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Anatomy Final Project

By Ashlyn Rose
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General Information
Rat
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
- What makes the rat in Animalia are animals
that are multicellular and are heterotrophs. Most take
food in an internal cavity (so a mouth). Rats, of course,
fit into this description, because of their internal
structure for a mouth and
Phylum: Chordata
- Chordata phylum has animals with nerve cords
and a flexible digestive tract.
Class: Mammal
- What makes a rat a mammal is how they carry
their babies and nurse the babies with milk, and that
theyre warm blooded.
Habitat and Niche
- It depends on the species but most rats like compact, closed off places where they can
breed and collect food. Since rats are nocturnal most of the time, you wont really seem
them much. They mostly eat grains but some like meat or fish, but they are not picky
when it comes to food.
- Rats probably control the amount of trash in the world, probably. I couldnt find much on
the purpose of a rat but what I did find was that rats are here to basically kind of clean up.
They take the food we dont eat, and eat it themselves, and help some with controlling
insect population.
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Life Span
- When a rat is born, a female rat matures around 8-12 weeks old. When the rat gets to its
mature age in the cycle, it starts to get ready for adulthood. When it reaches sexual
maturity, the rat starts looking for a mate, once they mate, they live for another 5 years.

Unique Adaptations
- Some of the unique things about a rat is its large front teeth making it able to naw away at
things like food, wire to be annoying, and any other objects.

Frog
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
- Multicellular
- Eats food in a mouth (internal cavity to
be fancy)
Phylum: Chordata
- It has a spinal cord.
Class: Amphibia
- Because of the way a frog lives, near
water, and being reliant on water as a tadpole, the frog is placed in the amphibian
category.
Habitat and Niche
- A frog's habitat is normally somewhere near water, high humidity (depending on the type
of frog), it can be found on every continent but Antarctica because of its ability to leave
near ponds, trees, and other places.
- aquatic or tree (arboreal to be fancy) habitats
- Frogs help control the insect population and are also a food source for some bigger
animals like herons, snakes, and racoons.
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Life Cycle
- When an adult female frog hatches eggs, the male frog will fertilize them. Most of the
time both parents will leave but sometimes the female frog will stay until they hatch.
After about a week, a tadpole will arrive. Four weeks later a tadpole will get teeth and
gills. After about 8 weeks, the tadpole will get hind legs and a head, getting ready to
become a frog. From week 9-12 the frog will look more like a frog but with just a tail. At
week 16 the frog becomes an adult then starts looking for its next mate.
Unique Adaptations
- Frogs dont need to drink water because they absorb it through their skin
- A male Darwin's frog swallows its tadpoles to let them grow up/mature and keeps the
tadpoles in its throat
- When a frogs body temperature drop, it stops its heart in order to stop their cells from
freezing

PERCH

Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
- The perch is multicellular and moves at some point
in its life
Phylum: Chordata
- The perch possess a spine and has an outer layer of
skin
Class: Actinopterygii
Habitat and Niche
- The Perch can live in various assortments of water
such as ponds, streams, and warm/cool lakes.
- A Perchs niche is to control crab population and snails found at the bottom of the water
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Life Cycle
- A perch has a lifespan of 7 years and they are mature and ready to reproduce by age 2 or
3. When a female lays the eggs, the male fish come along and fertilize it. The ggs are
held in an accordion like manner then the parents leave the eggs.
Unique Adaptations
- They can filter out zooplankton through their gill slits, which zooplankton is something
eat before they reach maturity.
- They can adapt to many different types of water whether it be temperature, cleanliness,
and size of the body of water.

Lamprey
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Cephalaspidomorphi
Habitat and Niche
- Theyre normally found off of the North East
USA, Nova Scotia, southern Greenland, and The UK
coasts.
Life Cycle
- To start reproducing, the lamprey stops eating
to keep all its energy. 35,000 to 100,00 eggs are laid
and the parents dig up a nest. After spawning the
adults die. When the eggs hatch they are blind and
have no teeth through a slow process they slowly get
fins and mouths that look like an adult lamprey.
When they become adults, the cycle restarts.
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Unique Adaptations
- Their uniquely shaped and designed mouth was made for sucking onto prey and to latch
on tight.
- They can move in a W formation which helps them get away from predators.

Owl
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
- Its an animal
Phylum: Chordata
- The backbone and the outer skin as well as
the feathered layers makes it up into this category.
Class: Aves
- Its in the bird category
Habitat and Niche
- Owls mainly live in trees, as you might
have learned if you watched Winnie the Pooh
growing up. Specifically, they live in forests,
grasslands, or arctic tundra.
- An owl eats rodents and contributes to the environment by controlling those populations.
Owls are a prey species so this can be good for humans, reducing the amount of food lost
each year to rodents (like rats, ew).
Life Cycle
- When the female hatches the egg she sits on them for 2-3 days until she has 10 eggs.
About a month later, the eggs will hatch. Born without feathers, the baby owls (owlets)
huddle up to the mom and dad until about 2-3 weeks later when they are full of feathers
and can now hop and walk around. At this point, the female starts helping the male look
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for food. At 6 weeks, the babies start to get wing feathers, and are getting restless. Weeks
9-10 are when they start and learn to fly on their own, heading towards being adults. At
14-15 weeks, the mom and dad owls are kicking out the kids, forcing them into
adulthood. The parents keep going for more baby owls until they die at about age 13.
Unique Adaptations
- They have exceptional hearing when it comes to hunting so that they can catch prey
- Have incredulous eyesight being as how they are nocturnal and need to be able to find
prey at night
- Good at hiding themselves from prey

Sea Turtle

Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
- Animal species
Phylum: Chordata
- Backbone and external protective
skin layer
Class: Reptile
- The leathery skin and need for
water but also can be away from water.
Habitat and Niche
- Beaches and near tropical places.
They often travel across the ocean for feeding, going with the tide, in the ocean, resting
on beaches across the world.
- Depending on the species, some turtles are omnivores (seaweed, variety of other plants)
while others can eat jellyfish, and other fish.
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Life Cycle
- Females lay the eggs on a beach. When the eggs hatch, the turtles immediately head for
the water. But very few make it because of seagulls and other predators. From their first
swim to when they come back to coastal waters can be up to about 10 years. After a
matter of time they return to the water and continue to swim and swim across oceans.
10-50 years of age a female turtle reaches sexual maturity and goes back to beaches
(sometimes the one the were born in) to lay their eggs. They live for what people think a
century.
Unique Adaptations
- Forelimbs are constructed to look like paddles and act as paddles.
- Can swim up to 5.8 mph
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Organ Systems
Digestive System
Function
- Responsible for processing food and filtering it throughout the body to get the most out
of the nutrients in the food. Its closely related with the respiratory system. The system is
made of different tubes and organs to break down the food into molecules and use those
molecules to add protein or energy. The digestive system is the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, liver, and pancreas. As shown in the
picture you can see some, but not all of the organs listed below.

Rat
Definitions
Larynx: The voice box- helps the rat talk
and talk to other rats, responsible for that
high pitch squeak they have.
Stomach: Stores undigested food and
help prepare the food to be digested so that
the rat can eat more which is primarily what
they do. They eat so they can find food and
find food so that they can eat
Liver: Filters out all the toxins that comes
in and helps create bile. Helps censor what
comes in and out of there and what it deems
as harmful or not.
Pancreas: Helps create insulin for the rat
to keep the liver under control and working well.
Esophagus: Long tube running through
body that brings food down to the
stomach when it eats or just digests
something weird.
Large intestine: absorbs extra water and
creates the rats feces.
Small Intestine: Gets the half digested
food from the stomach.
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Frog
Definitions
Esophagus: Connected to the
stomach, the little tube attached to
going all the way up gets smaller is
what/where the esophagus is. Its
still bigger than a rats though so that
it swallow bigger things like
crawdads.
Larynx: The larynx is the voice box. Without this
frogs couldnt call out to a mate or make itself
seem bigger to other predators.
Stomach: Where the frog holds his food and it
needs to be this shape because frogs swallow their
meals whole. Its located right underneath of the
liver
Liver: Located right below the heart, the liver
helps pump blood through the body. There are two
ventricles.
Pancreas: Located near the fat bodies, the pancreas
is responsible for secreting insulin to break down
sugars.
Large Intestine: Connected to the small intestine you will see that it gets bigger as you go down
and that opens it up into the large intestine. Also known as the cloaca in a frog, the large intestine
is the last place that urine, sperm, or waste is before it exits the body.
Small Intestine: Absorbs the digested nutrients from the stomach then passes the waste onto the
large intestine where it will exit the frog.
Gallbladder: Stores bile and is a small green sac thing under the liver.
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PERCH
Definitions
Liver: balances out chemical
levels and carries waste out
Gall bladder: stores the bile.
Esophagus: Carries
food/water to stomach
Stomach: Breaks the food down,
getting it ready for the small intestine.
Small Intestine: Retrieves the nutrients
and gets it ready for waste to send it
off to the large intestine
Large Intestine: Gets the waste ready
to exit through the anus.
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Lamprey
Definitions
Gallbladder: As adults a
lamprey loses this and fat
stores it back.
Liver: Filters out blood,
getting rid of toxins.
Esophagus: Brings food to the
intestines.
Intestines: from the esophagus
the food or whatever a
lamprey consumes is brought
here to filter out the waste and
keep the nutrients and then the
waste is sent out of the body.
- The lamprey has very little digestive organs because of how it only feeds off of other
animals blood than eating actual food matter.
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Turtle
Definitions
Esophagus: tubular structure that
brings chewed food to the stomach
Stomach: A turtle has enzymes in its
stomach to break down food.
Gallbladder: The waste from the
stomach is taken to the gallbladder
where the waste is sent to the liver.
Liver: Helps with getting rid
waste/bile.
Small Intestine: Helps lead the bile out
and is its second to last organ the bile
goes through before it leaves.
Pancreas: Releases enzymes to help break
down food even more.
Large Intestine: Absorbs whatever the
small intestine has and filters it out of the
body.
Urinary bladder: Stores waste until the
turtle lets it out.
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Owl
Definitions
Esophagus: Helps get food down to
the gizzard where it separates food
into digestible and not, if it is it
goes to the stomach, if not it goes to
waste in little pellets.
Stomach: Stores the digestible food.
Liver and Pancreas: In the owl these
two things both have around the
same function, to cover the food
with enzymes and send it off to the
small intestine.
Small Intestine: The small intestine
then absorbs the nutrients and send it
off to the Large Intestine
Large Intestine: The large intestine
then brings the rest of the food (the
waste) into the cloaca (birds dont
have bladders.
Cloaca: the temporary storage for
waste, until the pellets enter and then everything is released.
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Respiratory System
Function:
- Responsible for taking in oxygen and allowing the species to breathe. Closely related to
the digestive system, these two are close together. It also helps create sound with the
larynx. It helps us smell and pump blood, it keeps us going. The organs in the respiratory
system are trachea, larynx, lungs, diaphragm, spleen, Mesentery.

Rat
Definition
Trachea: a tube in the upper part of
the body thats a tube that connects to
the pharynx
Diaphragm: Sits right below the lungs
and helps aid the movement of them
as the rat breathes.
Lungs: The primary organ that
catches the air and helps with the cardiovascular system. The walls are thin on the lungs so that
air and blood can pass through.

Frog
Definition
Trachea: Helps the frog breathe in
when it lowers its head to open up
its throat.
Lungs: Expand and while they fill
with air, the throat expands
because a frog does not have a
diaphragm.
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Diaphragm: Instead of a diaphragm, the frog so the skin in their jaw expands and contracts to
force air in and out.

Perch
If the perch did have its
gills or specialized
breathing process, the
fish would die, or the
species would not even
exist.
Gills: Uses these to bring
in oxygen
Gill Filament: Used to exchanged the oxygen and CO2 in the body.
Gill Cover: protects the gills when breathing
Gill Raker: Filters out the dirt before water comes in to leave throughout the gills.

Lamprey
Without the
respiratory
system, the
lamprey would
not be able to
breathe (duh) but its specially designed system, wouldnt allow it to breathe and feed on fish at
the same exact time.
Definitions
7 Gill slits: Brings in air to help push blood through the body and to help the lamprey breathe.
When theyre attached to an animal, the push water in and out of their gill slits to breathe.
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Velum: Closes the respiratory tube so that food can pass through when feeding and not disrupt
the feeding process.
Respiratory tube: Water is taken into the tube for oxygen extraction.

Owl
The most important thing about the respiratory system for an
owl is to be able to breathe without a diaphragm. The body
has adjusted itself so that it can accommodate that.
Definitions
Lungs: Similar to ours but they have 9 air sacs. The sacs help
more with cellular respiration than oxygen.
Trachea: Takes the air from the nose to the lungs.
Diaphragm: Owls do not have a diaphragm instead it is
moved out in a pressure change between the nine sacs.

Turtle
The most important thing that the respiratory system needs to
accomplish for the turtle, is being able to stay underwater for
long periods of time when theyre out on their rad adventures
across oceans.
Definitions
Lungs: Same function as a humans. Expands when air enters
in and all that jazz. Inflates lungs to use as a floating device
Trachea: Carries the air to the lungs.
Larynx: helps them speak and is connected to the glottis
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Muscular System
Function:
- The muscular system is for protection and strength. Muscles cover your bones and help
with movement primarily. Muscles can help animals travel far, have long endurance,
stabilize them, and make them stronger than they seem. For example, the turtles muscles
probably help them on their long adventures in the sea.

Rat

All the muscles of the

rat help with
movement and
mobility. Rats have
tendons and connective
tissue just like we do.

Definitions
Tricep brachii: located on the sides of the arms. Helps with extending lower arm and
straightening.
External abdominal oblique: located on sides of abdomen. Constricts the movement of the
abdomen and thorax.
Latissimus dorsi: Poster, behind the forelimb. It brings the humerus down and back helps it twist
inward.
Bicep Femoris: On the side of the thigh. Helps flex knee and rotates leg laterally.
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Frog
The muscular system for the frog is
important because without it, the frog
couldnt jump to the great lengths that
it does or even move normally.
Definitions
External oblique: Thin piece of muscle
and lines the muscular wall
Rectus abdominus: Broad, thin muscle
covering the ventral side of abdomen.
Anterior pectoralis: Anterior to the
chest, next to the sternoradialis.
Rectus femoris anticus: Can be seen in
both dorsal and ventral of the thigh.
Gracilis major: Large muscle lying on
the side of the thigh.

Perch
The muscles in the Perch help it
swim and move the body from
side to side.
Definitions
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Myomere: The fish has one basic muscle that wraps around the entire fish and thats the
myomere. The myomere is responsible for helping the fish do its side to side movement when it
moves.

Lamprey
Like the Perch, the lamprey has
one basic muscle collection
going through the body to move
the basic structure side to side
as it swims.
Definitions
Myomere: The one muscle
going through the lamprey to
provide the structure and fast mobility that it needs to feed and get away from predators.

Turtle
Although the average
turtle is known to be slow,
a lot of muscle need to
contract and move in order
for the turtle to do what it
needs to do. Their muscles
can also hold extra oxygen
for when they need to
swim in deeper depths of
water.
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Definitions
Rectus abdominus: A pelvic stabilizer
Biceps brachii: Helps with strength and protection. Pulls when the turtle moves its fin hand
thing.

Owl
(I could not find
an actual owl
chart but this is
in the same class)
The owls
muscles help it
stay comfortable
and help it not
get tired while flying, as well protect the very small, very fragile bones in the bird, as they
normally fly everywhere, the owls bones are not the strongest.
Definitions
Pectoralis: most important muscle to the bird, takes up 15-20% of the birds weight. Bears the
most burden during flight because of the movement of the wings
Supracoracoideus: Raises the wing
Triceps: Straightens the wing
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Reproductive System
Rat
- A rat reproduces like any other mammal and
carries the babies in her stomach. The gestation
period is about 22 days and a mom rat can have
around 6-13 pups at one time. The anatomy of a
male and female rat is similar to us the males have
testes and the females have ovaries.
Words When Talking About Rat Reproduction:
Male
- Testes, urethra, scrotal sac
Female
- Vagina, uterine horns, uterus, ovaries

Frog
- A frog reproduces when a
female gets on a male's back and
the female releases her eggs the
same time the frog the sperm.
Then eggs are hatched the
parents leave.
Words When Talking About
Frog Reproduction:
- Testes
- The testes attaches the females kidneys
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Perch
- A female
releases her eggs in
a strand, called a
ribbon sometimes.
The male comes
along fertilizes
them and then they
hatch 8-10 days
later.

Words When Talking About Perch Reproduction:

- Testes
- Urogenital opening
- Eggs
- Egg sac
- Urogenital opening

Lamprey
- How a
lamprey
reproduces is that
they a female and
a male will make
crescent shaped
areas on the floor
of the river,
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stream, wherever. The female then lays about 10,000-30,000 eggs. After they are
fertilized both male and the female die.
Words When Talking About Lamprey Reproduction:
- Fertilization
- Spawning
- Mullerian duct
- ovary

TURTLE
- Turtles
reproduce when a
male's genital enters
a females vagina.
The female then
goes back to land to
lay the eggs and
make sure theyre in
a good spot where
they cant be
harmed. The female then leaves and the eggs hatch in about 10 weeks.
Words When Talking About Turtle Reproduction:
- Ovary
- Oviduct
- Kidney
- Cloaca
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Owl
- Owls are monogamous, so
they mate for life and they are very
protective. They lay between 1 and
13 eggs and they hatch about a
month later (31 to 32 days)
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Compare and Contrast

Digestive Respiratory Muscular Reproductive Skeletal Cardiovas-

cular
The liver is The Frog, Rat, The Turtle The Frog and the
used to help Turtle and Owl also has 4 legs Perch and the
filter out all have lungs to help him lamprey release
toxins of all to make it so walk across their eggs and
animals. they can breath land. then the male
on land. fertilizes them
Like the turtle,
Neither the frog perch and Turtles and owls

Similar nor the owl

have a
lamprey, the
frog has a thin
lay hard shelled
eggs.
diaphragm layer of
muscles to
assist them in
their
movement.

The Rat can The Lamprey The Rat uses Owls mate for
store and Perch have his thin bone life
undigested gills to assist structure to be
food in the them in able to run Perch lays their
stomach, breathing with quickness eggs in a strand
while the underwater, and stealth.
perch breaks while the Rat The Frog uses
down all of (and all other his thin layers

Different its food land animals)

have lungs.
of muscles to
help him jump
The Frogs long distances,
Assofigase . The Perch and
is much Lamprey use
larger than their long
the rats, muscles
causing it to spread across
be able to their body to
swallow swim side to
larger prey. side.
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Essay
Throughout this semester I have learned a lot. I have learned about connective tissue and innate

details of the muscle. I learned that frogs can breathe through their skin and a lamprey can

breathe through their gills when they are feeding. I did have many ups and downs. My lowest

point was probably the muscle unit because of the so many details and things you needed to

memorize and I just couldnt do it, and that probably showed on the test. Another unit that was

not good for me was the skeletal system. Although, that was my favorite thing to learn about and

my favorite/most enjoyable unit. Overall I really enjoyed this class. The class was enjoyable, and

the teaching was good. I am a hands on learner and you did a good job of balancing the different

types of learning styles which was nice for a change. I hope to apply some of the stuff I learned

later in life, and its just kind of nice to know how the human body works. Wow. Humans are

cool.

Thank you!