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Introduction:
Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of
separation, identification and quantitative analysis (i.e., estimation) of the chemical
components of natural and artificial materials. E.g.:
For getting reproducible results, some interfering elements come in the way of
quantative analysis and these problems have been solved by analytical chemists
having the knowledge of sampling and excellent methods of separation such as
solvent extraction, ion-exchange chromatography and other different methods of
chromatography like TLC, paper, partition, HPLC, etc. These methods have
significantly helped an analytical chemist to mitigate these problems of
interference, a short review of which discussed below.
There are several ways of achieving accuracy in the analysis. One can use small
blanks along with the sample during determination. The use of large blanks reduces the
precision.
Another way is to give a correction e.g. in weighing of filter paper, or weight of
precipitate unreacted or unignited. An analytical chemist should strive hard to improve
the existing methods by proper combination of methods of separation and determination
to increase accuracy. Real advances can only be made by abandoning old methods and
seeking newer ones. An analytical chemist should be an originator and innovator as well
as a repair person.
Some important methods which are used immensely in analytical chemistry are as
follows-
a) Analytical uses- Capillaries made of glass or copper are used for analytical
purposes. Glass capillaries whose internal surfaces are treated with conc. NH3 at
500*c can separate amino acid using Butanone/Pyridine/Dil. Acetic Acid or
Xylose/Glucose/Maltose using Butanone/Acetic Acid/Water.
b) Deportation of Geometrical Isomers- It helps to separate cis and trans isomers.
c) Chromatography is also used in separation of tautomeric mixtures.
The apparatus and technique for GSC happen to be the same as for GLC. The only
difference lies in the nature of the stationary phase and the length of the column.
Information on the columns and therir applications is included in the table.
Applications of SEM:
Applications of TEM:
The various techniques of thermal analysis are summarised in the table below-
II )
DERIVATIVE THERMOGRAVIMETRY(DTG)- In DTG curve, the first derivative of
the TG curve is plotted with respect ot eithr temperature or time.
This is produced electronically from the TG trace by the computer and represents
the dm/dt or occasionally the dm/dt as a function of time or T.
Applications of DTG-
i) The magnitude of DTG signal is directly proportional to the rate of
reaction, it allows the comparision of reaction rates and
ii) The DTG curve separates overlapping reactions more clearly than
the TG curve.
III)DIFFERTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS(DTA )- DTA though often considered an
adjunct to TG is infact far more versatile and yields data if a considerably more
fundamental nature. This technique is simple as it involves the techniques of recording
the defference in temperature between a substance and a reference material against time
or temperature.
Applications of DTA-
i) Thermal diffusivity- DTA has been used to determine the thermal
diffusivities by measuring the temperature difference, ∆Ts,
between the centre and surface of the sample, heated at a
uniform rate.
d) DTA technique has been widely used for the quality control
of a large no. Of substaces like cement, glass, soil, catalysts,
textiles, resins etc.
CONCLUSION- From the above discullion it can be concluded that the analytical
chemistry is an important tool in the hands of an analytical chemist for the quantitative as
well as qualitative analysis of a compound accurately. Analytical chemistry has various
aspects in the different fields of study. Now a days a chemist can not think of analysis of
substances used in our daily life and also which are naturally abundant without analytical
chemistry. In near futhre it is going to be the capstone of all the branches of chemistry.
All the materials used in our daily life i.e, hags, clothes, chair, aeroplane, fans etc. belong
to polymer family and the thermal stabiliyty of these po;ymers is a part of analytical
chemistry,. Now a days nano science and technology is growing in the field of chemistry.
The morphology i.e, size,dimensions, surface structure of the nanoparticles used as
nanofibres, nonocoatings, nanopolymers, nanocomposites etc. can be dermined by tools
and techniques which is an integral part of analytical chemistry. So, the analytical
chimistry is essential and integral part for the development of the future prospects of the
world.