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25 October 1976
Final Report
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SEUIC.L SSIFICATi0N OF THIS PAc;E 01Rhen, fl. I..,~)Ii~)Is~crO~
46SSS-R-77-3046
*"
7 AUTHOR[-C~I~"P
/9 E. S. Gaffney~
DNA 1-75-C
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS ,,10 PROGRAM ELLE:N~T PPOJE' TASK(
UNC LASSI1FI ED
15. DECLASSIFICATION DOANGRADING
SCHEDULE
0
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
I8 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19 KEY WORDS (C.,,,!,n.,e oil 'ever,.. lide. d neremsary rind idenify hi,block ounhbr,
1*f
~jif a ~
[NCLASS I Fl11)
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(4han Data FIneered)
UNCLASSIFIED
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION ------------------- 5
III. RESULTS---------------------6
IV. DISCUSSION--------------------- 14
REFERENCES--------------------46
CIA
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGbRE PAGE
2
iLIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
--W
I. INTRODUCTION
I gP QJL -
t 5
Ii. TEST EQUIPMENT AN) INSTRUMENTATION
III. RESULTS
3
S has used the instrumentation described above to
measure frictional properties of five rocks, bronze and teflon
sliding on steel at velocities between 10 and 30 m/s. The
materials studied are described in Table 3.1. Data, in the form
of sliding velocity (c), normal stress* (a) and tangential
stress (T), are shown in Table 3.2 for tuff from the Tonopah
Test Range (TTR); in Table 3.3 for dry Dakota sandstone; in
Table 3.4 for -.et Dakota sandstone; in Table 3.5 for Solenhofen
6
U) 4-)
0 W E
U)
44
E- -)
0
:v 0
U I
4
0
0
4-4
Cl)
a-4 al
U) 4-'
U)
01E-4
0 H
F-I u
U0
4 H
Pi 44
(a) Sample J/11 N H UMME M
Normal Load
2 V/div - 35.6 kN/div ,rumMhIEEEEE
Lower Trace
Tangential Load
1 V/div 17.8 kN/div
50 ms/div N/(iIm m m ml
(c) Velocity
Tachometer Output
1 cycle = 1/10 rev
Sweep Rate = 50 ms/div
8
Table 3.1 Description of materials tested.
9
Table 3.2 Raw friction data for welded tuff
sliding on steel.
Test c a T
No. (ni/S) (MPa) (MPa)
75F19 30 33.9 8 .7
10
Table 3.3 Raw friction data for dry sandstone
sliding on steel.
Test c G -
No. (m/s) (MPa) (MPa)
76F0l 11 13 4.6
5.6
76F04 10 23 5.8
8.5
76F07 12 47 14.1
17.4
76F02 20 15 4.8
4.2
76F05 23 29 9.6
6.6
76F08 20 59 8.9
7.1
76F03 32 15 6.
76F06 32 22 7.G
6.6
76F09 32 46 10.1
11.5
Table 3.4 Raw friction data for wet sandstone
sliding on steel.
Test c G T
No. (m/s) (MPa) (MPa)
12
Table 3.5 Raw friction data for limestone
sliding on steel.
Solenhofen limestone
Test c G T
No. (m/s) (MPa) (MPa)
.. .. ... . .
13
limestone; in Table 3.6 for sand-cement grout; in Table 3.7
for 660 bronze; and in Table 3.8 for teflon (polytetrafluor-
ethylene). The data are also presented graphically in Figures
3.1 through 3.6, respectively. Some of the data on tuff and
dry sandstone have been reported previously (1 ) .
IV. DISCUSSION
= T + Va ea/*(i)
14
Table 3.6 Raw friction data f~or sand-cemnent grout
sliding on steel.
Test c0
No. (rn/s) (MPa) (MPa)
76F13 10 29 7.8
26 6.2
76F16 10 46 10.6
76F11 22 13 4.9
13 5.1
76F14 21 33 9.9
33 7.6
76F17 20 42 7.6
42 8.8
76F12 33 14 4.9
14 4.5
76F15 30 30 6.0
30 6.3
Table 3.7 Raw friction data for bronze
sliding on steel.
Test c a '
No. (M/s) (MPa) (MPa)
16
T"able 3.8 Raw friction data for teflon sliding on steel.
Test c ar T
No. (M/s) (MPa) (MPa)
17
4-)
(15
4-)
-r4
r4)
U) U)
IN-I
'0
f4
o 4-
CD)
C)~ 2-'i
CN CN
0 00
0u
00
4~ 1)
QU)
00
CUU
0 cfl
4-) )
-40
En ( U)
44 Old C
00
0 0 0
4-).
ro (d
12) -4-)C)
304
(n (1) U) 0 0
.1 >
Ll
C)
A, rq r-
19
00
o
Ln-4-)
o
00 .
-)
C:l)
00 00
(a)
4-)
0
C)n
o0
- .-1
o 0,-
0 0U
00
0 .4
-o 'U)
(rdU)
200 .,4 e
(4.) ),.
200
00
0 Ci0
U)
o a 0
4)
0
4 .)
00
0rL "I
(U U4
0 21
00
CD
Ln
C),
-r-0
L~
Q) -4
kn C0
22-
12
U4J
0
0 0p
-4-
234-
Attempts to apply this relationship to the data obtained on
TTR tuff worked quite well for any given sliding speed.
However, it was found that the value of a* best suited to
each sliding velocity varied proportional to the sliding
velocity. A zero value for T fit the data well. Therefore,
we have empirically modified the relationship and used the
general form
= pa e - c O / (2)
S= eff (3)
24
0
25
2S=2.1 NPa
20
/00
15 -/
100
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
(if (MPa)
25
Table 4.1 Frictional properties of rocks and
other materials studied.
ROCK is
(GPa'm/s) (MPa)
26
values of T. However, it does result in a marked change in
the P which must be used to best fit the observed data. The
linearized data for all materials studied are presented in
Ta' .e 4.2 and shown graphically in Figures 4.2 through 4.7.
It was found that data for bronze and teflon could not
be fit with a value of F of 2 GPa-m/s. For teflon a lower
value of 0.6 GPa-m/s was required to obtain a reasonable fit
to the observed data. For bronze a much higher value of
6.6 GPa'm/s was used. With these values of , good fits to
all of the observed data were obtained.
=
Geff = a exp(-co/C), "calc p' eff
28
Table 4.2 (continued)
2~
Table 4.2 (continued)
30
Table 4.2 (continued)
31
0
(,n
cin
0
4-)
II UEA
(Nc
04
0
00a 0
0 -- 1
I-
322
Lfl
4-4
41
0
4.)
-<r-
0
4-
U)
444
4
v) 0 ~ 4-4
i
4-) -
0) U
r1. f
0 (n
* 44
H-
330
4-4
En 4
0
U) I 4)
0
I10
U)
0 L*
4-Jr--
0 L4U)
0 0
CD
00-~- 0*.
o 30
00
'.0
(N)
4-
0 M
Cl a)
4'
w 41
00
a,.
C4, ru c
(U
FOw
0 I CL4
35
0 H4
0 4
4-)
4IJ
4)
NN
14-4 0
'4-4 S-i
ci)4
00
Loc
.4-or
'0 E
I In
-1
H
(PdN) I
36
0
2
S -2s = 0.26 MPa
0 I I
0 5 10 15
0 eff (MPa)
37
The dependence of frictional behavior on the thermal
conductivity of a small sample sliding on a large, high ther-
mal conductivity wbeel is not as would be expected from the
analysis of Jaeger (3 ). Jaeger's analysis indicates that
the temoerature at the sliding surface, and therefore, presuma-
bly the energy dissipation, for high sliding velocities will
be virtually independent of the thermal conductivity of the
small sliding sample, especially if the sample has a lower
thermal conductivity than does the substrate. We have no
explanation for the disparity between Jaeger's analysis and
our results except that perhaps the mathematical model of
Jaeger is too simplified to apply to the present results.
4.3 Variability of p
38
Table 4.3 Sliding friction and internal friction
for rocks and grout. is the angle of
internal friction determined from the
Mohr envelope for ultimate strength at
low confining pressilre.
39
such as limestone, sand-cement grout and wet sandstone, have
lower values of i than do the dry rocks with no volatile
components. This suggests that friction in wet or carbona-
ceous rocks is strongly affected by vapor formation. In the
case of water-bearing rocks, the vapor is water vapor pro-
duced either by heating interstial water or by dehydrating
hydrous minerals. in the case of limestone the volatile
material must be CO 2 produced by thermal breakdown of CaCO 3.
40
where k is the ratio j/tan4 suggested by Potyondy for that
type of soil. In this form we have used a low value of
because of the low thermal conductivity of many soils.
4.4 Extrapolation of T
41
increases, the temperature of these contact points increases
and very rapidly exceeds the melting point of the material.
As the velocity increases further, the temperature of the molten
material in the small contact areas increases, reducing the
viscosity and thereby reducing the effective friction. However,
if the sliding velocity continues to increase, eventually the
area of contact begins to increase so that the energy loss in the
small molten areas becomes very great. At some point the in-
crease in area is more important than the increase in frictional
energy. Thus, there is a larger area at lower temperature with
a high viscosity and therefore a higher tangential force.
Finally, after the entire gross sample area is molten, further
increases in velocity increase the contact temperature and decrease
the friction. This behavior is shown schematically in Figure 4.8.
42
'-
a))
~4
r . .,-0
0
(1) (0 0.
r4J 0
0
a)
04* .
41)
rX404-)
rz 4 44 -qC
(})
04- )
4-)
0-y
41
--
r 1)
a)
0 .-11
1
44 (a to
443
(U 4-)
04-I lt" C-l
o. '-; Cd. .4
a)h
Cd4-,-I
WrkU )
V. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
44
1. Measurements should be made with rocks at high
sliding velocities (in excess of 100 m/s) and at higher normal
stresses (above 100 MPa).
2. Measurements should be made with soils and with an
extensive suite of rocks to determine if v/tan4 can be related
to other material properties.
4S
REFERENCES
46
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