Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of the literature for this study focuses on procedures used to identify the components of Saluyot
(Corchorus Olitorius).

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depthsearch done by
the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the art, theoretical andconceptual framework to
fully understand the research to be done and lastly the definition of terms for better comprehension of
the study.

SALUYOT (CORCHORUS OLITORIUS)

Saluyot (Corchorus olitorius) is an edible leafy vegetable that is a member of the genus Corchorus, classified under the
subfamily Grewioideae of the family Malvaceae. Saluyot is widely found in tropical and subtropical areas from Asia to Africa
valued as food and for its strong fiber. Saluyot has long been used as food staple since ancient times by Jewish people and
Egyptians hence derived its English names Jews mallow and Egyptian spinach.

Saluyot leaves are very nutritious, it is rich in calcium, iron, protein, vitamin A, C and E, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, and
dietary fibers. Saluyot is usually cooked as stew, forming a thick slimy syrup similar in consistency to okra usually taken with
rice or other starchy staple.

Saluyot can almost grow anywhere in the Philippines. Saluyot is a hardy plant that is resistant to pests and requires little care. It
can be found in the wild as it can also be grown in a farm.

Saluyot plants are tall, reaching 2-4 meters in height, having only a few side branches. Saluyot leaves are alternate, simple,
lanceolate, about 5-15 cm in length tapering to a pointed tip and has finely serrated margin. Saluyot flowers are yellow about 2-3
cm wide with five petals. The fruit is capsule like with plent

y of small seeds inside.

Saluyot herbal medicine Health Benefits
Saluyot being rich in vitamins and minerals generally promotes good health and well-being.

Saluyot being rich in vitamin A can provide health benefits for good eyesight.

Saluyot contains vitamin E and other antioxidants. It is said to prevent wrinkles and promote youthful looking skin.

Saluyot is used to treat inflammation and pain such as arthritis , headache, stomach ache and others.

Saluyot being rich in fiber helps to control blood pressure, cholesterol build-up, diabetes and prevents heart disease.

Saluyot leaves are rich in fiber and its slimy consistency when cooked is used to treat various digestive problems such as
diarrhea, stomach ache, dysentery, constipation and ulcers.

It is also claimed that together with other herbs it can cure cancer.

Benefits of Saluyot for Diabetes

A study conducted in Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, India reported that by administering powdered Saluyot
supplements to pregnant rats, both the mother and the fetus exhibited an increased resistance in diabetes induced oxidative stress
versus a control group. The results suggest that Saluyot supplementation during pregnancy may provide beneficial effects against
diabetes induced oxidative stress both for the mother and the fetus. (Journal of Diabetes. March
2013: Dietary supplementation with Ipomoea aquatica attenuates maternal and fetal oxidative stress in streptozotocin-diabetic
rats)
Beneficial Effects of Saluyot Against Liver Disease

The Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Malaya in Malaysia conducted a study on the protective action of Saluyot
against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats to determine if Saluyot can indeed help treat jaundice. An ethanol extract of
Saluyot has been administered to rats subjected to liver damage by thioacetamide. Results had shown that the rats when
compared to a control group showed resistance against liver lesions, cell necrosis and inflammation. The study further suggests
that the protective effect of Saluyot extract in chemical-induced liver damage might be contributed to its modulation on
detoxification enzymes and its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects. Moreover, it confirms a scientific basis for the
traditional use of Saluyot for the treatment of liver disorders. (Molecules. 2012: Ipomoea aquatica extract shows protective
action against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity)
https://firstvitaplusakylas.wordpress.com/2013/04/17/the-five-power-herbs/

Saluyot or jute plant is so common in the Philippines that it does not need to be
propagated, it is just like other weeds thriving in non cultivated open fields as well
as tilled farmlands. They come in green or red variety.
It grows well in warm, tropical weather. It is a green leafy vegetable that is rich in
vitamins and minerals that its benefits are worth considering, than shunning the
slimy characteristic of this vegetable when cooked.
Its vitamin content is good for eyesight, as the vegetable contains beta-carotene.
Its iron and calcium content necessarily aids a person in maintaining strong
bones and teeth, and a healthy count of red blood cells.
Saluyot has been used to reduce wrinkles, as it also contains anti-oxidant
substances. Studies have also shown that saluyot can be used for anti-
inflammatory treatment.

It is to be noted that saluyot has been used traditionally to

address concerns related toinflammation and pain, and the results of recent
studies confirmed the validity of such traditional practice.
Saluyot has also been connected with curing the chronic inflammation of the
urinary bladder. To prepare its medical decoction, an individual is advised to
eat dishes and soups that contain saluyot.
Though saluyot is known as poor mans vegetable, it is one if not the most
nutritious vegetable in the Philippines.

According to the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FRNI) of the Department
of Science and Technology (DoST), one-half cup cooked saluyot leaves (45g) is
equivalent to 20 kilocalories and it will provide the following amount of nutrients:
Protein 1.30 grams; Calcium 87.3 milligrams; Phosphorus 22.5
milligrams; Iron 1.0 milligrams; Beta carotene 1334 micrograms; Thiamine
0.02 milligrams; Riboflavin 0.04 milligrams; Niacin 0.30 milligrams; and
Abscorbic acid 10 milligrams; Fat 0.30 grams; Carbohydrates 3.1 gram;
Fiber 0.40 grams; Retinol Equivalent (vitamin A) 222 micrograms
Moreover, saluyot has an antioxidant activity of 77% or -tocopherol equivalent
(vitamin E) of 48.9. In other words, saluyot contains all the important nutrients
needed by the body.
https://affleap.com/the-health-nutritional-benefits-of-saluyot/

About The Author

Affleap is the owner of this site, an active internet marketer who loves to write
anything informative . His website: https://affleap.com is one of
his online undertaking.

Everybody wants to look younger and healthier. Not only women are getting conscious with their skin, but
all genders want to have a glowing and youthful skin. Many women used age defying cream to prevent
wrinkles and other skin blemishes. But did you know that eating Saluyot or jute promotes healthy and
younger skin? Definitely, it is the best antioxidant that protects you from an early aging and in fact it is
better than any cosmetics or age defying cream.
This edible leafy vegetable is very nutritious. It is rich in calcium, protein, iron, vitamins, folate, and dietary
fibers. It is grown anywhere in the Philippines, and its scientific name is Corchorus olitorius. Like okra it
forms thick slimy syrup but it promotes good health and overall wellness. It has a lot of nutritional value
but the most important benefit of it is it has high antioxidant property in the form of vitamin E that prevents
you from aging, increases stamina, and prevents cancer.
Saluyot has also important medicinal compounds that used to treat inflammation and pain such as
headache, arthritis, and stomachache. It also treat digestive problem like diarrhea, ulcers, constipation,
and dysentery. This leafy vegetable has also beneficial effect againstdiabetes, liver disease, and other
health problems. And for more health information, you can visit our website www.dokalternatibo.org or
visit Dok Alternatibo branch nationwide

Saluyot Has Anti-Aging Property Better Than

Any Age Defying Cream
by Dok Alternatibo | Mar 10, 2016 | News & Events | 0 comments
http://dokalternatibo.org/saluyot-has-anti-aging-property-better-than-any-age-defying-cream/

Saluyot, jutes or Corchorus olitorius is an edible leafy vegetable that is widely

found Philippines. This plant is so common that it is mistaken as weed in the
Philippines. Unknown to many however, saluyot has long been used as food
staple since ancient times by Jewish people and Egyptians. It has been grown
since 6000 B.C. and accordingly was eaten by Cleopatra for its health and
beauty benefits.

Saluyot leaves are very nutritious. It is considered in the top 10 most nutritious
green and leafy vegetable in the Philippines. It is rich in calcium for bone
strength, iron for proper blood circulation, protein for growth, vitamin A for cell
repair and better eye sight, and vitamin C for boosting immune system. It also
has thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, and dietary fibers which are all important
for helping control blood pressure & cholesterol, and lowers the risk of asthma,
cancer, diabetes and heart disease.

Perhaps, the most popular nutritional benefit of Saluyot is its high antioxidant
property, primarily in the form of Vitamin E, which help slows down the aches
and pains associated with aging, hold infertility at bay, and increases stamina.
Better than anti aging creams, it nourishes the skin with vitamin E from the
inside that provides a natural glow to skin. Moreover, it not only makes skin
look younger but it also increases stamina and sexual libido and fertility, which
is the true measure of youth. Moreover, dried saluyot leaves can be made into a
tea which can cure headaches, dysentery, stomach aches and ulcers.

Saluyot Health Benefits

https://www.allaboutdiabetes.net/saluyot-health-benefits/

Jute (Corchorus olitorius) is an edible leafyvegetable which is a member

of genus Corchorus classified under the subfamily Grewioideae of the
family Malvaceae. It is widely found in tropical and subtropical areas
from Asia to Africa appreciated as food and for its strong fiber. The word
jute is perhaps coined from the word jhuta or jota, an Orrisan word.
However, the use of jutta potta cloth was stated both in the Bible and
Monushanghita- Mahabharat. Jute mallow, saluyot, Jute, Jews mallow,
Egyptian spinach, bush okra, West African sorrel, Chang shouo huang
ma, Krinkrin are some common name of Jute and was once known as
the golden fiber of Bangladesh, since it was the most important cash
crop for the country. Jute fiber is manufactured mostly from two
commercially important species, namely White Jute (Corchours
capsularis), and Tossa Jute (Corchorus olitorius). The center of origin of
white jute is said to be Indo-Burma including South China, and that of
tossa Africa.

Plant
Jute is an annual herbaceous plant sized 10 to 12 feet (3 to 3.6 meters)
tall. For better growth of the plant it requires warm, humid climates along
with sufficient water. Normally it prefers well-drained, sandy loam soil.
Jute plant has a glabrous. Leaves are usually 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm
broad, elliptic-lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate.
The plant consists of small pale yellow flower; bracts lanceolate; 2-3 cm
wide, Sepals 3 mm long, oblong, apiculate. Petals are 5 mm long,
oblong spathulate. Fruit is a capsules which is 3-6.5 cm long, linear,
cylindric erect, beaked, glabrous, 10-ribbed, 5-valved; valves with
transverse partitions between the seeds. Seeds are greyish black,
angled. Jute is one of the sturdiest natural plant fibers. Jute is a long,
soft, shiny plant fiber which can be spun into coarse, strong threads. Its
the second most significant vegetable fiber after cotton in terms of
usage, global consumption, production and availability.
Leaves
Jute is an edible leafy vegetable of Corchorus genus. Leaves of jute
plants are 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm broad, elliptic-lanceolate, apically
acute or acuminate, glabrous, serrate, the lower serratures on each side
prolonged into a filiform appendage over 6 mm long, rounded at the
base, 3-5 nerved; petioles 2-2.5 cm long, slightly pubescent, especially
towards the apex; atipules subulate, 6-10 mm long. Leaves are normally
Light green colored and are bit bitter in taste. When collected young,
jute leaves are tasty and tender; older leaves tend to be more woody
and fibrous, making them less ideal for consumption. In addition to
adding a distinctive flavor to food, jute leaves also have nutritional value,
and they act as thickeners in soups, stews, and sauces.

History
For centuries, jute has been an essential part of the culture of East
Bengal, in the whole southwest of Bangladesh. Since the 17th century
the British East India Company started trading in Jute. During the rule of
the British Empire Jute was also used in the military. British jute barons
grew rich processing jute and selling manufactured products made from
jute. In the 21st century, jute again rose to be an important crop for
export around the world in contrast to synthetic fiber, mainly from
Bangladesh.

Nutritional Value
Apart from their slightly bitter taste jute leaves is a good source of
nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Consuming 87 gram of jute potherb,
cooked without salt offers 94 g of Vitamin K, 0.496 mg of Vitamin B6,
2.73 mg of Iron,225 g of Vitamin A,28.7 mg of Vitamin C and 0.222 mg
of Copper. Moreover many Amino acids like 0.021 g of Tryptophan,
0.113 g of Threonine, 0.152 g of Isoleucine, 0.266 g of Leucine, 0.151 g
of Lysine and 0.044 g of Methionine are also found in 87 gram of cooked
jute.

Health benefits of Jute plant

Jute is an annual herbaceous plant that grows in warm, humid climates
along with sufficient water. Even though it is lightly bitter in taste jute
leaves have higher nutritional value due to which it is found used
throughout the world to deal with various health related problems. Listed
below are some of the popular health benefits we gain by consuming
jute leaves regularly:

1. Internal Bleeding
Jute plant consists of considerable amount of Vitamin K which is helpful
in reducing the threat of bleeding in the liver, poor nutrient absorption,
jaundice or the combination of long term use of antibiotics or aspirin.
Some of the problems related with the gastrointestinal system due to a
decrease of this vitamin include colitis, obstructions, sprue and Crohns
disease. All these problems are due to a reduced content of Vitamin K.
2. Protects Eye Health
Poor diet or nutrient deficiencies are the fundamental reasons of
numerous eye diseases. Research has proven that taking vitamin B6
together with other vitamins, like folate, can help with the prevention of
eye disorders and loss of vision. Jute plant consists of 0.496 mg Vitamin
B6 which is 38.15% of the daily recommended value. Regular
consumption of Jute plant is believed to help slow the start of certain eye
diseases, including age-related macular degeneration.

3. Restless Leg Syndrome

Iron deficiency is one of the main causes of the restless leg syndrome.
Low levels of iron within the blood are a main reason of the condition, so
proper intake of iron supplements in necessary as per doctors
recommendations can cure this problem. Regular consumption of Jute
plant helps to get rid of this problem because Jute plant consists of 2.73
mg of Iron which is 34.13% of the daily recommended value. Muscle
spasms are also one of the main symptoms of iron deficiency.

4. Supports Skin Health and Cell Growth

Vitamin A is essential for wound healing as well as skin re-growth. It is
required to support all of the epithelial (skin) cells both internally and
externally and is a powerful aid in fighting skin cancer. Jute plant
consists of ample amount of vitamin A which is essential for better skin
health and cell growth.

A deficiency of vitamin A can result in a poor complexion, as indicated by

research that prove that vitamin A can fight acne and improve overall
skin health. Vitamin A helps to keeps the lines and wrinkles in your skin
away by producing more collagen, which is liable for keeping the skin
looking young. Vitamin A can also contribute to healthy hair too.

5. Fights off Colds and Flu

Jute plant consists of Vitamin C which is extremely beneficial for immune
system and plays an important role in the bodys ability to fight off colds
and viruses. You can take 1000 mg of Vitamin C to fight off an oncoming
cold and 4000 mg per day to get rid of a cold which is previously in your
system.

Vitamin C when taken during colds and flu can help to decrease the risk
of developing further complications, like pneumonia and lung infections.

6. Reduces Cholesterol
Several research studies have shown that copper help to reduce the
levels of bad cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) and help to increase
beneficial cholesterol (HDL cholesterol). Jute plant consists of 0.222 mg
of copper which is 24.67% of the daily recommended value. This helps
to lowers the chances of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis,
heart attacks, and strokes.

7. Cancer
Vitamin B9 present in Jute is considered to be an essential component
for reducing the occurrence of cancer in the human body. It helps
eliminate the likelihoods of cancer in various forms, including colon
cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer. Thus, it is recommended by
doctors to include this vitamin in sufficient amounts in your daily diet
plan. Jute plant consists of 90 g of vitamin B9 which is 22.50% of the
daily recommended value.

8. Maintains Healthy Teeth and Gums

Calcium helps to protect your teeth by keeping the jaw bone strong and
robust throughout your life, which in turn ensures tight fitting teeth where
bacteria cannot grow well. Therefore, before your teeth and gums start
giving you any trouble, be sure to maintain a calcium rich diet. Sufficient
amount of calcium can be obtained by the regular consumption of Jute
plant which consists of 184 mg of calcium which is 18.40% of the daily
recommended value. Calcium intake should be high, particularly at
young ages, so that kids naturally grow up with strong teeth.

9. Prevents Asthma
People who are suffering from chronic asthma may be able to normalize
their breathing with the help of magnesium supplements which aid in
relaxing the bronchial muscles and regulating breathing. Jute plant
consists of sufficient amount of magnesium that is required for the body.
Therefore frequent consumption is recommended to normalize the
asthma problems. Even wheezing and breathlessness can be relieved
through administration of intravenous magnesium.

10. Protects Healthy Hair and Skin

Vitamin B2 also known as riboflavin plays an important role in
maintaining collagen levels, which helps to makes up healthy skin and
hair. Collagen is required to maintain the youthful structure of skin and to
prevent fine lines and wrinkles, thus a riboflavin deficiency can make us
look aged earlier. Some research recommends that riboflavin can
decrease the time needed for wound healing, can decrease skin
inflammation and cracked lips, and can help naturally slow signs of
aging.

How to Eat
It is occasionally consumed as boiled vegetable with lemon and olive oil.
It is a popular dish in the northern provinces of the Philippines, where it is
known as saluyot.
Jute leaves are also consumed by the Luyhia people of Western Kenya,
where it is normally known as mrenda or murere
It is eaten with ugali, which is a staple for most communities in Kenya.
Japan has been importing dry jute leaf from Africa and is using it as the
substitute of coffee and tea.
In Europe, jute leaves are used as soup.
It can be steamed and pureed, mixed with chicken, or prepared into soup
like how the Japanese prepare it as molohiya.
Like spinach as well as other leafy greens, jute leaves can be cooked whole
as a major component of a dish, or loosely chopped so that they can blend
better with other ingredients.
Leaves and tender shoots are eaten in India.
Leaves are boiled in water like cabbage and eaten together with other
foodstuff or on its own just with some additional salt.
Jute leaves are used to flavor soups, stews, teas, and vegetable dishes.
Dried leaves can be used as a thickener in soups.
 Young leaves are added to salads.
Other traditional uses and benefits of Jute
Jute is a traditional remedy for aches and pains, fever, dysentery, enteritis,
pectoral pains, and tumors.
Leaves are used for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors.
The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength.
An infusion is used in the treatment of dysentery, fevers, liver disorders
and dyspepsia.
A decoction of the roots and unripe fruits is used in the treatment of
dysentery.
Leaves are also used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea.
Stem of the plant can be burned as firewood.
Stalks are used for industrial products like rope, pulp, paper, fiber, and
composites.
Fiber is used for making gunny bags, rugs, ropes, carpets, rough cloth and
many other similar articles of daily use.
Light and soft wood is used in making sulphur matches.
https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/jute/
JUTE CORCHORUS OLITORIUS FACTS

Jute is one of the strongest natural plant fibers. Jute is a long, soft, shiny
plant fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. Its the second most
important vegetable fiber after cotton in terms of usage, global
consumption, production and availability. It grows best in warm, humid
climates. India, Bangladesh, and China are the main producers of jute. In
addition to adding a distinct flavor to food, jute leaves also have nutritional
value, and they act as thickeners in soups, stews, and sauces. Jute leaves
are flavorful and tender when harvested young, older leaves are more
woody and fibrous, making them less ideal for consumption.

Name Jute

Scientific Name Corchorus olitorius

Native Indian subcontinent

Common/English Saluyot, bush okra, Jute, West African

Name sorrel, Jews mallow, Egyptian spinach,
Krinkrin, jute mallow, Chang shouo
huang ma

Plant Growth Herbaceous annual

Habit

Growing Climate Warm, humid climates along with

sufficient water

Soil Well-drained, sandy loam

Plant Size 10 to 12 feet (3 to 3.6 metres) in height

Stem Glabrous

Leaf Shape & 6-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm broad, elliptic-

Size lanceolate, apically acute or acuminate,
glabrous, serrate, the lower serratures on
each side prolonged into a filiform
appendage over 6 mm long, rounded at the
base, 3-5 nerved; petioles 2-2.5 cm long,
slightly pubescent, especially towards the
apex; atipules subulate, 6-10 mm long.

Leaf Color Light green leaves

Leaf Taste Slightly bitter

Flower Small pale yellow; bracts lanceolate; 2-3

cm wide, Sepals 3 mm long, oblong,
apiculate. Petals 5 mm long, oblong
spathulate.

Fruit Capsules 3-6.5 cm long, linear, cylindric

erect, beaked, glabrous, 10-ribbed, 5-
valved; valves with transverse partitions
between the seeds

Seed Seeds greyish black, angled

Varieties/Types White jute (Corchorus capsularis), Tossa
jute (Corchorus olitorius)

Major Nutrition Vitamin K (phylloquinone) 94 g

(78.33%)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 0.496 mg
(38.15%)
Iron, Fe 2.73 mg (34.13%)
Vitamin A, RAE 225 g (32.14%)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 28.7 mg
(31.89%)
Copper, Cu 0.222 mg (24.67%)
Vitamin B9 (Folate) 90 g (22.50%)
Calcium, Ca 184 mg (18.40%)
Magnesium, Mg 54 mg (12.86%)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 0.167 mg
(12.85%)
Potassium, K 478 mg (10.17%)

Health Benefits Internal Bleeding

Protects Eye Health
Restless Leg Syndrome
Supports Skin Health and Cell Growth
Fights off Colds and Flu
Reduces Cholesterol
Cancer
Maintains Healthy Teeth and Gums
Prevents Asthma
Protects Healthy Hair and Skin

Calories in 1cup 32 Kc
(100gm)