Types of ESP

Extrasensory perception is a collective term for various hypothetical mental abilities. These abilities (along with
other paranormal phenomena) are also referred to as psi.
The major types of ESP are:
Telepathy: the ability to read another person's thoughts
Clairvoyance: the ability to "see" events or objects happening somewhere else
Precognition: the ability to see the future
Retrocognition: the ability to see into the distant past
Mediumship: the ability to channel dead spirits
Psychometry: the ability to read information about a person or place by touching a physical object
A closely related psi phenomenon, not technically part of ESP, is telekinesis, the ability to alter the physical world
with mind power alone.
SLEEP
Electroencephalograph allowed scientists to study sleep in ways that were not previously possible. During the
1950s, a graduate student named Eugene Aserinsky used this tool to discover what is known today as REM sleep.
There are two main types of sleep:
1. Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep (also known as quiet sleep)
2. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep (also known as active sleep or paradoxical sleep )

The Beginnings of Sleep

During the earliest phases of sleep, you are still relatively awake and alert.
The brain produces what are known as beta waves, which are small and fast. As the brain begins to relax
and slow down, slower waves known as alpha waves are produced.
hypnagogic hallucinations- strange and extremely vivid sensations(e.g. falling, hearing someone call your name)
myoclonic jerk-odd phenomenon, quite common.( If you have ever startled suddenly for seemingly no reason at
all)

STAGES OF SLEEP
Stage 1- can be considered a transition period between wakefulness and sleep. In Stage 1, the brain produces high
amplitude theta waves, which are very slow brain waves. This period of sleep lasts only a brief time (around 5 -10
minutes). If you awaken someone during this stage, they might report that they weren't really asleep.

Stage 2 - lasts for approximately 20 minutes. The brain begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave
activity known as sleep spindles. Body temperature starts to decrease and heart rate begins to slow.

Stage 3- Deep, slow brain waves known as delta waves begin to emerge during stage 3 sleep. This stage is
sometimes referred to as delta . During this stage, people become less responsive and noises and activity in the
environment may fail to generate a response. It also acts as a transitional period between light sleep and a very
deep sleep. Bed-wetting and sleepwalking are most likely to occur at the end of this stage of sleep.

Stage 4 -most dreaming occurs, known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by eye
movement, increased respiration rate and increased brain activity. REM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical
sleep because while the brain and other body systems become more active, muscles become more relaxed.
Dreaming occurs due because of increased brain activity, but voluntary muscles become paralyzed.

The Sequence of Sleep Stages

It is important to realize, however, that sleep does not progress through these stages in sequence. Sleep begins in
stage 1 and progresses into stages 2, and 3. After stage 3 sleep, stage 2 sleep is repeated before entering REM
sleep. Once REM sleep is over, the body usually returns to stage 2 sleep. Sleep cycles through these stages
approximately four or five times throughout the night.
On average, we enter the REM stage approximately 90 minutes after falling asleep. The first cycle of REM sleep
might last only a short amount of time, but each cycle becomes longer. REM sleep can last up to a n hour as sleep
progresses.

Top 10 Health Benefits of a Good Night's Sleep

(By Mark Stibich, Ph.D.Updated July 11, 2014)
1 .Sleep keep your herat healthy* your heart will be healthier if you get between 7 and 9 hours of sleep each night.
2. Sleep May Prevent Cancer
People working the late shift have a higher risk for breast and colon cancer.
Melatonin, a hormone that both makes us sleepy and is thought to protect against cancer.
Melatonin appears to suppress the growth of tumors. Be sure that your bedroom is dark to help your body
produce the melatonin it needs.
3. Sleep Reduces Stress
4. Sleep Reduces Inflammation*The increase in stress hormones raises the level of inflammation in your body,
also creating more risk for heart-related conditions, as well as cancer and diabetes. Inflammation is thought to one
of the causes of the deterioration of your body as you age.
5. Sleep Makes You More Alert *a good night's sleep makes you feel energized and alert the next day.
6. Sleep Bolsters Your Memory*While your body may be resting, your brain is busy processing your day, making
connections between events, sensory input, feelings and memories. Your dreams and deep sleep are an important
time for your brain to make memories and links. Getting more quality sleep will help you remember and process
things better
7. Sleep May Help You Lose Weight*Researchers have also found that people who sleep less than seven hours
per night are more likely to be overweight or obese. It is thought that the lack of sleep impacts the balance of
hormones in the body that affect appetite. The hormones ghrelin and leptin, important for the regulation of
appetite, have been found to be disrupted by lack of sleep
8. Naps Make You Smarter*Napping during the day is not only an effective and refreshing alternative to caffeine,
it can also protect your health and make you more productive. A study of 24,000 Greek adults showed that people
who napped several times a week had a lower risk for dying from heart disease. People who nap at work have
much lower levels of stress. Napping also improves memory, cognitive function and mood.
9. Sleep May Reduce Your Risk for Depression*Sleep impacts many of the chemicals in your body, including
serotonin. People with a deficiency in serotonin are more likely to suffer from depression. You can help to prevent
depression by making sure you are getting the right amount of sleep, between 7 and 9 hours each night.
10. Sleep Helps the Body Make Repairs*Sleep is a time for your body to repair damage caused by stress,
ultraviolet rays and other harmful exposures. Your cells produce more protein while you are sleeping. These
protein molecules form the building blocks for cells, allowing them to repair damage.

SLEEP DISORDER
Insomnia
Hypersomia
Sleep Apnea
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
Narcolepsy
Night terrors
Nightmare
Sleep walking/Somnambulism
Sleep talking/Somniloquy
Bedwetting
Jet lag
Bruxism

MOTIVATION
Motivation is literally the desire to do things. it is the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal -
oriented behaviors.
Why people behave, think, and feel the way they do. Motivated behavior is energized, directed
and sustained.
INSTINCT- an innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed throughout a species.
NEED- a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.
DRIVE an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

Incentive Theory of Motivation

suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards

Drive Theory of Motivation

People are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused
by unmet needs.

Arousal Theory of Motivation

People take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal.
People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, although this level can vary based
on the individual or the situation.
Humanistic Theory of Motivation- Lower level needs must be satisfied first before the other
higher needs can be achieved
According to Abraham Maslow, nobody has ever reached the peak of his pyramid. We all may strive for it and
some may even get close, but no one has achieved full self-actualization. Self-actualization means a complete
understanding of who you are, a sense of completeness, of being the best person you could possibly be.

ALDEFERS ERG THEORY- Aldefer agrees to Maslow that individual needs are arranged in hierarchy. His needs
include three sets of needs.
1. EXISTENCE: needs satisfied by such factors as food,air,water,pay,working conditions
2. RELATEDNES: needs satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationships
3. GROWTH: needs satisfied by making creative or productive contributions.

Emotion- comes from the latin word emovere meaning to move out
Subjective, conscious experience that is characterized primarily by psychophysiological ,
biological reactions, and mental states.
Refers to a state involving thoughts, physiological changes, and outward expression or behavior .

THEORIES OF EMOTION

James-Lange Theory
The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret
this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to
tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiologic al changes and
interpret them as your body'spreparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The Cannon-Bard theory argues that we experience physiological arousal and emotional at the same time, but
gives no attention to the role of thoughts or outward behavior.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to
tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes
occur you also experience the emotion of fear.

Schachter-Singer Theory

According to this theory, an event causes physiological arousal first. You must then identify a reason for this
arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to
tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes
from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel
the emotion of fear.

Lazarus Theory

Lazarus Theory states that a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. In other words, you
must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion.
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you think it may
be a mugger so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens and at the same time
experience fear.

Facial Feedback Theory

According to the facial feedback theory, emotion is the experience of changes in our facial muscles
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and your eyes widen,
your teeth clench and your brain interprets these facial changes as the expression of fear. Therefore you
experience the emotion of fear.