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X4.1 Determine the value of the coefficient of coupling (k) for the transformer of Example
4.7 of the text.
The turns ratio is
V1 240
a 2
V2 120
Based on [4.27],
Xm 400
M 0.5305 H
a 2 60 2
By use of [4.25] and [4.26],
X1 0.18
L1 aM 2 0.5305 1.0615 H
2 60
X2 M 0.045 0.5305
L2 0.2654 H
a 2 60 2
X4.2 For the ideal transformer circuit of Fig. X4.1, Rp 18 , RL 6 , and X 0.5 . If
V2 1200 V and PS 5600 W , (a) determine the turns ratio a, (b) the source voltage
VS , and (c) the input power factor PFS .
1
(a)
V 2 120
2
PRL 2 2400 W
RL 6
1 1
I1 I 2 200 100 A
a 2
V1 2400
I S I1 100 23.330 A
Rp 18
(c)
PS 5600
PFS 0.999 lagging
VS I S 240.28 23.33
(a)
V2 PL RL 2400 24 240 V
I 2 PL / RL 2400 / 24 10 A
1 1
I1 I 2 100 10 A
a 10
V1 24000
I S I1 10 1.6670 A
Rp 3600
2
VS Z I S V1 10090 1.6670 24000 2405.83.97 V
(b)
V2
PS 1 PL
2400 2400 4000 W
2
Rp 3600
X4.4 For the circuit of Fig. X4.1, a 2 , R p 20 , and RL 10 . Determine the percent-
age of input power PS that is dissipated by R p regardless of the voltage values.
X4.5 For the circuit of Fig. X4.1, let RL 0 , Rp 10 , X 1 , and a 2 . Determine the
power factor PS .
With RL 0 , V2 0 and V1 aV2 0 ; thus R p is shorted and the input
impedance is j X . Since I S must lag VS by 90,
PFS cos 90 0 lagging
X4.6 The non-ideal transformer of Fig. X4.2 has three coils each with identical number of
turns N. Terminal pair e-f is open circuit. If terminals b and c are connected together
and Vad 240 V (60 Hz), the input current is 1 A. If terminal pairs a-b and e-f are open
circuit and Vcd 120 V (60 Hz), predict the value of input current. Leakage flux and
coil resistance are to be neglected.
3
Based on [4.7], the maximum value of mutual flux for the two cases, respec-
tively, is
Vad 240 2
m
4.44 N N f 4.44 2 N 60 4.44 N
Vcd 120 2
m
4.44 Nf 4.44 N 60 4.44 N
Or, the mutual flux has the same value for both cases. Thus, the magnetizing current
and core losses have identical values for both cases. Consequently, the input current
for the second case must also be 1 A.
X4.7 The non-ideal transformer of Fig. X4.2 has three coils each with identical number of
turns. Terminal pair e-f is open circuit. Leakage flux, coil resistance, and core losses
can be neglected. When the two left-hand coils are additively connected in parallel and
Vab 120 V (60 Hz), the input current is 2 A. If the lower coil (terminal pair c-d) is
disconnected (open circuit) and Vab remains 120 V (60 Hz), predict the value of input
current to the single coil.
Based on [4.7], the maximum value of mutual flux for both cases is given by
Vab 120 2
m
4.44 Nf 4.44 N 60 4.44 N
Hence, the mmf established for both cases must be identical. For the first case of
parallel-connected coils, the 2 A input current divides equally between the two coils to
produce an exciting mmf of 1 N 1 N 2 N . When one of the two coils is discon-
nected, the current through the remaining coil must increase to 2 A to produce the
required mmf of 2N. Thus, input current remains 2 A.
X4.8 For the ideal residential distribution transformer of Fig. X4.3, (a) determine current I1 .
(b) Assume that the two series-connected secondary windings are identical and deter-
mine the minimum kVA rating of a 2400:240/120 V transformer required to sustain this
load without risk of winding over-temperature.
4
(a)
2400
I2 120 A
20
1200
I3 I 2 120 120 240 A
10
120 120 120
I1 I2 I3 360 1.80 A
2400 2400 2400
(b) Since I 3 is the larger secondary current, the rating is dictated by the lower secon-
dary winding; thus,
SR 2V3 I3 2 120 24 5.76 kVA
5
(a) Conclude from the voltage rating that three coils have identical number of turns.
VX 1 VH 3 VH 1 120 V
VX 1 120
I X1 20 A
R2 6
VH 3 120
IH 3 12 A
Z1 10
SR 3000
I X 1R 25 A
VXR 120
From the results of part (a), it is seen that the X 1 -X 2 coil and the H 3 -H 4 coil are
operating within rated current.
1 1
I H 1 I H 3 I X 1 12 20 32 A
1 1
Thus, the current of the H1 -H 2 coil significantly exceeds the rated value of 12 A.
6
X4.10 Determine the value of Ceq for the ideal transformer of Fig. X4.5.
2
a
X eq XC
1
2
1 2 1 4
Ceq 1 C C
or
1
Ceq C
4
X4.11 The three-winding ideal transformer of Fig. X4.6 has N1 N 2 2 N3 and identical
load resistors (R ) connected across coils 2 and 3. Determine the input impedance Z1
as indicated on Fig. X4.6.
7
MMF balance requires that
N1I1 N2 I 2 N3 I3
1
N1I1 N1I 2 N1I3
2
or
1
I1 I 2 I3 (1)
2
Since the value of flux through all three coils is identical, V1 V2 2V3 . By Ohm's
law,
V2 V1
I2 (2)
R R
V3 V1
I3 (3)
R 2R
Use (2) and (3) in (1) to find
V1 V1 5V1
I1
R 4R 4R
Hence,
V1 4
Z1 R
I1 5
(b) The core and copper losses are unchanged from the two-winding transformer.
Po SH PF 315,000 0.8 252 kW
8
X4.13 An autotransformer is frequently used as a variable voltage supply in the laboratory.
The construction is a single coil wound on a toroidal core. A common lead exists
between the input and output as shown by Fig. 4.32. The other output lead makes
sliding contact with the coil. If the input voltage is impressed across the total span of
the coil, then the two coil sections are always additive. If such an autotransformer is
rated for 20 A output, what must be the current rating of the winding?
Let be the per unit portion of the N turn coil between output leads. Then
mmf balance is given by
I1 1 N I 2 N (1)
X4.14 The transformer of Example 4.8 (using the approximate equivalent circuit) is sup-
plying rated current and voltage to a load. For the load point, V1 2V2 V2' . Determine
the load PF.
This described condition can only occur for a leading PF as illustrated by the
phasor diagram of Fig. X4.7. By the Law of Cosines,
V1 2 V2'
2 2
I 2' Z eq
cos
2V1V2'
9
Then,
240 2 240 2 20.83 0.3795 2
1
cos 1.887
2 240 240
By application of KVL,
V1 V2' 2401.887 2400
I 2' 20.8219.38
Zeq 0.379571.56
PFL cos V2' I 2' cos 19.38 0.943 leading
ST 150,000
I L2 12.03 A
3 VL 2 3 7200
10
is unchanged, the magnetic core will operate at the design level of flux density with
the magnetizing current unchanged. The core losses, being frequency dependent, will
reduce in value, resulting in a cooler operating temperature. Operationally, there is no
problem.
(b) The transformer can still only thermally handle the rated current for the 60 Hz
design case. However, voltage has reduced. Thus,
50
ST 25 kVA 20.83 kVA
60
11