University of San Carlos

Department of Chemical Engineering

CHE 422L Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1

Data Processing & Analysis Report

(Form CHE422L-2)

Prepared and submitted by:

Navalta, Carl John Louie Nietes, Winston Jose Raboy, Von Adrian

Experiment : Fluidization (Fluidization of a Packed Bed of Particles)

Objectives of the Experiment
1. Investigate the effect of column diameter on the power required to fluidize a bed of solid particles.
2. Calculate the theoretical power required to fluidize a bed of solid particles and compare with
experimentally determined values.
3. Determine graphically and through visual observation the minimum fluidization velocity of solid
particles packed in a cylindrical column.
4. Relate the power required for fluidization to the flow rate of the fluidizing medium and the porosity of
the bed.

Results & Discussion

Objective 1:
Variation of the absorption column diameter will give differences in the hydrodynamics of the column
in fluidizing a packed bed of particles with water as a fluidizing medium. Consequently, as the diameter is
varied the power requirement for fluidization also changes. Listed in the table below are the physical
dimensions of the column in study as well as the average working temperature.

Table 1. Physical dimensions of the packed bed column.

Parameter Value
Dc, small (m) 0.035
Dc, big (m) 0.059
Piping area (m2) 0.000126677
Lc (m) 0.105
Twater (oC) 28.005
 If the flow rate of the fluidizing medium is increased, a point is reached wherein the pressure drop
across the bed over a unit cross sectional area counterbalances the force of gravity on the weight of the
particles. Further increase will make the bed fluidized and the particles will start to vibrate and move but not
yet expanded to full column height. This is where true fluidization occurs (McCabe, Smith, & Harriott, 1993)

Table 1 shows the power requirement as a function of column diameter.

Table 2. Power requirement values for each column and the corresponding flow rates at fluidization
Column Diameter (mm) 105 V (m3/s) Powerexperimental (W)
35 4.391 0.035
59 12.453 0.562

The data shown in the table above was the power required to fluidized the bed of particles. These
data represents the power, and as well as the corresponding flow rate, which true fluidization occurs. At this
point, the particles on top the packed bed starts to vibrate and move but not yet expanded to full column
height. It can be observed that in larger column diameter, the flow rate needed to fluidize the bed is about
three times larger than the flow rate for the smaller diameter. Larger flow rate will consequently increase the
power requirement for fluidization.

This is taking into account that the packed bed particles are of the same depth for both columns.
However, the unit cross sectional area of both columns are not the same the volume of the particles
occupied in the bigger column is larger than that of the smaller column. This also means that amount particles
in the larger column is greater and thus they will have greater mass. This mass will be counter-balanced by
the flow rate of the fluidizing medium, and the greater the mass the faster should be the flow rate of the
medium to effect vibration of particles. This is the reason why greater power is required for the larger column.

To visually see the effect of the column diameter on the power required to fluidize the bed, figures 1
and 2 show the plot of the actual or experimental power versus the volumetric flow rate of the fluidizing
medium for both columns.

2
 8.0
7.0
6.0

Poweractual (W)
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
volumetric flowrate (10-5 m3/s)
35 mm - experimental 59 mm - experimental
Figure 1. Experimental power required as a function of the volumetric flow rate
of the fluidizing medium.

8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
Powertheo (W)

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
volumetric flowrate (10-5 m3/s)
35 mm - theoretical 59 mm - theoretical

Figure 2. Theoretical power required as a function of the volumetric flow rate

of the fluidizing medium.

The data points colored red are the point where fluidization occurs. The red circle and the red
diamond is for the 35 mm and 59 mm column diameter respectively. The volumetric flow rate required to
fluidized a bed for the bigger column is larger compared to that of the smaller column, and consequently this

Objective 2:
The power (P) required to fluidized a bed is the pressure drop across the column times the volumetric
fluid of the fluidizing medium.

3
That is:
! = !& [1]
The volumetric flow rate of the fluidizing medium (water) is obtained by taking the time required to
reach a volume (in the experiment the volume used was 800 mL and 1000 mL), then dividing the volume by
the time recorded. Pressure drop measurements were obtained by using a mercury manometer and recording
the differences in the height of the mercury through the following equation:
! = '() '(+ , - / 0 [2]
It was observed that the manometer contains not only mercury and water, but it also has other
materials in it. This may alter or affect the pressure readings (please see photos in annex 2).
By calculating the pressure drop using equation [1], it takes into account that the column is not fully
filled with particles, so accounted for is the Erguns equation for the part of the column occupied by the
particles. Friction losses were accounted also at the empty section of the column and as well as the friction
losses due to expansion and contraction of the pipes, fittings and valves. Calculations are shown in Annex
2.
Shown in the figure below is the plot of power (experimental and theoretical) for the 35 mm column
diameter. It shows a difference in the experimentally calculated value with the theoretically calculated one,
but shows the same trend power increases as the velocity is increased. With increasing velocity of the
fluidizing medium, the difference between the two powers decreases. This means that the actual power
required for the 35 mm column follows the assumptions of the Erguns assumptions.

8.0 100
7.0 90
80
6.0
70
% Difference

5.0
Power (W)

60
4.0 50
3.0 40
30
2.0
20
1.0 10
0.0 0
0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17
v' (m/s)

35 mm - experimental 35 mm - theoretical 35 mm % difference

Figure 3. Power as a function of the superficial velocity of the fluidizing medium,

with percent difference of the theoretical and experimental calculated value of
power for 35 mm column.

4
 However, for the 59 mm packed column the difference of the theoretical and experimental power is
larger compared to that of the smaller column. This implies that for the bigger column, Erguns assumptions
do not characterize the hydrodynamics of the column.
As seen in the figure below, the theoretically calculated value of the power requirement to fluidize
the bed is greater than that of the experimentally calculated one. This may be because of an overestimation
of the friction forces that is involved in the fluidization of the bigger column. The flow of the fluidizing medium
in the bigger column could be less turbulent than the expected flow regime that is actually happening inside
the column. Aside from this, the foreign particles could have changed or altered the manometer reading
leading to an erroneous estimation of the experimental power required and the presence of cracks (please
see photos in annex 2) in which leaks may occur that relieved the pressure inside the column so that the
readings for the height of the mercury inside the column is lesser and thus smaller P smaller P means
smaller power requirement.

8.0 100
7.0 90
80
6.0
70
Powerexp (W)

% Difference
5.0 60
4.0 50
3.0 40
30
2.0
20
1.0 10
0.0 0
0.01 0.06 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.26
v' (m/s)

59 mm - experimental 59 mm theoretical 59 mm % difference

Figure 4. Power as a function of the superficial velocity of the fluidizing medium,

with percent difference of the theoretical and experimental calculated value of
power for 59 mm column.

5
Objective 3:
Shown in the figure below is the plot of the pressure drop across the bed versus the superficial
velocity of the fluidizing medium.
4
B C
3.5 C B
B
3 A
log Pbed

2.5
2 A
D
1.5
1
0.5
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5
log v'
35 mm 59 mm

Figure 5. Pressure drop across the bed as a function of the superficial velocity
of water. (A - fixed bed operation, B bed becomes unstable, C loosest arrangement
of particles in contact and D fluidization is complete and all are the particles are in
motion)

According to Brown (1993), the fluidization begins at a point wherein the particles start to move, and
this happens at a superficial velocity far below the terminal free-settling velocities of the particles. This
superficial velocity is referred to as the minimum fluidization velocity.

For the visual observation, the volumetric flow rate in which the particles in the top layer started to
vibrate is noted as the start of the fluidization, and this volumetric flow rate is used in the calculation for the
minimum fluidization velocity. On the other hand, graphically obtained minimum fluidization velocity is derived
from the plot of Pbed vs. v.

During the course of the conduct of the experiment, the minimum fluidization velocity for the two
columns were recorded and are reported in the table below together with the data obtained from the graph
presented above (Point C).

6
Table 3. Summary of the comparison on the minimum fluidization velocity values of the two
columns obtained visually and graphically.
Minimum Fluidization Velocity (m/s)
Column Diameter (mm) % Difference
Visual Graphical
35 0.046 0.055 16.36
59 0.129 0.141 8.51

Objective 4:

Figures 6 and 7 illustrates the relationship between power and the bed porosity and the fluidizing
medium flow rate.

8
7
6
Powertheo, W

5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00E+00 5.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.50E-04 2.00E-04 2.50E-04 3.00E-04
volumetric flow rate, m3/s
35 mm 59 mm

Figure 6. Plot of total power vs. the flow rate of the fluidizing medium entering
in the column.

The figure above shows the hyperbolic relationship between the volumetric flow rate of fluidizing
medium and power requirement. As a greater flow rate of fluidizing medium is introduced into the tower, a
greater pressure gradient must also be introduced (Brown, 1993). This pressure gradient will consequently
increase the power requirement. For flow rates from 7 x 10-6 m3/s to 7 x 48-5 m3/s, the difference between the
two curves representing each column is not large. This means only that the flow rate is too low to be affected
by the effects of the column diameter. For flow rates higher than this particular range, it can be seen the gap
between the two curve increases significantly.

7
 9
8
7
6

Theoretical Power (W)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
bed porosity
35 mm

Figure 7. Plot of the total power as a function of the porosity of the particle bed.

Figure 7 shows the respective curves (3rd order polynomial fit) for each column on the variation of
power requirement with the particle beds porosity. Though very different in magnitudes, the two curves have
similar trends. In between 0.4 and 0.5 void fractions, the power requirement continues to increase at a same
value of porosity. The power requirement then continues to increase as porosity increases. There is also a
part in the two curves wherein the increase in the porosity has little effect on power requirement. After such
stage, the porosity of the bed approximates unity and does not anymore affect the power requirement.

The vertical part of the curve for the larger column is the part of the fixed-bed operation. The porosity
of the bed during fixed-bed operation remains constant with increasing velocities (Brown, 1993). The point
wherein the bed starts to expand signified by the increase in the beds porosity is the expanded-bed stage.
The porosity then increases continuously as a function of the Reynolds number corresponding to the free-
settling velocity of the individual particles (Brown, 1993). This free-settling velocity is the point wherein
complete fluidization occurs. Also beyond this velocity each particle in the bed is moving as an independent
individual, meaning the bed has ceased to exist and the porosity approximates unity. This behavior is signified
by the sudden shift of the slope and then suddenly tilting approximately to a vertical line. The power
requirement is a function of both the volumetric flow rate and the bed porosity.

8
 Conclusions

With the same conditions and same fluidizing medium, the diameter of the column will dictate the
power requirement for fluidization with the same height of packed bed. Based from the data obtained from
the experiment, the larger column requires more power for fluidization to occur, 0.562 W at point C where
the particles are in their loosest arrangement compared to 0.035 W for the smaller column. This is due to the
amount of solid particles involved more solid particles mean greater weight and more skin friction to be
overcome by the fluidizing medium.
For both columns, the theoretical and experimental power required for fluidization increases as the
fluidizing medium velocity is increased. For the 35 mm diameter column, the theoretical power calculated
coincides with the experimentally calculated values with decreasing % difference as the superficial velocity
is increased. However, for the 59 mm column, the theoretical power required is larger compared to the
experimentally calculated one.
The minimum fluidization velocity can be determined through visual observation and graphical
determination. For the 35 mm diameter column, the minimum fluidization velocity is 0.046 m/s and 0.055m/s
for visual and graphical respectively. For the 59 mm diameter column, 0.129 m/s is the minimum fluidization
velocity determined visually and 0.141 m/s which is determined graphically. Both methods provide
satisfactory acceptable values when comparing it to theoretically calculated values.
Power increases as the flow rate of the fluidizing medium is increased. As it reaches the minimum
fluidization velocity, a complete fluidization is achieved wherein the solid particles will expand to full column
height. At this point, the porosity approaches unity the porosity of the bed does not change but the power
required will drastically increase.
REFERENCES

McCabe, W. L., Smith, J. C., & Harriott, P. (1993). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (5th ed.). New
York, United States of America: McGraw Hill.

Geankoplis, C. J. (2003). Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (4th ed.). New
Jersey, United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.

Brown, G. G. (1993). Unit Operations. New Delhi, India: CBS Publishers & Distributors.

ANNEX 1: Raw Data

Please see attached.

9
 ANNEX 2: Processing of Data

Data for characterization of packed bed

Table 4. Data for measurement of particle diameter, Dp and particle mass
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Average
Dp (mm) 5.75 5.30 5.30 5.30 5.75 5.48
Dp (m) 0.00575 0.0053 0.0053 0.0053 0.00575 0.00548
Mass, g 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.18 0.20 0.20
Sample Calculation
0.005757 + 0.00537 + 0.00537 + 0.00537 + 0.00575
12 = = 0.00548 7
5
Sample Calculation for the density of particle
1N-
7<==>?@ AB C<DEFGHI 0.20 - N-
1000-
'2 = = P = 2321.08 P
JAHK7I AB C<DEFGHI 4 0.005487 7
O
3 2
Table 5. Data for measurement of porosity, , of fixed bed
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
Total volume (mL) 100 100 100
Volume of water added (mL) 44.5 45.0 45.5 0.450
0.445 0.455 0.450 0.450
Sample Calculations
For Trial 1
JAHK7I AB R<EID <SSIS 44.5 7T
Q= = = 0.445
EAE<H JAHK7I 100 7T
0.445 + 0.455 + 0.450
Q <JI = = 0.450
3

Other data used for calculations

Table 6. Data obtained from literature

Literature Data Bank
g (m/s2) 9.81
Twater (C) 28.005
Hg (kg/m3) 13525.53
H2O (kg/m3) 996.2
H2O(Pa.s) 0.0008392

10
For determination of Points A, B, C, and D and for visual determination of minimum fluidization
velocity
*Note: Minimum fluidization velocity (visual) is at Point C (Highlighted with yellow)

Table 7.1. Data for the velocity of the fluidizing medium (Dc=35mm)
t (s) V (mL) V (m3) v (m3/s) v' (m/s)
114.09 800.0 0.0008 0.000007012 0.007288135
47.38 800.0 0.0008 0.000016885 0.017549670
29.42 800.0 0.0008 0.000027192 0.028263201
22.88 800.0 0.0008 0.000034965 0.036341931
20.52 800.0 0.0008 0.000038986 0.040521607
18.22 800.0 0.0008 0.000043908 0.045636848
17.30 800.0 0.0008 0.000046243 0.048063779
16.27 800.0 0.0008 0.000049170 0.051106538
15.09 800.0 0.0008 0.000053015 0.055102941
15.07 800.0 0.0008 0.000053086 0.055176070
12.50 800.0 0.0008 0.000064000 0.066520270
11.66 800.0 0.0008 0.000068611 0.071312468
11.10 800.0 0.0008 0.000072072 0.074910214
10.88 800.0 0.0008 0.000073529 0.076424943
10.70 800.0 0.0008 0.000074766 0.077710596
8.76 800.0 0.0008 0.000091324 0.094920477
7.66 800.0 0.0008 0.000104439 0.108551355
7.12 800.0 0.0008 0.000112360 0.116784182
5.72 800.0 0.0008 0.000139860 0.145367723
4.86 800.0 0.0008 0.000164609 0.171091230

Table 7.2. Data for the velocity of the fluidizing medium (Dc=59 mm)
t (s) V (mL) V (m3) v (m3/s) v' (m/s)
47.66 1000 0.001 2.0982E-05 0.021808209
34.14 1000 0.001 2.92912E-05 0.030444617
19.88 1000 0.001 5.03018E-05 0.052282657
14.52 1000 0.001 6.88705E-05 0.071582591
9.08 1000 0.001 0.000110132 0.114469077
8.03 1000 0.001 0.000124533 0.129437014
7.35 1000 0.001 0.000136054 0.141412139
7.1 1000 0.001 0.000140845 0.146391439

11
 6.96 1000 0.001 0.000143678 0.149336095
6.76 1000 0.001 0.000147929 0.153754323
6.27 1000 0.001 0.00015949 0.165770211
5.84 1000 0.001 0.000171233 0.177975894
5.7 1000 0.001 0.000175439 0.182347232
5.56 1000 0.001 0.000179856 0.186938709
5.32 1000 0.001 0.00018797 0.195372034
5.06 1000 0.001 0.000197628 0.205410913
4.79 1000 0.001 0.000208768 0.216989399
4.5 1000 0.001 0.000222222 0.23097316
4.19 1000 0.001 0.000238663 0.248061866
3.8 1000 0.001 0.000263158 0.273520847

Sample Calculations (for Dc= 35 mm, Point A Trial 1)

JAHK7I 800 7T 1 7P
? = = = 7.012V10WX 7P /=
EF7I 114.09 = 100000 7T
? ? 7.012V10WX 7P /=
JZ = = / = / 7.288 V10WP 7/=
[ O1\ 35
4 O 7
1000
4

Experimental Pressure Drop

Table 8. Experimental Pressure Drop and Power requirement

35 mm 59 mm
h1 (cm) h2 (cm) Pexp Pactual (W) h1 (cm) h2 (cm) Pexp Pactual (W)
8.8 8.2 796.0577 0.0056 8.2 8 265.3526 0.0056
8.9 8.1 1061.4102 0.0179 8.2 8 265.3526 0.0078
9 7.9 1459.4390 0.0397 8.3 7.8 663.3814 0.0334
9.2 7.8 1857.4679 0.0649 8.7 7.4 1724.7916 0.1188
9.5 7.5 2653.5255 0.1035 9.5 6.8 3582.2595 0.3945
9.6 7.3 3051.5544 0.1340 9.8 6.4 4510.9934 0.5618
9.9 7.1 3714.9358 0.1718 10.1 6.2 5174.3748 0.7040
10 7 3980.2883 0.1957 10 6 5307.0511 0.7475
10.1 6.9 4245.6409 0.2251 10.2 5.9 5705.0799 0.8197
10.1 6.8 4378.3171 0.2324 10.2 5.8 5837.7562 0.8636
10.5 6.5 5307.0511 0.3397 10.5 5.5 6633.8138 1.0580
10.8 6.2 6103.1087 0.4187 10.7 5.3 7164.5190 1.2268
11 6 6633.8138 0.4781 10.9 5.2 7562.5478 1.3268
11.1 5.8 7031.8427 0.5170 11 4.9 8093.2529 1.4556
11.2 5.7 7297.1952 0.5456 11.5 4.5 9287.3394 1.7457

12
 12 5 9287.3394 0.8482 11.6 4.3 9685.3682 1.9141
13 4 11940.8649 1.2471 11.9 4 10481.4259 2.1882
13.8 3 14329.0379 1.6100 12.3 3.8 11277.4835 2.5061
15.8 1 19636.0890 2.7463 13.5 3 13931.0091 3.3248
28.2 8.6 26004.5503 4.2806 13.6 2.4 14859.7430 3.9105

Sample Calculations (Calculations based on first entry for Dc = 35mm)

For Pexpt
!@]2^ = '() '(+ , -
N- 7
!@]2^ = 13525.53 996.2 P
9.81 / 0.006 7
7 =
!@]2^ = 737.48 !<
For Powerexpt
!ARID@]2^ = ? !
7.012V106 73
!ARID@]2^ = 737.48!< = 0.0056a
=

13
Table 9. Theoretical Pressure Drop and Power requirement as a function of flow rate (Dc = 35 mm)
L L'
Nre Efr bed Efr column Efr fittings P
V (m3/s) v' (m/s) Nre (bed) Nre (piping) (cm f (cm Efr Pbed Ptheo
(column) (J/kg) (J/kg) (J/kg) (W)
) )
0.0000 0.0072 47.41088 302.8067 834.50677 10. 0.4 0.0528 83. 0.0214 0.00013 0.0098 0.0313 21.35 31.27 0.02
07012 88135 4486 43981 4751 5 500 38982 0 39047 3115 20432 92594 76 33 502
0.0000 0.0175 114.1643 729.1519 2009.4739 10. 0.4 0.0219 83. 0.0880 0.00032 0.0340 0.1224 87.73 121.9 0.09
16885 49670 69165 92841 96019 5 500 43299 0 71035 0538 35543 27116 64 619 757
0.0000 0.0282 183.8581 1174.276 3236.1957 10. 0.4 0.0136 83. 0.2031 0.00051 0.0722 0.2759 202.3 274.8 0.21
27192 63201 85283 730823 14867 5 500 25408 0 16687 6217 79905 12809 448 643 989
0.0000 0.0363 236.4120 1509.931 4161.2271 10. 0.4 0.0105 83. 0.3205 0.00066 0.1098 0.4311 319.3 429.4 0.34
34965 41931 54678 006154 82315 5 500 96511 0 94072 3772 76236 34080 758 958 360
0.0000 0.0405 263.6017 1683.587 4639.8088 10. 0.4 0.0095 83. 0.3917 0.00074 0.1322 0.5247 390.2 522.7 0.41
38986 21607 45177 788539 66051 5 500 03514 0 42392 0112 82895 65399 538 713 822
0.0000 0.0456 296.8774 1896.115 5225.5147 10. 0.4 0.0084 82. 0.4260 0.00082 0.1624 0.5893 424.4 587.0 0.46
43908 36848 86884 335939 05344 9 702 38305 6 45535 9523 47628 22686 266 833 967
0.0000 0.0480 312.6651 1996.949 5503.4033 10. 0.4 0.0080 82. 0.4693 0.00087 0.1778 0.6480 467.6 645.6 0.51
46243 63779 91389 215076 48634 9 702 12222 6 98112 3637 15183 86932 144 242 650
0.0000 0.0511 332.4589 2123.369 5851.8056 11. 0.4 0.0075 82. 0.5102 0.00092 0.1980 0.7092 508.3 706.5 0.56
49170 06538 92688 478845 50361 0 750 35194 5 85549 7819 42259 55627 465 605 525
0.0000 0.0551 358.4564 2289.411 6309.4021 11. 0.4 0.0069 82. 0.5880 0.00100 0.2262 0.8153 585.8 812.2 0.64
53015 02941 48710 624971 16062 0 750 88695 5 82787 0372 31519 14678 481 165 977
0.0000 0.0551 358.9321 2292.449 6317.7755 11. 0.4 0.0069 82. 0.5096 0.00099 0.2267 0.7374 507.7 734.6 0.58
53086 76070 70606 994745 76070 5 978 79433 0 42240 5629 64515 02384 056 003 768
0.0000 0.0665 432.7286 2763.777 7616.7102 13. 0.5 0.0469 80. 0.2416 0.00955 0.7554 1.0066 240.7 1002. 0.80
64000 20270 24882 713665 34510 0 558 59691 5 24377 8529 71609 54515 062 8292 226
0.0000 0.0713 463.9028 2962.883 8165.4269 14. 0.5 0.0465 79. 0.2416 0.01075 0.8634 1.1158 240.7 1111. 0.88
68611 12468 99745 483775 23789 0 875 72070 5 24377 9338 97230 80945 062 6406 931
0.0000 0.0749 487.3070 3112.362 8577.3763 14. 0.5 0.0447 79. 0.2416 0.01142 0.9288 1.1819 240.7 1177. 0.94
72072 10214 10003 290163 90214 0 875 97872 5 24377 0064 55690 00131 062 4089 193
0.0000 0.0764 497.1606 3175.296 8750.8159 14. 0.6 0.0441 79. 0.2416 0.01163 0.9575 1.2108 240.7 1206. 0.96
73529 24943 44396 086472 86340 5 017 40772 0 24377 8559 60366 23302 062 2222 498
0.0000 0.0777 505.5240 3228.712 8898.0259 14. 0.6 0.0418 79. 0.2416 0.01140 0.9565 1.2095 240.7 1204. 0.96
74766 10596 94489 282319 74895 5 017 35931 0 24377 5096 41692 71166 062 9748 398
0.0000 0.0949 617.4780 3943.746 10868.593 16. 0.6 0.0381 77. 0.2416 0.01520 1.3464 1.6033 240.7 1597. 1.27
91324 20477 60620 737536 371162 0 391 17663 5 24377 9318 81718 15412 062 2228 778

14
 0.0001 0.1085 706.1498 4510.081 12429.357 18. 0.6 0.0358 75. 0.2416 0.01823 1.6973 1.9572 240.7 1949. 1.55
04439 51355 44782 125433 432295 0 792 75953 5 24377 8236 78040 40653 062 8031 984
0.0001 0.1167 759.7061 4852.137 13372.033 19. 0.6 0.0326 74. 0.2416 0.01898 1.8600 2.1206 240.7 2112. 1.69
12360 84182 53235 840002 417328 0 961 89897 5 24377 0158 04406 08941 062 5506 004
0.0001 0.1453 945.6482 6039.724 16644.908 22. 0.7 0.0308 71. 0.2416 0.02663 2.7883 3.0566 240.7 3045. 2.43
39860 67723 18712 024618 729262 0 375 50829 5 24377 6110 65674 26161 062 0110 601
0.0001 0.1710 1112.985 7108.481 19590.304 34. 0.8 0.0304 59. 0.2416 1.04081 3.8348 5.1173 240.7 5097. 4.07
64609 91230 146303 773830 101106 0 301 58610 8 24377 4211 68266 06853 062 8611 829

Table 10. Theoretical Pressure Drop and Power requirement as a function of flow rate (Dc = 59 mm)
L
Nre Nre L' Efr bed Efr column Efr fittings P
V (m3/s) v' (m/s) Nre (bed) (cm f Efr Pbed Ptheo
(column) (piping) (cm) (J/kg) (J/kg) (J/kg) (W)
)
2.0982E 0.02180 141.867 906.085 2497.08 0.37903 0.01 0.22150 5.03897 0.04765 0.26 220.66 268.18 0.26
-05 8209 0744 3289 5552 9.3 2258 766 10.5 3582 E-05 1682 92 19 27 82
2.92912 0.03044 198.048 1264.90 3485.97 10. 0.43932 0.01 0.25051 7.03449 0.08168 0.33 249.56 331.01 0.33
E-05 4617 7629 9982 2391 3 0388 265 10.5 7626 E-05 9575 23 57 49 10
5.03018 0.05228 340.109 2172.23 5986.47 11. 0.48893 0.00 0.48683 0.00012 0.20614 0.69 484.98 690.46 0.69
E-05 2657 8976 4747 3713 3 8053 737 10.5 2212 0804 6861 31 23 61 05
6.88705 0.07158 465.660 2974.10 8196.35 12. 0.53048 0.00 0.68769 0.00016 0.36193 1.04 685.08 1045.8 1.04
E-05 2591 1077 6527 6571 3 7805 538 10.5 7079 5398 8217 98 38 115 58
0.00011 0.11446 744.645 4755.95 13106.9 13. 0.56578 0.00 1.40088 0.00026 0.86196 2.26 1395.5 2254.5 2.25
0132 9077 8991 0085 4905 3 9474 336 10.5 5486 4491 4451 31 621 146 45
0.00012 0.12943 842.015 5377.83 14820.8 14. 0.59615 0.00 1.51826 0.00029 1.08643 2.60 1512.4 2595.0 2.59
4533 7014 5372 646 0914 3 3846 298 10.5 6738 9075 2389 50 973 992 51
0.00013 0.14141 919.916 5875.37 16191.9 15. 0.62254 0.00 1.58224 0.00032 1.28462 2.86 1576.2 2856.3 2.85
6054 2139 2944 7793 8604 3 902 272 10.5 4674 6745 9998 72 321 061 63
0.00014 0.14639 952.307 6082.25 16762.1 16. 0.64570 0.00 1.51485 0.00033 1.37191 2.88 1509.0 2876.1 2.87
0845 1439 7132 7292 264 3 5521 263 10.5 235 825 106 71 959 307 61
0.00014 0.14933 971.463 6204.60 17099.2 17. 0.66618 0.00 1.43205 0.00034 1.42487 2.85 1426.6 2846.4 2.84
3678 6095 3281 1548 9561 3 4971 258 10.5 9888 5054 3239 73 181 205 64
0.00014 0.15375 1000.20 6388.16 17605.1 18. 0.68442 0.00 1.39660 0.00035 1.50621 2.90 1391.2 2892.1 2.89
7929 4323 4847 9641 9193 3 623 250 10.5 3449 5263 5413 32 964 421 21
0.00015 0.16577 1078.37 6887.40 18981.0 19. 0.70077 0.00 1.50761 0.00041 1.73882 3.24 1501.8 3234.5 3.23
949 0211 0776 4589 3627 3 7202 232 11.5 6152 9505 5928 69 872 235 45

15
 0.00017 0.17797 1157.77 7394.52 20378.6 20. 0.71551 0.00 1.62825 0.00046 1.99216 3.62 1622.0 3607.1 3.60
1233 5894 1364 5133 1257 3 7241 216 12 858 9976 4432 09 712 336 71
0.00017 0.18234 1186.20 7576.14 20879.1 21. 0.72887 0.00 1.61464 0.00048 2.08707 3.70 1608.5 3688.1 3.68
5439 7232 7853 5048 399 3 3239 211 12 8382 1519 4984 22 127 365 81
0.00017 0.18693 1216.07 7766.91 21404.8 22. 0.74103 0.00 1.61270 0.00051 2.18913 3.80 1606.5 3787.9 3.78
9856 8709 6396 1291 7364 3 139 206 12.5 1285 4212 9058 24 730 056 79
0.00018 0.19537 1270.93 8117.29 22370.5 23. 0.75214 0.00 1.68200 0.00053 2.38293 4.06 1675.6 4050.0 4.05
797 2034 6986 8266 0703 3 5923 197 12.5 5837 7409 9862 55 142 343 00
0.00019 0.20541 1336.24 8534.39 23519.9 24. 0.76234 0.00 1.78308 0.00058 2.62433 4.40 1776.3 4391.2 4.39
7628 0913 2048 2643 7973 3 5679 187 13 2059 7624 3847 80 063 531 13
0.00020 0.21698 1411.56 9015.45 24845.7 25. 0.77173 0.00 1.91537 0.00062 2.91718 4.83 1908.0 4814.8 4.81
8768 9399 2581 4442 4059 3 913 177 13 2413 0747 7231 32 940 143 48
0.00022 0.23097 1502.52 9596.45 26446.9 26. 0.78041 0.00 2.09583 0.00068 3.29149 5.38 2087.8 5367.5 5.36
2222 316 9948 0395 1054 3 8251 167 13.5 2715 6164 6592 80 686 410 75
0.00023 0.24806 1613.69 10306.4 28403.6 27. 0.78846 0.00 2.34121 0.00079 3.77954 6.12 2332.3 6098.2 6.09
8663 1866 5648 503 032 3 1538 155 14.5 1117 1518 7019 15 145 878 83
0.00026 0.27352 1779.31 11364.2 31318.7 28. 0.79593 0.00 2.76314 0.00090 4.56913 7.33 2752.6 7305.3 7.30
3158 0847 178 1757 0985 3 6396 141 15 4836 2848 5792 32 449 174 53

16
Theoretical
Sample Calculations (Calculations based on V = 7.012&10'( )* /, flowrate and Dc = 35mm)
./012 = 456/17 897

<= A
./012 = 996.2 *
0.031392594
) <=
./012 = BC. DEBB .6

For Powertheo
GHIJKLMNO = GLMNO P
GHIJKLMNO = 0.008)3 31.2733 GR = 0.0056S
.2517/012 = T. TDUTD V

Sample calculation for the percent difference of the theoretical and experimental power required
(Calculations based on V = 7.012&10'( )* /, flowrate and Dc = 35mm):

GLMNO G^_L`^a
% XYZZJKJ[\J = &100
GLMNO

0.02502S 0.0056S
% XYZZJKJ[\J = &100
0.02502S

% XYZZJKJ[\J = 77.69%

Photos of the column (presence of cracks and foreign materials)

Foreign materials

17

 Cracks

18