Lec8 Load Electronics PDF

lecture 2
Photovoltaic Systems
Engineering
Ali Karimpour
Assistant Professor
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Reference for this lecture:

Photovoltaic Systems Engineering Third Edition CRC
Roger Messenger, Jerry Ventre
Ali Karimpour Apr 2012
lecture 2
Lecture 8
PV System
y Loads and Electronics
PV System Loads
System Availability
Introduction
System Electronic Charge Controllers

C
Componentst
MPPT circuits
Inverters 2
lecture 2
V-I characteristic of a PV
Battery Load Ideal Load Ideal Load
Resistive Load
Resistive Load
Fan Load
Battery Load
Fan Load
3
lecture 2
MPPT
But How is it possible?

4
lecture 2
MPPT
MPPT: Variable resistors
Is it acceptable to pay more initial cost?

Is it acceptable to pay for a MPPT? 5
lecture 2
MPPT
10 V
PV Load
2.5 A R=4
25W
?
25W 60W
25V Con 240 V

PV vert Load
2.4 A er 15 A
240
R=10.4 R=4
6
lecture 2
System
y Availability
y
Downtime reasons in conventional power systems:
Sc in the system
Failure of a generator
Overload
Failure in the turbine
.
Downtime reasons in PV systems:
Loose or corroded connections
Battery failure
Controller failure
.
And also unpredictable cloud cover Enough battery storage.
7
lecture 2
System
y Availability
y
Availability definition
Availability =
m
T
Critical loads: 99% availability
Noncritical loads: 95% availability

8
lecture 2
System
y Availability
y
Critical loads: 99% availability
Noncritical loads: 95% availability
9
lecture 2
System
y Availability
y
Storage days required for a system
Dcrit = 0.2976Tmin
2
4.7262Tmin + 24
Dnon = 0.1071Tmin
2
1.869Tmin + 9.4286 10
lecture 2
System
y Availability
y
Price of system availability
B li t latitude
Burlington l tit d is
i aroundd 44
Albuquerque latitude is around 35
11
lecture 2
System Electronic Components
Introduction
Charge
g Controllers
System Electronic
Components
MPPT circuits
i i
Inverters
12
lecture 2
Introduction
Di d ((uncontrollable)
Diode ll bl )
Power
semiconductor Thyristors ( Half control)
switches Power BJT
Transistors (Full control) Power MOSFET

Turn on and off by G or B
IGBT
BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistor.
MOSFET: MetalOxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor.
IGBT: Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor.
13
lecture 2
Transistors (Power BJT)
14
lecture 2
Transistors (Power BJT)
15
lecture 2
Transistors (Power MOSFET)
16
lecture 2
)Transistors (Compare BJT and MOSFET
MOSFET BJT
- -
17
lecture 2
)Transistors (IGBT
(
)
BJT
J

O
MOSFET O

O
N
BJT MOSFET O

BJT
O
18
lecture 2
Losses in Transistors
19
lecture 2
Charge controllers
SOC (state of charge) can be measured by VB
Is VB available in charging condition?
Can one estimate VB by knowing RB?
Both VB and RB are temperature dependent.

dependent
RB is age dependent too. 20
lecture 2
Charge Controllers
Let V=14 (C/20)
Disconnect
V decreases
Connect
V increases
21
lecture 2
Charge Controllers
Hysteresis can help and solve the problem.
In the charging period:
In the discharging period:
22
lecture 2
Charge Controllers
Three stage battery charge control
23
lecture 2
MPPT circuits
One must A Amax this is possible by an electronic circuit.

Vp must decrease and Ip must increase.
increase
24
Use a buck convertor (Linear Current Booster) Ali Karimpour Apr 2012
lecture 2
MPPT circuits
A buck convertor (Linear Current Booster)
Vout = DVin , I out = I in / D , where D is duty cycle of MOSFET

25
lecture 2
MPPT circuits
A boost convertor
1
Vout = Vin , I out = (1 D) I in , where D is duty cycle of MOSFET
1 D 26
lecture 2
MPPT circuits
A buck-boost convertor
D (1 D)
Vout = Vin , I out = I in , where D is dutyy cycle
y of MOSFET
1 D D
27
lecture 2
Inverters
Square Wave Inverters
Different type
Of Inverters Modified Sine Wave Inverters
Pulse Width Modulated Inverters
28
lecture 2
Square Wave Inverters
Conventional Inverter (Square wave inverters)
Harmonics?
29
lecture 2
Modified Square Wave Inverters
Modified square wave inverters
Harmonics?
30
lecture 2
Modified Square Wave Inverters
Multi Level Converters
Harmonics?
31
lecture 2
PWM Inverters
UnipolarSPWM,m
p , a =0.8:
32
lecture 2
PWM Inverters
Basis ofPWMisshiftingharmonicfrequencyandfilteringthem.
33
lecture 2
PWM Inverters
Basis ofPWMisshiftingharmonicfrequencyandfilteringthem.
34
lecture 2
PWM Inverters
35

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lecture 2

Reference for this lecture:

System Electronic Charge Controllers

Battery Load Ideal Load Ideal Load

But How is it possible?

MPPT: Variable resistors

Is it acceptable to pay more initial cost?

25V Con 240 V

Critical loads: 99% availability

Noncritical loads: 95% availability

Storage days required for a system

Price of system availability

System Electronic Components

Transistors (Full control) Power MOSFET

Transistors (Power BJT)

Transistors (Power BJT)

Transistors (Power MOSFET)

)Transistors (Compare BJT and MOSFET

SOC (state of charge) can be measured by VB

Is VB available in charging condition?

Can one estimate VB by knowing RB?

Both VB and RB are temperature dependent.

Let V=14 (C/20)

In the charging period:

In the discharging period:

One must A Amax this is possible by an electronic circuit.

Vout = DVin , I out = I in / D , where D is duty cycle of MOSFET

Square Wave Inverters

Pulse Width Modulated Inverters

Square Wave Inverters

Conventional Inverter (Square wave inverters)

Modified Square Wave Inverters

Modified square wave inverters

Modified Square Wave Inverters

Multi Level Converters

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