------------------------------
- = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------ =
F leading 1 + 0 7V 1 + 0 7 3 8 0 30 1 798
= 0 506 .
d)Gumbel(approximation):
F accompanying 1 0 78V 0 58 + ln ln 0 28 + ln N 1
0 = ------------------------------ = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-=
F leading 1 0 78V 0 58 + ln ln 0 7
1 0 78 0 30 0 58 + ln 0 1551 + ln 7 1 0 78 0 30 0 58 1 8637 + 1 9459
= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
1 0 78 0 30 0 58 + ln 0 0039 1 0 78 0 30 0 58 5 5468
8450-
0-----------------
= = 0 391 .
2 1622
example-end

page 24 Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls

 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

EXAMPLE 1-GD7.2Assessmentviathecharacteristicvaluetest6

Given: FindthedesignvalueofthepropertyXconsideringalreadyknowntheratio d m
betweenthedesignfactoroftheconversionfactorandthepartialfactorofthematerial.
Supposeasimplerandomsampleofsizen=30isdrawnfromapopulationhavingmean
andstandarddeviation (seetablebelow). Suppose the original distribution is
normal.

n xi n xi
1 19,3 16 17,3

2 19,8 17 19,2

3 20,1 18 22,4

4 20,4 19 16,0

5 20,3 20 15,0

6 19,3 21 15,6

7 18,0 22 18,2

8 17,4 23 17,4

9 21,3 24 19,2

10 19,4 25 16,3

11 20,2 26 15,3

12 20,5 27 14,0

13 21,0 28 13,0

14 22,3 29 15,3

15 18,5 30 16,5

Table 1.2 Sample results (n = 30). Reference Sheet: Annex D. Cell-Range B50:B64 - E50:E64.

Findthemean,variance,standarddeviationandthecoefficientofvariationofthe
samplingdistribution.Roundingtothefirstdecimal.
[Referencesheet:AnnexD][CellRange:A1:O1A82:O82].

Solution: Meanofthen=30sampleresults:
19 3 + 19 8 + 20 1 + 20 4 + + 13 0 + 15 3 + 16 5
m X = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 18 3 .
30
Variance:
1
s x2 = --------------- 19 3 18 3 2 + 19 8 18 3 2 + 20 1 18 3 2 + + 16 5 18 3 2 = 6 0 .
30 1

Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls page 25

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

Standarddeviation: s x = 6 0 = 2 45 .
Coefficientofvariation:
sx 45- = 0 13 .
V X = ------ = 2-----------
mx 18 3
Valuesof k n forthe5%characteristicvalueforn=30(seetab.D1RN1990):

1 67 V x known
kn =
1 73 V x unknown
DesignvalueofthepropertyX:

Xk n 14 3 V x known
- = -----d m x 1 k n V x = -----d 18 3 1 1 67 0 13 = -----d
X d = d -----------
m m m 1 73 m 14 2 V x unknown
havingconsideredalreadyknowntheratio d m .
example-end

EXAMPLE 1-HD7.2Assessmentviathecharacteristicvaluetest7

Given: Consideringthesamesampleresultintheexampleabove(seetab.1.2)andsupposing
the original distribution is Log-normal, find thedesignvalueofapropertyX
consideringalreadyknowntheratio d m .Roundingtothefirstdecimal.
[Referencesheet:AnnexD][CellRange:A84:O84A125:O125].

Solution: Estimatedvalue m y for E :

n n
1 1 1
m y = = ---
n ln i = ---
n i = ------ ln 19 3 + ln 19 8 + + ln 15 3 + ln 16 5 = 2 897
30
i=1 i=1

Estimatedvalue s for :
sy = s = ln V 2 + 1 V = 0 09 [input:(If V isknownfrompriorknowledge)].
Estimatedvalue s for [(If V isunknownfrompriorknowledge)]:

n
1 -
sy = s = -----------
n1 m
i y
2 =
i=1

1-
= ----- 2 960 2 897 2 + 2 986 2 897 2 + + 2 602 2 897 2 = 0 139 .
29
Valuesof k n forthe5%characteristicvalueforn=30(seetab.D1EN1990):

1 67 V x known
kn =
1 73 V x unknown

page 26 Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls

 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

DesignvalueofthepropertyX:

15 6 V x known
X d = -----d exp m y k n s y = -----d exp 2 897 1 67 0 09 = -----d
m m 1 73 0 139 m 14 2 V x unknown

havingconsideredalreadyknowntheratio d m .
example-end

EXAMPLE 1-ID8.2Standardevaluationprocedure(Method(a))test8

Given: Developadesignmodelleadingtothederivationofaresistancefunction(seesection
D8.2EN1990Standardevaluationprocedure(Method(a))).Checkthevalidityofthismodel
bymeansofastatisticalinterpretationofallavailabletestdata(seetablebelow)(1).Verify
thatasufficientcorrelationisachievedbetweenthetheoreticalvaluesandthetestdata.
[Referencesheet:AnnexD][CellRange:A173:O173A384:O384].

r ti r ei r ti r ei
10,5 10,9 18,9 18,4

12,6 12,3 19,4 18,9

14,7 14,9 19,7 19,5

14,9 14,2 20,4 20,8

15,1 14,8 20,8 21,0

15,3 14,7 21,4 21,7

15,8 15,2 21,9 22,0

16,1 15,6 22,5 22,8

16,5 15,5 22,9 23,2

16,9 15,0 23,6 23,9

17,2 16,5 23,9 24,1

17,4 16,9 24,7 25,0

17,8 17,5 25,2 25,5

18,1 18,5 25,9 26,2

18,5 18,3 26,4 25,0

Table 1.3 Sample results (n = 30). Reference Sheet: Annex D. Cell-Range A194:B208 - D194:E208.

(1) rti theoretical values; rei experimental values from the tests.

Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls page 27

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

Solution: Forthestandardevaluationprocedurethefollowingassumptionsaremade:
theresistancefunctionisafunctionofanumberofindependentvariablesX
asufficientnumberoftestresultsisavailable
allrelevantgeometricalandmaterialpropertiesaremeasured
thereisnostatisticalcorrelationbetweenthevariablesintheresistancefunction
allvariablesfolloweitheraNormaloralognormaldistribution.

Step1.Developadesignmodel,sayingeneral:
r ti = A i B i C I D I H I L I M I N I Q I T I .

Step2.Compareexperimentalandtheoreticalvalues.
Thepointsrepresentingpairsofcorrespondingvalues( r ti ; r ei )areplottedonadiagram
(seedataontable1.3):

Figure 1.1 Windows screen image: figure D1-EN1990 (re - rt diagram).

Aswecanseeinfigure1.1,allofthepointslieontheline = 4 (equation r e = r t ).It

meansthattheresistancefunctionisreasonablyexactandcomplete:asufficient
correlationisachievedbetweenthetheoreticalvaluesandthetestdata.

Step3.Estimatethemeanvaluecorrectionfactorb.

page 28 Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls

 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

r ei r ti = 10 5 10 9 + 12 6 12 3 + + 26 4 25 0 = 11401
i=1

r 2
ti = 10 5 2 + 12 6 2 + 14 7 2 + + 25 9 2 + 26 4 2 = 11501
i=1

r ei r ti

- = 11401
i=1
b = ------------------
n
--------------- = 0 991 .
11501
r ti2
i=1

Probabilisticmodeloftheresistance r = br t .Themeanvalueofthetheoreticalresistance
function,calculatedusingthemeanvaluesXmofthebasicvariables,canbeobtained
from:
r m = br t X m = bg rt X m .

Step4.Estimatethecoefficientofvariationoftheerrors.
Theerrorterm i foreachexperimentalvalue r ei shouldbedeterminedfromexpression
(D9EN1990):
r ei
i = -------
-.
br ti
Fromwhich,usingthegivennumericaldataintotable1.3,wefind(roundingtothree
decimalplaces):
r e1 10 9 - = 1 047 ; = ln = ln 1 047 = 0 046 ;
1 = --------
- = --------------------------------
br t1 0 991 10 5 1 1

r e2 12 3
2 = --------
- = --------------------------------- = 0 985 ; 2 = ln 2 = ln 0 985 = 0 015 ;
br t2 0 991 12 6
r e3 14 9
3 = --------
- = --------------------------------- = 1 023 ; 3 = ln 3 = ln 1 023 = 0 023 ;
br t3 0 991 14 7
...
r e30 25 0
30 = ----------
- = --------------------------------- = 0 956 ; 30 = ln 30 = ln 0 956 = 0 045 .
br t30 0 991 26 4
Substitutingtheabovenumericaldataintoexpressions(D.11),(D.12),(D13),wefind:
n n
1 1 0 046 0 015 + 0 023 + 0 045
= ---
n i = ---
n ln = i ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 0 005
30
i=1 i=1

n
1 0 046 + 0 005 2 + 0 015 + 0 005 2 + + 0 045 + 0 005 2 = 0 001

2
s 2 = ------------ i = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n1 29
i=1

Coefficientofvariation V ofthe i errorterms:

Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls page 29

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

V = exp s 2 1 = exp 0 001 2 1 = 0 032 .

Step5.Analysecompatibility.
Thecompatibilityofthetestpopulationwiththeassumptionsmadeintheresistance
functionshouldbeanalysed.Ifthescatterofthe r ei ; r ti valuesistoohightogive
economicaldesignresistancefunctions,thisscattermaybereduced.Todeterminewhich
parametershavemostinfluenceonthescatter,thetestresultsmaybesplitintosubsets
withrespecttotheseparameters.Whendeterminingthefractilefactors k n (seestep7),the
k n valueforthesubsetsmaybedeterminedonthebasisofthetotalnumberofthetestsin
theoriginalseries.

Step6.Determinethecoefficientsofvariation V Xi ofthebasicvariables.
Consider,forexample,thedesignmodelforthetheoreticalresistance r ti asrepresented
bythefollowingrelation(bearingresistanceforbolts):
r ti = 2 5d i t i f ui 2 5 B i C i D i ;( A i = A = 2 5 = cos t ).
Theresistancefunctionabovecoversallrelevantbasicvariables X thataffectthe
resistanceattherelevantlimitstate.Thecoefficientsofvariation V Xi willnormallyneed
tobedeterminedonthebasisofsomepriorknowledge.Therefore,letussay:
1)coefficientofvariation V d = 0 04 ofthebasicvariableoftheboltsdiameter;
2)coefficientofvariation V t = 0 05 oftheb.v.ofthethicknessoftheconnectedpart;
3)coefficientofvariation V fu = 0 07 oftheb.v.oftheultimatetensilestrengthofthe
materials.

Step7.Determinethecharacteristicvalue r t oftheresistance.
Theresistancefunctionforj(=4)basicvariablesisaproductfunctionoftheform:
r = br t = b A B C D .
Coefficientofvariation V r :

j
V2r = V 2 + 1 V + 1 1 = V 2 + 1 V a2 + 1 V d2 + 1 V t2 + 1 V fu + 1 1
2 2
Xi
i=1

havingconsidered V A = 0 fortheconstant A = 2 5 .Therefore,roundedtotwodecimal

places,wefind:
V2r = 0 032 2 + 1 0 2 + 1 0 04 2 + 1 0 05 2 + 1 0 07 2 + 1 1 = 0 01

V = exp s 2 1 = 0 032
n
V rt2 = V = V a2 + V d2 + V t2 + V fu = 0 + 0 04 2 + 0 05 2 + 0 07 2 = 0 009 .
2 2
xi
i=1

Thenumberoftestislimited(n=30<100).Inthiscasethecharacteristicresistance r k
shouldbeobtainedfrom[seeequation(D.17)EN1990]:
r k = bg rt X m exp k rt Q rt k n Q 0 5Q 2 with:

page 30 Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls

 E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

Q = ln V r2 + 1 = ln 0 01 + 1 = 0 100
Q rt = ln V rt2 + 1 = ln 0 009 + 1 = 0 095 ; rt = Q rt Q = 0 095 0 100 = 0 95
Q = ln V 2 + 1 = ln 0 032 2 + 1 = 0 032 ; = Q Q = 0 032 0 100 = 0 32 .
Valuesof k n forthe5%characteristicvalueforn=30(seetab.D1EN1990):

k 1 64 for n
=
kn 1 73 V x unknown
Substitutingthenumericaldataintoexpressionsabove,wefindthecharacteristicvalueof
theresistance:
r k = r m exp k rt Q rt k n Q 0 5Q 2 =
= r m exp 1 64 0 95 0 095 1 73 0 32 0 032 0 5 0 100 2 = r m exp 0 171 =
= r m exp 0 171 = r m 0 84
Herethecharacteristicvalue r k isrepresentedasbeingproportionaltoitsmean r m .
example-end

EXAMPLE 1-JD8.3Standardevaluationprocedure(Method(b))test9

Given: Consideringthesameassumptionsintheexampleabove,determinethedesignvalueof
theresistancebytakingaccountofthedeviationsofallthevariables.
[Referencesheet:AnnexD][CellRange:A387:O387A413:O413].

Solution: InthiscasetheprocedureisthesameasinD8.2,exceptedthatstep7isadaptedby
replacingthecharacteristicfractilefactor k n bythedesignfractilefactor k d n equaltothe
product R assessedat 0 8 3 8 = 3 04 ascommonlyaccepted(seeAnnexCEN1990)
toobtainthedesignvalue r d oftheresistance.
Forthecaseofalimitednumberoftests(hereinn=30<100)thedesignvalue r d shouldbe
obtainedfrom:
r d = bg rt X m exp k d rt Q rt k d n Q 0 5Q 2
where:
k d n isthedesignfractilefactorfromtableD2forthecase V X unknown
k d isthevalueof k d n for n [ k d = 3 04 ].
Thevalueof k d n fortheULSdesignvalue(leading)is3,44(seetableD2EN1990).
Therefore,weget:
r d = r m exp k d rt Q rt k d n Q 0 5Q 2 =
= r m exp 3 04 0 95 0 095 3 44 0 32 0 032 0 5 0 100 2 = r m exp 0 315 =
= r m exp 0 315 = r m 0 73
havingrepresented r d asbeingproportionaltoitsmean.

Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls page 31

E UROCODES S PREADSHEETS S TRUCTURAL D ESIGN
S ECTION 1 E UROCODE 0 - EN1990

Dividingthecharacteristicvaluebythedesignvalueweobtain:
r r m 0 84
R = ----k = --------------------- 1 15
rd r m 0 73
havingestimated V fromthetestsampleunderconsideration(seedataintab.1.3).
example-end

EXAMPLE 1-KD8.4Useadditionalpriorknowledgetest10

Given: Determinethecharacteristicvalue r k ofresistancewhen:

onlyonefurthertestiscarriedout.
twoorthreefurthertestsarecarriedout.
Supposethatthemaximumcoefficientofvariationobservedinprevioustestsisequalto
V r = 0 09 .
[Referencesheet:AnnexD][CellRange:A419:O419A438:O438].

Solution: Ifonlyonefurthertestiscarriedout,thecharacteristicvalue r k maybedetermined

fromtheresult r e ofthistestbyapplying(D.24EN1990):
r k = r e k = r e 0 9 exp 2 31V r 0 5V r2 = r e 0 9 exp 2 31 0 09 0 5 0 09 2 = r e 0 73
where k isareductionfactorapplicableinthecaseofpriorknowledge.
Iftwoorthreefurthertestsarecarriedout,thecharacteristicvalue r k maybedetermined
fromthemeanvalue r em ofthetestresultsbyapplying(D.26EN1990):
r k = r e k = r e exp 2 0V r 0 5V r2 = r e exp 2 0 0 09 0 5 0 09 2 = r e 0 83
providedthateachextreme(maximumorminimum)value r ee satisfiesthecondition:
r ee r em 0 10 r em .

example-end

1.5 References [Section 1]

BS EN 1990 - Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design, 1 July 2002

European Committee for Standardization (2001) Eurocode: Basis of Structural

Design, CEN, Brussels, EN 1990

Ferry-Borges, J. and Casteneta, M. (1972) Structural Safety. Laboratorio

Nacional de Engenheria Civil, Lisbon.

page 32 Topic: Users Manual/Verification tests - EN1990.xls