ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks to my school principal Mr.

MohitSachdeva to provide us the lab and all the necessary chemicals
and apparatus on time. Also I would like to thanks my chemistry teacher
Mrs. ManjuKasana in providing a helping hand in this project. Her
valuable support, guidance and supervision all through this project is
responsible for attaining its present form. Also I would like to thank my
lab assistant Ms. Laxmi for her constant help when needed. Last but not
the least I would like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a
lot in completing this project.
 AIM
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
DIFFERENT COINS MADE IN
INDIA.
 PURPOSE
I was interested in finding out the contents of the coin we use in everyday
life money transactions. Humans have been using coins since their
inventions in 700 B.C. for trading of goods and services.
Another fact which inspired me to do this project is that I am in touch with
qualitative analysis whose knowledge with other factors helped me to do
so.
 CONTENTS
Introduction
Theory
Apparatus
Chemicals Required
20 paisa coin(India)
50 paisa coin(India)
1 rupee coin
2 rupee coin
10 rupee coin(India)
Result
Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
An alloy is a mixture or metallic solution composed of two or more
elements. Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase
microstructure. Alloys usually have different properties from those of
component elements. Alloying a metal is done by combining it with one
or more other metals or nonmetals that often enhance its properties.
Alloys are used in ornaments, bell statues and even in coins
 COINS:
A historical Approach
The history of coins extends from ancient times to present, and is related
to ECONOMIC HISTORY, the history of minting technologies and the
history of coin collections. Since the time they were invented in 700 B.C.,
coins have been the most universal embodiment of money. The first coin
were made of electrum, a naturally occurring pale yellow mixture of
gold and silver that was further alloyed with Ag and Cu. Most coins are
circular but some were rectangular. Some of the earliest coins to be
made purely from Ag and Au were silver dirham and gold dinar. Coins
were first made of scraps of metal.
Coins today are of great value and are used in our day to day life.
 THEORY:
A coin is a piece of hard material that is standardized in weight and is
produced in large quantities in order to facilitate trade. Coins are used
as a form of money in transaction of various kinds, coins and banknotes
make up currency the cash forms of all modern money systems.
An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal
and a nonmetal. They are generally harder than their components with
reduced malleability and ductility.
For a coin must have excellent wear, resistance and anti-corrosion
property. Achieving this goal necessitates the use of base metal alloys. A
common base metal alloy for every day coinage is cupronickel with
varying proportions of copper and nickel. Most commonly 75% Cu and
25% Ni . It is hard wearing and excellent striking properties essential
for the design of the coin.
 APPARATUS
Test Tubes
Test Tube Holder
Test Tube Stand
Beaker
Burner
Tripod Stand
Wire Gauge
Water Bath
Filter Paper
Chemicals(Mentioned on Next Page)
Coins(Made in India)
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Hydrochloric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
Hydrogen Sulphide Gas
Nitric Acid
Ammonium Acetate
Potassium Iodide
Potassium Chromate
Potassium Ferrocyanide
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Chloride
Potassium Sulphocyanide
Potassium Nitrite
Dimethyl Glyoxime
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium Thiocyanide
AmmoniuumMolybdate
Blue Litmus Solution
Acetic Acid
Bromine Water
50 Paisa Coin (INDIA)
Made in 1985
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
ZERO GROUP
Add concentrated NaOH to the No white fumes observed Ammonia, NH4+ is absent
solution
GROUP 1
Add dilute solution of HCl to the No white precipitate formed Pb2+,Ag2+, Hg2+, are absent
original solution
GROUP-2
Add dilute solution of HCl to the No Black or Yellow ppt. Pb2+, As2+, Cu2+ are absent.
original solution and pass H2S
gas.
GROUP 3
Add NH4Cl and NH4OH to the A reddish brownppt. Fe3+ may be present.
solution

CONFIRMATORY TEST

Dissolve the ppt. in dil.

HCl, divide the solution in
two parts.

1. Potassium Prussian blue colour. Fe3+confirmed.

Ferrocyanide Test:
To one part add
potassium
ferrocyanide.
2. Potassium Blood red coloration Fe+3 confirmed.
Sulphocyanide test:
To the second part,
add a little potassium
sulphocyanidesolution.
 GROUP 4 Greenish ppt. Ni+2 is present.
Add NH4Cl, NH4OH and pass H2S
gas.

CONFIRMATORY TEST

Dimethyl Glyocime Test.Add Bright reddish rose ppt. Ni+2is confirmed.

NaOH and few drops of
dimethyl glyoxime to O.S.
GROUP -5 No white ppt. Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ are absent.
Add NH4Cl, NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3.
GROUP -6 White ppt. Mg2+ is confirmed.
Add NH4Cl, NH4OH and
(NH4)2HPO4

RESULT: 50 paisa coin contains Fe3+,Ni+2, Mg2+.

 1 Rupee Coin (INDIA)
Made in 2015
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
ZERO GROUP
Add concentrated NaOH to No white fumes observed Ammonia, NH4+ is absent
the solution
GROUP 1
Add dilute solution of HCl to No white precipitate formed Pb2+,Ag2+, Hg2+, are absent
the original solution
GROUP-2
Add dilute solution of HCl to Yellow ppt. As2+ present
the original solution and
pass H2S gas.
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Dissolve the yellow ppt. in
concentrated HNO3 and
divide into two parts
1. Ammonium A Yellow ppt. As2+ confirmed
Molybdate Test: To a
part of the solution
add ammonium
molybdate solution
and heat

2. Magnesia Mixture
Test: Make the second
part of the solution A white ppt. As2+ confirmed
alkaline with NH4OH
solution and add
magnesia mixture.
GROUP 3
Add NH4Cl and NH4OH to A reddish brown ppt. Fe3+ may be present.
the solution
 Dissolve the ppt. in dil.
HCl, divide the
solution in two parts.

1. Potassium Prussian blue colour. Fe3+confirmed.

Ferrocyanide Test:
To one part add
potassium
ferrocyanide.
2. Potassium Blood red coloration Fe+3 confirmed.
Sulphocyanide test:
To the second part,
add a little
potassium
sulphocyanide
solution.

GROUP 4
Add NH4Cl, NH4OH and pass Greenish ppt.. Ni+2 is present.
H2S gas.

CONFIRMATORY TEST

Dimethyl Glyocime Bright reddish rose ppt. Ni+2is confirmed.

Test. Add NaOH and
few drops of dimethyl
glyoxime to O.S.
GROUP -5
Add NH4Cl, NH4OH and No white ppt. Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ are absent.
(NH4)2CO3.
GROUP -6
Add NH4Cl, NH4OH and White ppt. Mg2+ is confirmed.
(NH4)2HPO4

RESULT: 1 rupee coin contains Fe3+,Ni+2, Mg2+ and As2+.

10 Rupee Coin (INDIA)
Made in 2015
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
ZERO GROUP
Add concentrated NaOH to No white fumes observed Ammonia, NH4+ is absent
the solution
GROUP 1
Add dilute solution of HCl to No white precipitate formed Pb2+,Ag2+, Hg2+, are absent
the original solution
GROUP-2
Add dilute solution of HCl to Black ppt. Pb2+ and Cu2+ may be present
the original solution and
pass H2S gas.
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Heat the black ppt. with A blue colored solution.
quantity of 50% HNO3. ppt.
dissolves. Add Nh4OH in
excess. Cu2+ confirmed
1. Potassium
Ferrocyanide Test: To
a part of the blue Chocolate brown ppt.
colored solution add
acetic acid and
Potassium
Ferrocyanide
Solution.

2. Potassium Iodide Test:

To another part of the blue
colored solution add acetic A white ppt.is formed in Cu2+ confirmed
acid and Potassium Iodide brown colored solution.
Solution.
 GROUP 3
Add NH4Cl and NH4OH to A white ppt. Al3+ may be present
the solution

CONFIRMATORY TEST

1. Lake Test
Dissolve the white ppt. Blue ppt. floating in the
in dil. HCl. Add to it colorless solution. Al3+ Confirmed.
two drops of blue
litmus solution. Add
NH4OH
GROUP 4
Add NH4Cl, NH4OH and pass Greenish ppt.. Ni+2 is present.
H2S gas.

CONFIRMATORY TEST

1. Dimethyl Glyocime Bright reddish rose ppt. Ni+2is confirmed.

Test. Add NaOH
and few drops of
dimethyl glyoxime
to O.S.
GROUP -5
Add NH4Cl, NH4OH and No white ppt. Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ are absent.
(NH4)2CO3.
GROUP -6
Add NH4Cl, NH4OH and White ppt. Mg2+ is confirmed.
(NH4)2HPO4

RESULT: 10 rupee coin contains Al3+,Ni+2, Mg2+ and Cu2+.

 RESULT:
AMOUNT COUNTRY YEAR IONS PRESENT

50 paisa coin India 1985 Fe3+,Ni+2 and

Mg2+.
1 rupee coin India 2015 Fe3+,Ni+2, Mg2+
and As2+.
10 rupee coin India 2015 Al3+, Ni+2, Mg2+
and Cu2+.