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Diversiti i ierarhii culturale.

Cultura de mas, cultura popular, industrii culturale:


suporteri i critici

Prof. coordonator: Autori:

Pavel Raul Sebastian Chiaburu Florina

Popa Adelina

Triistaru Diana

rlea Anca

Voicu Cristina
Bucureti 2017
I. INTRODUCERE

1. Context

Lucrarea de fa este bazat pe discursul faimoasei actrie Meryl Streep, inut n cadrul
evenimentului Globul de Aur din 2017. Discursul este segmentat, astfel nct, n prima parte,
actria trateaz probleme de natur socio-cultural, abordnd concepte-cheie precum diversitatea
cultural si acceptarea diferenelor sociale. Discursul se concentreaz apoi pe sfera politicului,
unde actria i exprim prerile personale referitoare la preedintele Statelor Unite ale Americii,
Donald Trump. Ceea ce a determinat-o pe actri s i exprime prerea negativ la adresa
preedintelui SUA i are cauza n gestul ostentativ al acestuia, respectiv, jignirea unui reporter
cu handicap. Meryl Streep i ncheie discursul ntr-o manier emoionant i face trimitere la
pres, prezentnd interes i suport pentru jurnaliti. Stilul n care i susine cea de-a doua parte a
discursului este unul emoional, afectiv, cu o tendin de dramatizare i influen, formnd
diverse opinii n rndul publicului. Totodat, discursul a devenit viral ntr-un timp foarte scurt,
oamenii au simit nevoia s i exprime prerile pro sau contra pe toate mediile digitale, iar
preedintele Donald Trump nu a ezitat s dea replic, crendu-se, astfel, o ntreag polemic.

2. Concepte-cheie

Cultura este reprezentat de orice produs al gndirii i activitii umane ce devine un bun comun
societii. Ea cuprinde toate produsele materiale i nemateriale ale omului, respectiv ceea ce n
societatea omeneasc este transmis, mai degrab, social, nu biologic. Cultura reprezint o serie
de modele, imagini-ghid, reprezentri. (Chombart de Lawue)

Conceptul de diversitate cultural face referire la un proces dinamic de schimburi, de dialog, de


negociere ntre grupuri, precum i de identificare a unui limbaj i a unui spaiu comun, iar,
totodat, pune accentul pe interaciunea dintre grupurile percepute ca distincte n societate.

Cultura de mas se refer la o form de cultur legat de societatea contemporan, asociat


cu societatea de consum, n care o mare parte din relaiile dintre oameni sunt bazate pe procese
economice i n care consumul i nevoile lor devin fenomene de societate. Dup Edgar Morin,
cultura de mas ar avea trei caracteristici fundamentale: este produs pe cale industrial, este
difuzat de mass media i se adreseaz masei, adic unui conglomerat de indivizi diferii, unui
public care se extinde la nivel planetar. Cultura de mas nu este o cultur produs de mase, ci
una pentru mase. Dar sub impactul noilor mijloace de comunicare, universul cultural s-a
schimbat radical, iar acest tip nou de cultur este dependent de sistemul mediatic.

Mass-media favorizeaz o circulaie intens att a valorilior, ct i a nonvalorilor. Ea creeaz un


ocean de comunicare n care individul este scufundat n producia abundent de imagni i
informaii.

Cultura media este o nou ipostaz a culturii de mas, edificat pe suportul societii
postindustriale, informaionale, cu o economie bazat pe cunoatere. Industria cinematografic
este cea mai influent industrie din societate pe plan socio-cultural.

Cultura popular este determinat de procesul de globalizare i propune o uniformizare n rndul


societii. Astfel, caracteristicile promovate sunt: egalitatea interuman, o convieuire fr a se
face deosebire ntre clasele sociale sau originea geografic.

Termenul de industrie cultural reprezint ansamblul tehnicilor de producie i reproducie


social a operelor culturale. Industria cultural declaneaz un proces de simplificare n mas, iar
printre caracteristicile industrializrii se numr masificarea i standardizarea consumatorului i
a produselor. Industria culturii mbin tradiionalul cu o nou calitate: n toate sectoarele sale
sunt fabricate produse croite pentru consumul de mas, care determin, n mare msur, acest
consum.
3. Studiul de caz

n prima parte a discursului, actria i exprim susinerea pentru diversitile socio-culturale,


menionnd actori de culoare, care provin din medii i locuri diferite, dar alturi de care aceasta
contribuie la meninerea Hollywood-ului. But who are we, and what is Hollywood anyway? Its
just a bunch of people from other places. Conceptul de diversitate cultural face referire la un
proces dinamic de schimburi i de dialog ntre grupurile percepute ca distincte n societate,
precum i de identificare a unor puncte comune ale acestora. Meryl Streep susine diversitile
socio-culturale deoarece aceasta consider c prin art i cultur se poate sparge orice barier de
rasism, c Hollywood-ul nu este definit de apartenena la ras sau gen. So Hollywood is
crawling with outsiders and foreigners. And if we kick them all out youll have nothing to watch
but football and mixed martial arts, which are not the arts.

Cea de-a doua parte a discursului, cea pe care ne concentram mai mult, face trimitere la gestul
nepotrivit al preedintelui Donald Trump. But there was one performance this year that stunned
me. It sank its hooks in my heart. Not because it was good; there was nothing good about it. But
it was effective and it did its job. Acesta a adus jigniri la adresa unui jurnalist cu handicap, fapt
ce a strnit controverse fr precedent. Pe parcurs, discursul a luat forma unui manifest, cci
Meryl Streep a evideniat faptul c un asemenea comportament adoptat de persoana cu cea mai
important funcie n stat instig la violen i lips de respect. And this instinct to humiliate,
when its modeled by someone in the public platform, by someone powerful, it filters down into
everybodys life, because it kinda gives permission for other people to do the same thing.
Disrespect invites disrespect, violence incites violence. Actria manifest o atitudine de
protejare a jurnalitilor, de aceea face apel la public: So I only ask the famously well-heeled
Hollywood Foreign Press and all of us in our community to join me in supporting the Committee
to Protect Journalists, because were gonna need them going forward, and theyll need us to
safeguard the truth. n contextul unei perioade importante pentru istoria Americii, respectiv
alegerile prezidentiale, Meryl Streep tinde sa ironizeze preedintele Donald Trump i s
dramatizeze situaia n defavoarea acestuia.

Studiul nostru se bazeaz pe dou ntrebri de cercetare:

Ce influen are media asupra individului?

Ce impact a avut discursul lui Meryl Streep asupra sferei politice americane?
II. SECIUNE TEORETIC

Studiul nostru de caz analizeaz discursul lui Meryl Streep din punct de vedere teoretic, prin
trimitere la scriitori precum Theodor Adorno, Jean Baudrillard, Guy Debord i Pierre Bourdieu,
pe baza crora am integrat i seciunea aplicativ.

Theodor Adorno a fost un filozof sociolog i critic literar german, a crui opera a fost influenat
de personaliti precum Karl Marx, Friedrich Nitzsche i Friedrich Hegel.

n lucrarea Schema culturii de mas, Adorno susine c industria cultural impiedic formarea
de indivizi autonomi, independeni, capabili de judecti si decizii contiente. El afirma c
consumatorul a devenit pasiv, lipsit de spirit critic. Opinia lui Adorno n ceea ce privete
influena media asupra consumatorului este una radical, privit dintr-o perspectiv pesimist,
susinnd ideea c media ngrdete libertatea de gndire a consumatorului. ns, ntr-o er a
internetului, accesul nelimitat la informaii permite indivizilor s prelucreze informaia printr-un
filtru propriu, formndu-i, astfel, o prere personal i diferit de a celorlali. n contextul
studiat, polemica creat ntre actria Meryl Streep i preedintele Donald Trump a format preri
multiple i diverse n rndul indivizilor.

Baudrillard

Jean Baudrillard, sociolog, critic literar, scriitor francez i theoretician al postmodernismului, a


fost marcat de scrierile lui Roland Barthes, privind analiza semiotic a culturii i de cele ale lui
Marshall McLuhan care a demonstrat importana studierii mass-media n orice analiza
sociologic. Baudrillard este influenat de marxism, iar articolele sale critic tehnologia.
Filosofia acestuia se centreaz pe conceptele de : hiper-realitate i simulare, care se refer la
natura virtual (nereal) a cultuii actuale, n epoca dominate de consumul i comunicarea de
masa.
Conform lui Baudrillard, ntreaga tem a consumerismului este articulat n jurul mitului
dorinei, care l ndreapt pe om spre obiectele ce i ofer satisfacie. Cu alte cuvinte, nevoile
exist numai pentru a mri nivelul consumului. ntr-o societate de consum, viaa social nu este
despre a tri, ci despre a avea; spectacolul folosete imaginea pentru a transmite ceea ce oamenii
au nevoie i trebuie sa aib.
Bibliografie

Baudrillard, J. (2005), Societatea de consum. Mituri i structuri, Bucureti : Ed. Comunicare


Adorno, T.,(1991), The schema of mass culture; Culture industry reconsidered, n volumul The
Culture Industry: Sellected Essays on Mass Culture; London & New York, Routledge,
Debord, G., (2001), Societatea Spectacolului
http://www.idea.ro/revista/?q=ro/node/40&articol=310
ANEX

Please sit down. Thank you. I love you all. Youll have to forgive me. Ive lost my voice in
screaming and lamentation this weekend. And I have lost my mind sometime earlier this year, so
I have to read.

Thank you, Hollywood Foreign Press. Just to pick up on what Hugh Laurie said: You and all of
us in this room really belong to the most vilified segments in American society right now. Think
about it: Hollywood, foreigners and the press.

But who are we, and what is Hollywood anyway? Its just a bunch of people from other places. I
was born and raised and educated in the public schools of New Jersey. Viola was born in a
sharecroppers cabin in South Carolina, came up in Central Falls, Rhode Island; Sarah Paulson
was born in Florida, raised by a single mum in Brooklyn. Sarah Jessica Parker was one of seven
or eight kids in Ohio. Amy Adams was born in Vicenza, Italy. And Natalie Portman was born in
Jerusalem. Where are their birth certificates? And the beautiful Ruth Negga was born in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia, raised in London no, in Ireland I do believe, and shes here nominated for
playing a girl in small-town Virginia.

Ryan Gosling, like all of the nicest people, is Canadian, and Dev Patel was born in Kenya, raised
in London, and is here playing an Indian raised in Tasmania. So Hollywood is crawling with
outsiders and foreigners. And if we kick them all out youll have nothing to watch but football
and mixed martial arts, which are not the arts.

They gave me three seconds to say this, so: An actors only job is to enter the lives of people
who are different from us, and let you feel what that feels like. And there were many, many,
many powerful performances this year that did exactly that. Breathtaking, compassionate work.

But there was one performance this year that stunned me. It sank its hooks in my heart. Not
because it was good; there was nothing good about it. But it was effective and it did its job. It
made its intended audience laugh, and show their teeth. It was that moment when the person
asking to sit in the most respected seat in our country imitated a disabled reporter. Someone he
outranked in privilege, power and the capacity to fight back. It kind of broke my heart when I
saw it, and I still cant get it out of my head, because it wasnt in a movie. It was real life. And
this instinct to humiliate, when its modeled by someone in the public platform, by someone
powerful, it filters down into everybodys life, because it kinda gives permission for other people
to do the same thing. Disrespect invites disrespect, violence incites violence. And when the
powerful use their position to bully others we all lose. OK, go on with it.

OK, this brings me to the press. We need the principled press to hold power to account, to call
him on the carpet for every outrage. Thats why our founders enshrined the press and its
freedoms in the Constitution. So I only ask the famously well-heeled Hollywood Foreign Press
and all of us in our community to join me in supporting the Committee to Protect Journalists,
because were gonna need them going forward, and theyll need us to safeguard the truth.

One more thing: Once, when I was standing around on the set one day, whining about something
you know we were gonna work through supper or the long hours or whatever, Tommy Lee
Jones said to me, Isnt it such a privilege, Meryl, just to be an actor? Yeah, it is, and we have
to remind each other of the privilege and the responsibility of the act of empathy. We should all
be proud of the work Hollywood honours here tonight.

As my friend, the dear departed Princess Leia, said to me once, take your broken heart, make it
into art.

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